Coccidiosis vaccination as a disease model in nutritional research. Rachel Savary and Tim Fiss NSERC-IRC AGM June 4, 2015
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1 Coccidiosis vaccination as a disease model in nutritional research Rachel Savary and Tim Fiss NSERC-IRC AGM June 4, 2015
2 Introduction What is Coccidiosis? A parasitic infection of the intestinal tract caused by coccidian protozoa Economically important species in chickens include: Eimeria acervulina Eimeria maxima Eimeria tenella Eimeria necatrix Chickens can be infected by more than one species at a time
3 Introduction
4 Eimeria acervulina
5 Eimeria maxima
6 Eimeria tenella
7 Introduction Subclinical coccidiosis can negatively affect: Body weight gain Feed consumption Feed:gain ratio Clinical infections can additionally result in: Watery droppings Death (in severe cases) Chickens can develop resistance to coccidial species after repeated exposure
8 Introduction Why would we want to use coccidiosis in nutritional research? Rate and extent of starch and protein digestion Differences in rate and extent may provide nutrients to the end of the ileum and caeca Fermentation or direct feeding of cells The changes provided by these nutrients may be subtle and may be more beneficial to animals under the stress of a disease challenge
9 Introduction Why coccidiosis? Level I disease Can be used at U of S Poultry Centre Other disease models Salmonellosis Necrotic enteritis Level II diseases Require special lab space and equipment
10 Introduction How do we use coccidiosis in nutritional research? Effects of arginine on gut health of broiler chickens (Tan et al., 2014) 288 male Ross 708 chicks Housed in battery cages (6 birds per cage) Gavaged with 20 times label dose Coccivac-B at 14 days of age Fed diets consisting of different levels of arginine 11.1, 13.3 or 20.2 g/kg
11 Introduction Chickens can develop resistance to Eimeria species after repeated exposure Vaccine Development Vaccination Provide mild form of disease or parasite Immune system learns to recognize disease Provides protection if more severe forms of disease are introduced
12 Introduction Coccivac-B Commercially available vaccine Live, attenuated oocysts Four Eimeria species E. acervulina E. maxima E. mivati E. tenella
13 Eimeria Life Cycle Sporulated oocyst (infectious) Protozoa matures within the gut wall of the chicken Unsporulated oocyst (non-infectious) Oocyst shed in excreta Adapted from
14 Introduction What did Tan et al. find? Growth Performance Data Unchallenged Challenged Arginine Level (g/kg) Body weight (g) Body weight gain (g) Feed Intake (g) Feed Conversion Ratio
15 Introduction What did Tan et al. find? Histology data Unchallenged Challenged Arginine level (g/kg) Villi height (µm) Crypt depth (µm) Goblet cell count (cells/villus) Goblet cell density (cells/µm)
16 Objectives To develop a disease challenge model which is capable of: Causing intestinal damage in chickens Does not result in high mortality rates Can be used to detect subtle nutritional benefits Can be used at the U of S Poultry Centre
17 Materials and Methods 288 male Ross 308 chicks Housed in 48 cages, 6 birds per cage Fed commercial wheat/soybean meal based starter diet Gavaged with one of 4 doses of Coccivac-B at 15 days of age 0, 10, 20 or 30 times the label dose
18 Gavaging at 15 Days of Age Step 1: Weigh and wing band bird Step 2: Prepare bird for gavaging
19 Step 3: Gavage
20 Growth Data Variables measured Body weight Body weight gain Feed consumption Feed:gain ratio 7 and 10 days post-infection
21 Gross Lesion Scoring Based on a scale by Johnson and Reid, 1970 Duodenum Eimeria acervulina Midgut (jejunum and ileum) Eimeria maxima Caeca Eimeria tenella
22 Gross scoring duodenum for E. acervulina.
23 Gross scoring the midgut for E. maxima. Infection is indicated by pinpoint hemorrhages The black arrows indicate ballooning along the intestine
24 Gross scoring the caeca for E. tenella. There is slight thickening of the caecal wall
25 Microscopic Oocyst Counts Scrapings of midgut and caecal mucosa taken for counts of oocysts present Score assigned based on number of oocysts located in 5 fields.
26 Data Collection Samples collected for histology Samples taken from mid-section of: Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Caeca Full and empty weights Gizzard and proventriculus Intestinal sections Excreta and digesta for digestibility
27 Next Steps Analyze Data Finalize results from current trial Starch Protein Apply results to models using nutritional treatments Starch + Protein Combine nutritional treatments
28 Take Home Message Coccidiosis may provide an effective disease challenge model which does not result in high mortality and can detect subtle nutritional differences.
29 Sponsors
30 Acknowledgements Dr. Elise Myers and Merck Animal Health for providing Coccivac-B and technical support Collaborators: Dr. Jenny Fricke Dr. Andrew Van Kessel
31 Thank you. Questions?
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GUIDE TO: Diagnosing Coccidiosis & Necrotic Enteritis Site of Infection Species E. acervulina E. brunetti E. maxima E. mivati E. tenella E. necatrix Oocyst Size 2µ{ 18.3 x 14.6 24.6 x 18.8 30.5 x 20.7
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