Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

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1 Chapter Fig. - Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function Anatomy Physiology PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Fig. -2 Fig. -3 Mouth Gastrovascular cavity (a) Tuna (b) Penguin.5 mm (c) Seal Video: Shark Eating Seal Video: Galápagos Sea Lion Video: Hydra Eating Daphnia (a) Single cell.5 mm (b) Two layers of cells Fig. -4 Table - External environment Mouth Food CO 2 O 2 Animal body Respiratory 5 µm.5 cm Nutrients Heart Cells Lung Circulatory µm Digestive Interstitial fluid Lining of small intestine Excretory Anus Kidney tubules Unabsorbed matter (feces) Metabolic waste products (nitrogenous waste)

2 Fig. -5a Epithelial ( 上皮 ) Fig. -5b Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue Simple columnar Pseudostratified ciliated columnar Stratified squamous Apical surface Basal surface Basal lamina Simple squamous µm Fig. -5c 2 µm 3 µm 7 µm Collagenous fiber Loose connective Elastic fiber Nuclei Fibrous connective Osteon Bone Central canal Connective Tissue Connective Chondrocytes Cartilage Adipose Chondroitin sulfate µm Fat droplets 5 µm White blood cells Blood Plasma 55 µm Red blood cells Muscle Tissue Muscle consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals It is divided in the vertebrate body into three types: Skeletal muscle, or striated muscle, is responsible for voluntary movement Smooth muscle is responsible for involuntary body activities Cardiac muscle is responsible for contraction of the heart Fig. -5j Muscle Muscle Tissue Multiple nuclei Muscle fiber Fig. -5n Nervous Tissue Nervous Dendrites Cell body µm Skeletal muscle Sarcomere µm Nucleus Intercalated disk Cardiac muscle 5 µm Glial cells Axon Smooth muscle Nucleus Muscle fibers 25 µm Neuron Axons Blood vessel 5 µm 2

3 Fig. -6 Hormone Stimulus Hormone Signal travels everywhere via the bloodstream. Endocrine cell Blood vessel Response (a) Signaling by hormones Stimulus Neuron Axon Signal Signal travels along axon to a specific location. Signal Axons Response (b) Signaling by neurons Fig. -7 Temperature Regulator temperature ( C) Body t 3 2 River otter (temperature regulator) Largemouth bass (temperature conformer) 2 3 Ambient (environmental) temperature (ºC) Temperature Conformer Fig. -9 Fig. - Radiation Evaporation Acclimatization Thermoregulation Endothermic animal Ectothermic animal (a) A walrus, an endotherm Homeotherm Poikilotherm (b) A lizard, an ectotherm Convection Conduction Fig. - Fig. -2 integumentary ( 外皮 ) : skin, hair, and nails Hair Canada goose Bottlenose dolphin Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Adipose Sweat pore Muscle Nerve Sweat gland Artery Vein Blood flow Vein Artery 35ºC 33º 3º 27º 2º º 8º 9º Blood vessels Oil gland Hair follicle Countercurrent ( 逆流 ) exchange 3

4 Fig. -3 Fig. -4 RESULTS O 2 consumption n (ml O 2 /hr) per kg Contractions per minute Fig. -5 Fig. -8 PREFLIGHT PREFLIGHT WARM-UP FLIGHT Thorax Metabolic rate Tem mperature (ºC) 35 3 Abdomen Time from onset of warm-up (min) Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Standard metabolic rate (SMR) Fig. -9a (L O 2 /hr) (log scale) BMR ( 3 2 Cat Human Sheep Dog Horse Elephant Rat Ground squirrel Shrew Mouse Harvest mouse Body mass (kg) (log scale) Fig. -9b BMR (L O2/hr) (per kg) 8 Shrew Harvest mouse 2 Mouse Sheep Rat Cat Human Elephant Dog Ground squirrel Horse Body mass (kg) (log scale) (a) Relationship of BMR to body size (b) Relationship of BMR per kilogram of body mass to body size 4

5 Fig. -2 Torpor and Energy Conservation Annual energy expenditure (kcal/hr) Endotherms 8, Reproduction Basal Thermoregulation (standard) metabolism Growth Activity 3, 6-kg female human 4-kg male Adélie penguin from temperate climate from Antarctica (brooding) Ectotherm 8, 4,.25-kg female deer mouse 4-kg female eastern from temperate indigo snake North America Torpor is a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases Hibernation is long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity 5

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