Biochemical Processes are the chemical processes that occur in living things

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2 -The internal stability that organisms maintain is known as HOMEOSTASIS Ex: maintaining normal body temperature Biochemical Processes are the chemical processes that occur in living things -All organisms need both energy and raw materials to carry on the internal biochemical processes that are essential for their survival Ex:

3 -The process by which energy is stored in chemical bonds of organic molecules such as carbohydrates (using light to make) -Carried out by plants, algae, and many single-celled organisms -Photosynthesis is the connection between the energy released by the sun and the energy available to living systems -Photosynthesis occurs in the CHLOROPLAST -Uses solar energy to convert inorganic molecules (CO2 and water) into an energy-rich organic compound (glucose)

4 -The organic compound, GLUCOSE, is a simple sugar (carbohydrate) Light energy + water + carbon dioxide Glucose + Oxygen The waste gas produced is oxygen (used by all living things) -The glucose is used two ways: -To synthesize ATP (respiration) -To build more complex molecules (stored as starch) ***Remember ATP=energy!!! -When animals eat plants, they digest the complex molecules (starch) into simpler molecules (glucose) for their cells to use

5 -The process by which chemical energy stored in Nutrients is released for use in cells (oxygen and glucose combine to make ATP) -ALL living things need energy (ATP) to stay alive -Before the energy in the bonds of complex carbohydrates such as starch can be used, the molecules must be broken down (digestion) into glucose ***Do NOT confuse cellular respiration with breathing (gas exchange)! -Cellular respiration occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA -The more energy a cell requires, the more mitochondria it has

6 Oxygen + glucose Carbon dioxide + water + ATP -The waste products of cellular respiration are water and carbon dioxide -Photosynthesis is used to store energy -Respiration releases the stored energy (ATP) -The waste products of photosynthesis are the raw Materials of respiration -The waste products of respiration are the raw materials Of photosynthesis

7 -Enzymes are biochemical catalysts that affect the rate of a chemical reaction -Enzymes remain UNCHANGED and are NEVER USED UP -Enzymes are involved in processes such as digestion, Synthesis, respiration, and photosynthesis -ALL living things contain enzymes -Enzymes work by colliding and have SPECIFICITY (work by their shape) -The rate of enzymatic reaction can be affected by Temperature, ph, and amount of substrate -Substrate is the molecule an enzyme works on

8 -Enzymes have an optimal temperature and ph (remember how you feel when you have a high fever!!!) -Homeostasis is constantly being threatened -Internal adjustments are constantly being made Ex: Body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate -When homeostasis fails, illness or sickness results Homeostasis = Dynamic Equilibrium= steady state -Involves a cycle in which the output of a system feeds back to either modify (limit) or reinforce (make stronger) the action of the system

9 -A change prompts a response which leads to a GREATER Change and GREATER response Ex: Contractions during child labor -A change prompts a response (usually a hormone) to Restore homeostasis -Once homeostasis is restored, the signal is stopped limiting the system output Ex: home heating system, body temperature regulation, menstrual cycle, blood sugar level (insulin/glucose)

10 -In plants, the stomate is opened and closed by the guard cell through feedback to maintain homeostasis Ex: too much water= open, too little water= close -Disease is any condition that prevents the body from working as it should -PATHOGENS are foreign invader organisms that cause disease Ex: Virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite -Other causes of disease include: Inherited disorders, toxins, poor nutrition, organ Malfunction, high risk behaviors

11 -Cancer is uncontrollable cell division - A tumor is a mass of abnormal cells -First line of defense includes physical and chemical barriers Ex: skin, tears, saliva, hormones, mucus -The immune system is the body s primary defense Against pathogens -Pathogens are identified by their ANTIGENS (molecules On the surface of pathogens that trigger an immune Response) -When foreign antigens are identified, WBC and ANTIBODIES attack them

12 WBC work by: -Engulf and destroy -Produce antibodies -Recognize and remember -ANTIBODIES are proteins that attack antigens of Foreign invaders (have specificity/work by shape) -Made by using a weakened or dead part of the disease (microbe/pathogen) -Causes the body to produce antibodies -The body now has the ability to remember this Microbe when it comes back

13 -Antibodies are forever, antibiotics are for a limited time AIDS-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome -disease that attacks the immune system (destroys WBC) -Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) -People with AIDS develop opportunistic infections that Their body cannot fight off Other problems of the immune system: Allergies- over-activity of the immune system (produce Histamines) Organ Transplant- Immune system may reject and attack Diagnose, prevent/control, treat/cure a disease

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