MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1 Statistics Final Review Semeter I Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Provide an appropriate response. 1) The Centers for Disease Control lists causes of death for individual states in The mortality data for one state is given. 1) Cause of Death Percent Heart Disease 28.1 Cancer 23.1 Circulatory diseases and stroke 7.4 Respiratory diseases 5.2 Accidents 4.7 Is it reasonable to conclude that, in this state, cancer or respiratory diseases were the cause of approximately 28% of deaths in 2002? A) No, because the percentages do not add up to 100%. B) Yes, because these categories do not overlap. C) No, because these categories overlap. D) Yes, because the percentages can always be added in relative frequency tables. E) No, because the percentages in relative frequencies tables can never be added. 2) A local park district is planning to build a recreation center. The park district conducted a poll to find out the types of physical activities the local population would be interested in. The poll was based on telephone responses from 1013 randomly selected adults. The table shows the percentages of people who expressed interest in various activities. 2) Activity Percent Running/Walking 53 Weight Training 45 Biking 37 Aerobics 29 Swimming 17 What percent of adults polled did not express interest in any of these activities? A) 91% B) 19% C) 181% D) 81% E) The percent cannot be determined from the given percentages because the categories overlap. 3) The Centers for Disease Control lists causes of death for individual states in The mortality data for one state is given. 3) Cause of Death Percent Heart Disease 28.8 Cancer 22.9 Circulatory diseases and stroke 7.1 Respiratory diseases 5.9 Accidents 4.7 1
2 Which of the following displays is/are appropriate for these data? (More than one display may be appropriate.) I II III A) I, II B) II, III C) I D) I, II, III E) None of these displays are appropriate. Provide an appropriate response. Round to the nearest tenth of a percent if necessary. 4) Just how accurate are the weather forecasts we hear every day? The table below compares the daily forecast with a city's actual weather for a year. 4) Actual Weather Rain No rain Rain No rain What percent of the time was the forecast correct? A) 73.7% B) 18.9% C) 81.1% D) 76.4% E) 7.4% 2
3 5) Most patients who undergo surgery make routine recoveries and are discharged as planned, but some patients experience complications and their discharge is delayed. Jamestown has a large hospital and a small hospital, each performing major and minor surgeries. Data is collected at each hospital to see how many surgical patients have their discharges delayed by postsurgical complications. The results are shown in the following table. 5) Discharge Delayed Large hospital Small hospital Major surgery 135 of of 40 Minor surgery 15 of of 200 Overall, for what percent of surgical patients was discharge delayed? A) 12.1% B) 9.9% C) 12.5% D) 48% E) 2.2% Provide an appropriate response. 6) An article in a magazine examined the graduate admissions process at a university for evidence of gender bias. The table below shows the number of applicants accepted to each of four graduate programs. 6) Students Accepted Males accepted (of applicants) Females accepted (of applicants) of of of of of of of of 205 Total 832 of of 675 After reading this article, a classmate claims that there is gender bias because the university clearly accepted more males than females. Do you agree with your classmate? Explain. A) No. Overall, 48.5% of males were accepted, compared to 37% of females were accepted. However, the comparison of the acceptance rate within each program shows that females had a higher acceptance rate for all four programs. B) Yes. Overall, 48.5% of males were accepted, compared to 37% of females were accepted. The overall percentages are always the most valid comparison. C) Yes. Overall, 48.5% of males were accepted, compared to 37% of females were accepted. Additionally, the comparison of the acceptance rate within each program shows that males had a higher acceptance rate for all four programs. D) No. Overall, 48.5% of females were accepted, compared to 37% of males were accepted. Additionally, the comparison of the acceptance rate within each program shows that females had a higher acceptance rate for all four programs. E) No. This is an example of Simpson's paradox and unfair averaging. Since the overall percentages and the individual percentages disagree on which gender was favored, the study is useless. Nothing can be determined from these data. Describe the distribution (shape, center, spread, unusual features). 3
4 7) The histogram displays the body fat percentages of 65 students taking a college health course. In addition to describing the distribution, give a reason to account for the shape of this distribution. 7) A) The distribution of body fat percentages is unimodal, with a bit of a skew to the right. The body fat percentages are centered around 20%, with a range of 10% to 35%. Most students have body fat percentages between 12% and 28%. Men and women have different body fat percentages, but the average of body fat percentages for men and women would be around 20%. B) The distribution of body fat percentages is bimodal, with a cluster of body fat percentages around 16% and another cluster of body fat percentages around 26%. The upper cluster shows a bit of a skew to the right. Most students in the lower cluster have body fat percentages between 16% and 20%, and most students in the upper cluster have body fat percentages between 22% and 26%. Men and women have different body fat percentages: the lower cluster would likely represent male students, and the upper cluster would likely represent female students. C) The distribution of body fat percentages is bimodal, with a cluster of body fat percentages around 16% and another cluster of body fat percentages around 26%. The upper cluster shows a bit of a skew to the right. Most students in the lower cluster have body fat percentages between 12% and 18%, and most students in the upper cluster have body fat percentages between 22% and 28%. Men and women have different body fat percentages: the lower cluster would likely represent male students, and the upper cluster would likely represent female students. D) The distribution of body fat percentages is unimodal, with a bit of a skew to the right. The body fat percentages are centered around 24%, with a range of 10% to 34%. Most students have body fat percentages between 12% and 28%. Men and women have different body fat percentages, but the average of body fat percentages for men and women would be around 24%. E) The distribution of body fat percentages is bimodal, with a cluster of body fat percentages around 12% and another cluster of body fat percentages around 28%. The upper cluster shows a bit of a skew to the right. Most students in the lower cluster have body fat percentages between 12% and 18%, and most students in the upper cluster have body fat percentages between 22% and 28%. Men and women have different body fat percentages: the lower cluster would likely represent male students, and the upper cluster would likely represent female students. 4
5 8) The histogram shows the sizes (in acres) of 169 farms in Lake County. In addition to describing the distribution, approximate the percentage of farms that are under 100 acres. 8) A) The distribution of the size of farms in Lake County is symmetric, with farm sizes ranging from 0 to 450 acres. The mode of the distribution is between 100 and 150 acres. It appears that 118 of 169 farms are under 100 acres, approximately 70%. B) The distribution of the size of farms in Lake County is skewed to the right. Most of the farms are smaller than 150 acres, with some larger ones, from 150 to 300 acres. Five farms were larger than the rest, over 400 acres. The mode of the distribution is between 0 and 50 acres. It appears that 62 of 169 farms are under 100 acres, approximately 37%. C) The distribution of the size of farms in Lake County is skewed to the right. Most of the farms are smaller than 150 acres, with some larger ones, from 150 to 300 acres. Five farms were larger than the rest, over 400 acres. The mode of the distribution is between 0 and 50 acres. It appears that 118 of 169 farms are under 100 acres, approximately 70%. D) The distribution of the size of farms in Lake County is symmetric, with farm sizes ranging from 0 to 450 acres. The mode of the distribution is between 0 and 50 acres. It appears that 118 of 169 farms are under 100 acres, approximately 70%. E) The distribution of the size of farms in Lake County is skewed to the right. Most of the farms are smaller than 50 acres, with some larger ones, from 150 to 300 acres. Five farms were larger than the rest, over 400 acres. The mode of the distribution is between 0 and 50 acres. It appears that 118 of 169 farms are under 100 acres, approximately 70%. 5
6 9) In May 2005, 17 gas stations in a certain city, posted these gas prices for a gallon of regular gasoline. The lower stem contains leaves with the digits 0-4 and the upper stem contains leaves with digits ) Gasoline Prices in Chicago Key: = $2.269/gallon A) The distribution of gas prices is skewed to the left, centered around $2.26 per gallon, with most stations charging between $2.22 and $2.29. The lowest and highest gas prices were $2.22 and $2.32. There is a gap in the distribution, no stations charged between $2.37 and $2.45. B) The distribution of gas prices is skewed to the right, centered around $2.30 per gallon, with most stations charging between $2.26 and $2.32. The lowest and highest gas prices were $2.22 and $2.47. There is a gap in the distribution, no stations charged between $2.37 and $2.45. C) The distribution of gas prices is skewed to the left, centered around $2.30 per gallon, with most stations charging between $2.26 and $2.32. The lowest and highest gas prices were $2.22 and $2.32. There is a gap in the distribution, no stations charged between $2.37 and $2.45. D) The distribution of gas prices is skewed to the right, centered around $2.30 per gallon, with most stations charging between $2.26 and $2.32. The lowest and highest gas prices were $2.22 and $2.32. E) The distribution of gas prices is skewed to the right, centered around $2.26 per gallon, with most stations charging between $2.22 and $2.29. The lowest and highest gas prices were $2.22 and $2.32. There is a gap in the distribution, no stations charged between $2.37 and $2.45. Compare the distributions (shape, center, spread, unusual features). 10) The histograms display the body fat percentages of 42 female students and 48 male students taking a college health course. 10) 6
7 A) The distribution of body fat percentages for men is unimodal and symmetric, with a center at around 15%. Body fat percentages vary from approximately 6% to 24%. The distribution of body fat percentages for women is unimodal and slightly skewed to the left, with a typical value of 24%. The women's body fat percentages vary from approximately 9% to 33%. In general, the body fat percentages of men are lower than the body fat percentages of women. Additionally, the body fat percentages of women appear more consistent then the body fat percentages for men. B) The distribution of body fat percentages for men is unimodal and symmetric, with a center at around 24%. Body fat percentages vary from approximately 6% to 30%. The distribution of body fat percentages for women is unimodal and slightly skewed to the left, with a typical value of 24%. The women's body fat percentages vary from approximately 6% to 30%. In general, the body fat percentages of men and women are the same; however, the body fat percentages of men appear more consistent then the body fat percentages for women. C) The distribution of body fat percentages for men is unimodal and symmetric, with a center at around 15%. Body fat percentages vary from approximately 6% to 24%. The distribution of body fat percentages for women is unimodal and slightly skewed to the left, with a typical value of 24%. The women's body fat percentages vary from approximately 9% to 33%. In general, the body fat percentages of men are higher than the body fat percentages of women. Additionally, the body fat percentages of men appear more consistent then the body fat percentages for women. D) The distribution of body fat percentages for men is unimodal and symmetric, with a center at around 15%. Body fat percentages vary from approximately 6% to 24%. The distribution of body fat percentages for women is unimodal and slightly skewed to the left, with a typical value of 24%. The women's body fat percentages vary from approximately 9% to 33%. In general, the body fat percentages of men are lower than the body fat percentages of women. Additionally, the body fat percentages of men appear more consistent then the body fat percentages for women. E) The distribution of body fat percentages for men is unimodal and symmetric, with a center at around 15%. Body fat percentages vary from approximately 6% to 24%. The distribution of body fat percentages for women is unimodal and slightly skewed to the right, with a typical value of 24%. The women's body fat percentages vary from approximately 9% to 33%. In general, the body fat percentages of men are lower than the body fat percentages of women. Additionally, the body fat percentages of men appear more consistent then the body fat percentages for women. Provide an appropriate response. 11) Here is a histogram of the assets (in millions of dollars) of 71 companies. What aspect of this distribution makes it difficult to summarize, or to discuss, the center and spread? What could be done with these data to make it easier to discuss the distribution? 11) 7
8 A) The distribution of assets of the 71 companies is heavily skewed to the right. The vast majority of the companies have assets represented in the first bar of the histogram, 0 to 4 billion dollars. This makes the discussion of the distribution meaningless. Re-expressing these data using logs or squares might make the distribution nearly symmetric, and a meaningful discussion of center and spread might be possible. B) The distribution of assets of the 71 companies is heavily skewed to the right. The vast majority of the companies have assets represented in the first bar of the histogram, 0 to 4000 dollars. This makes the discussion of the distribution meaningless. Re-expressing these data using logs or squares might make the distribution nearly symmetric, and a meaningful discussion of center and spread might be possible. C) The distribution of assets of the 71 companies is heavily skewed to the right. The vast majority of the companies have assets represented in the first bar of the histogram, 0 to 4000 dollars. This makes the discussion of the distribution meaningless. Re-expressing these data using logs or square roots might make the distribution nearly symmetric, and a meaningful discussion of center and spread might be possible. D) The distribution of assets of the 71 companies is heavily skewed to the right. The vast majority of the companies have assets represented in the first bar of the histogram, 0 to 4 billion dollars. This makes the discussion of the distribution meaningless. Re-expressing these data using logs or square roots might make the distribution nearly symmetric, and a meaningful discussion of center and spread might be possible. E) The distribution of assets of the 71 companies is heavily skewed to the left. The vast majority of the companies have assets represented in the first bar of the histogram, 0 to 4 billion dollars. This makes the discussion of the distribution meaningless. Re-expressing these data using logs or square roots might make the distribution nearly symmetric, and a meaningful discussion of center and spread might be possible. Solve the problem. 12) The test scores of 19 students are listed below. Find the upper quartile (Q3) by hand. 12) A) 80.5 B) 55.5 C) 81.0 D) 65.0 E)
9 13) The weekly salaries (in dollars) of 24 randomly selected employees of a company are shown below, and displayed on the following boxplot. 13) Find the mean and the median. Which is the most appropriate measure of center? A) Mean: $979; Median: $705 The median is the most appropriate measure of center, because the outliers are not significant in the distribution. B) Mean: $979; Median: $705 The median is the most appropriate measure of center, because of the outliers. C) Mean: $979; Median: $705 The mean is the most appropriate measure of center, because the outliers are not significant in the distribution. D) Mean: $979; Median: $705 The mean is the most appropriate measure of center, because of the outliers. E) Mean: $942; Median: $700 The median is the most appropriate measure of center, because of the outliers. 9
10 Create a boxplot that represents the given data. 14) Here are the highest temperatures ever recorded (in F) in 32 different U.S. states: 14) I II III IV V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V Identify potential outliers, if there are any, in the given data. 15) The weights (in ounces) of 27 tomatoes are listed below. 15) A) 1.7, 3.6, 4.2 B) 1.7, 2.0 C) 1.7, 4.2 D) 3.6, 4.2 E) None 10
11 Solve the problem. 16) Describe what these boxplots tell you about the relationship between the state you live in and your salary, based on the same occupation. 16) A) IL and MA have very comparable salaries. The average salaries for these states are just above $40K, and their spreads are very close. NV is very comparable to IL and MA. The upper 50% of salaries for NV corresponds to the lower 50% of WA salaries. B) IL and MA don't have very comparable salaries. The average salaries for these states are just below $40K, and their spreads are different. NV is not very comparable to either IL or MA. The upper 50% of salaries for WA corresponds to the lower 50% of NV salaries. C) IL and MA have very comparable salaries. The average salaries for these states are just below $40K, and their spreads are very close. NV is not very comparable to either IL or MA. The upper 50% of salaries for NV corresponds to the lower 50% of WA salaries. D) IL and MA have very comparable salaries. The average salaries for these states are just below $40K, and their spreads are very close. NV 's average is the highest. The upper 50% of salaries for NV corresponds to the lower 50% of WA salaries. E) IL and MA have very comparable salaries. The average salaries for these states are just below $40K, but their spreads are different. NV is not very comparable to either IL or MA. The upper 50% of salaries for NV corresponds to the lower 50% of WA salaries. 17) A bank's loan officer rates applicants for credit. The ratings can be described by a Normal model with a mean of 200 and a standard deviation of 50. If an applicant is randomly selected, what percentage can be expected to be between 200 and 275? A) 43.32% B) 93.32% C) 5.00% D) 42.37% E) 6.68% 17) Find the percent of a standard Normal model found in the given region. Round to the nearest hundredth of a percent. 18) 0.7 < z < ) A) % B) 21.75% C) 23.45% D) % E) 21.81% In a standard Normal model, state what value(s) of z cuts off the described region. 19) the highest 7% 19) A) 1.48 B) 1.45 C) D) 1.26 E) 1.39 Find the missing parameter. 20) = 0.01, 2.28% below 0.32; µ =? 20) A) 0.34 B) 0.25 C) 0.60 D) 0.55 E) 1.30 Provide an appropriate response. 21) Which of the following variables would most likely follow a Normal model? 21) A) family income B) heights of singers in a co-ed choir C) scores on an easy test D) weights of adult male elephants E) all of these 11
12 Fill in the missing information. 22) x sx y sy r y = b0 + b1x y =? A) y = x B) y = x C) y = x D) y = x E) y = x 22) 23) x sx y sy r y = b0 + b1x?? y = 30-4x A) x = 2.5; sx = 0.45 B) x = 12.5; sx = 0.90 C) x = -50; sx = D) x = 10; sx = 1.80 E) x = 50; sx = ) Tell what the residual plot indicates about the appropriateness of the linear model that was fit to the data. 24) 24) A) Model may not be appropriate. The spread is changing. B) Model is appropriate. C) Model is not appropriate. The relationship is nonlinear. 12
13 Answer the question appropriately. 25) A random sample of records of electricity usage of homes gives the amount of electricity used and size (in square feet) of 135 homes. A regression to predict the amount of electricity used (in kilowatt-hours) from size has an R-squared of 71.8%. The residuals plot indicated that a linear model is appropriate. Write a sentence summarizing what R2 says about this regression. A) Size differences explain 28.2% of the variation in electricity usage. B) Differences in electricity usage explain 71.8% of the variation in the size of house. C) Differences in electricity usage explain 28.2% of the variation in the number of house. D) Size differences explain 71.8% of the variation in the number of homes. E) Size differences explain 71.8% of the variation in electricity usage. 26) A random sample of records of electricity usage of homes in the month of July gives the amount of electricity used and size (in square feet) of 135 homes. A regression was done to predict the amount of electricity used (in kilowatt-hours) from size. The residuals plot indicated that a linear model is appropriate. The model is usage = size. The people in a house that is 2432 square feet used 500 kilowatt-hours less than expected. How much did they use? A) kilowatt-hours B) kilowatt-hours C) kilowatt-hours D) kilowatt-hours E) kilowatt-hours 25) 26) Explain what is wrong with each interpretation. Assume calculations are done correctly. 27) A sociology student does a study to determine whether people who exercise live longer. He claims that someone who exercises 7 days a week will live 15 years longer than someone who doesn't exercise at all. A) The R2 has to be greater than 90% to make a statement like this. B) Predictions based on a regression line are for average values of y for a given x. The actual life expectancy will vary around the prediction. C) There is nothing wrong with the interpretation. D) Predictions based on a regression line are for average values of x and y. The actual average life expectancy changes every year so an accurate prediction is impossible. E) A linear model is inappropriate for sociology studies. 27) Use the given data to find the equation of the regression line. Round to 3 significant digits, if necessary. 28) Two different tests are designed to measure employee productivity and dexterity. Several employees are randomly selected and tested with these results. 28) Dexterity Productivity A) Productivity = Dexterity B) Productivity = Dexterity C) Productivity = Dexterity D) Productivity = Dexterity E) Productivity = Dexterity 13
14 Answer the question. 29) Which of the labeled points below are outliers? 29) A) Points A, C, and D B) Points A and C C) Point A D) Points C and D E) Points A, B, C, and D Solve the problem. 30) The consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of the relative cost of goods in the a given country for a particular year. The table below shows the CPI for a country for the stated years beginning in Year CPI ) Re-express the CPI. Then determine the regression equation and correlation coefficient for the re-expressed data. A) Re-expression: - 1 CPI ; y = x , r 2 = B) Re-expression: 1 log(cpi) ; y = x , r 2 = C) Re-expression: log(cpi) ; y = x , r2 = D) Re-expression: CPI ; y = x , r 2 = E) Re-expression: - log(cpi) ; y = x , r2 = Provide an appropriate response. 31) An education researcher randomly selects 38 schools from one school district and interviews all the teachers at each of the 38 schools. Identify the type of sampling used in this example. A) Stratified sampling B) Systematic sampling C) Cluster sampling D) Attempted census E) Voluntary response sampling 31) 14
15 32) At a college there are 120 freshmen, 90 sophomores, 110 juniors, and 80 seniors. A school administrator selects a random sample of 12 of the freshmen, a random sample of 9 of the sophomores, a random sample of 11 of the juniors, and a random sample of 8 of the seniors. She then interviews all the students selected. Identify the type of sampling used in this example. A) Systematic sampling B) Stratified sampling C) Attempted census D) Voluntary response sampling E) Cluster sampling 32) SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 33) A medical researcher designs an experiment to test whether supplements of glucosamine can help to reduce the pain of arthritis. She will obtain a group of 90 volunteers who suffer from arthritis. Each patient's condition will be evaluated by a doctor at the start of the experiment. Volunteers will be randomly assigned to one of three groups. Each day patients in group 1 will receive a low dose of glucosamine, patients in group 2 will receive a higher dose of glucosamine, and patients in group 3 will receive a placebo. After a suitable amount of time, the doctor will evaluate each patient's progress. Based on the amount of inflammation and pain, the doctor will give each patient a numerical score to represent their improvement. The researcher will then compare the improvement for the three groups. Describe a strategy to randomly assign the 90 volunteers to the three treatments. 33) MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Solve the problem. Round your answer, as needed. 34) A study conducted at a certain college shows that 51% of the school's graduates find a job in their chosen field within a year after graduation. Find the probability that 9 randomly selected graduates all find jobs in their chosen field within a year of graduating. A) B) C) D) 1.00 E) ) Determine whether the events are disjoint, independent, neither, or both. 35) One ball is removed from a bag containing 1 blue ball, 1 red ball, 1 yellow ball, and 1 green ball. Without returning the first ball to the bag a second ball is removed. A) Disjoint B) Independent C) Neither D) Both 35) Find the expected value of the random variable. Round to three decimal places. 36) Your soccer team, Mill Valley, plays two games against Fairfield soccer team. The probability that your team wins the first game is 0.3. If your team wins the first game, the probability that they also win the second game is 0.7. If your team loses the first game, the probability that they win the second game is 0.3. Let the random variable X be the number of games won by your team, Mill Valley. Find the expected value of X. A) µ = 0.72 B) µ = 0.60 C) µ = 0.51 D) µ = 0.63 E) µ = ) 15
16 Solve. 37) An insurance company estimates that it should make an annual profit of $140 on each homeowner's policy written, with a standard deviation of $5700. If it writes 3 of these policies, what are the mean and standard deviation of the annual profit? Assume that policies are independent of each other. A) µ = $420, = $ B) µ = $242.49, = $ C) µ = $420, = $51,300 D) µ = $242.49, = $17,100 E) µ = $420, = $17,100 37) Find the expected value of the random variable. Round to three decimal places. 38) x P(X = x) ) A) 60 B) 111 C) 93 D) 90 E) 75 Find the indicated probability. 39) An archer is able to hit the bull's-eye 49% of the time. If she shoots 10 arrows, what is the probability that she gets exactly 4 bull's-eyes? Assume each shot is independent of the others. A) B) C) D) E) ) Find the probability of the outcome described. 40) A beginning archer is able to hit the bull's-eye 39% of the time. If she shoots 6 arrows, what is the probability that she gets at most 3 bull's-eyes? Assume each shot is independent of the others. A) B) C) D) E) ) Find the indicated probability. 41) Suppose a computer chip manufacturer rejects 3% of the chips produced because they fail presale testing. If you test 4 chips, what is the probability that all of the chips fail? A) 0.12 B) 0.97 C) 0.03 D) E) ) Solve the problem. 42) A company manufactures batteries in batches of 15 and there is a 3% rate of defects. Find the mean number of defects per batch. A) B) 3.0 C) D) E) ) Describe an appropriate normal model that can be used to approximate the binomial distribution. If it is not appropriate to use a normal approximation, give a reason why not. 43) A tennis player makes a successful first serve 78% of the time. If she serves 50 times, is it 43) appropriate to use a normal model to approximate the distribution of the number of good first serves? Assume that each serve is independent of the others. A) Yes; normal model with µ = 39 and = 2.93 can be used to approximate the distribution B) Yes; normal model with µ = 11 and = 8.58 can be used to approximate the distribution C) No; normal model cannot be used to approximate the distribution because nq < 10 D) No; normal model cannot be used to approximate the distribution because np < 10 E) Yes; normal model with µ = 39 and = 8.58 can be used to approximate the distribution 16
17 Find the indicated probability by using an appropriate normal model to approximate the binomial distribution 44) People with O-negative blood are called "universal donors" because O-negative blood can be given 44) to anyone else regardless of the recipient's blood type. About 6% of people have type O-negative blood. A clinic is running a blood drive. If at least 220 O-negative donors give blood, the clinic will have sufficient O-negative blood for the coming month. If 4000 donors come to the blood drive, what's the probability that the clinic will not have sufficient O-negative donors? A) B) C) D) E)
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