8/30/2013. Chapter 11. Lecture Outline Types of Tissues Types of Tissues

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1 Chapter 11 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes Types of Tissues Cells are composed of molecules; a tissue has similar types of cells; an organ contains several types of tissues; and several organs make up an organ system. A tissue is composed of similarly specialized cells that perform a common function in the body Types of Tissues Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body Epithelial: covers body surfaces and lines cavities Connective: supports and binds body parts Muscular: moves the body and its parts Nervous: receives stimuli, processes that information, and conducts impulses 3 1

2 Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer Numerous functions Usually protective Secretion (glands) Absorption Excretion Filtration 4 Epithelial Tissue On external surfaces, epithelial tissue protects the body from injury, drying out, and possible invasion by microbes. On internal surfaces, epithelial tissue carries out both protective and specific functions. 5 Epithelial Tissue Classified According to Cell Shape Squamous epithelium: flattened cells Cuboidal epithelium: cubed-shaped cells Columnar epithelium: columnar-shaped cells or resembling rectangular pillars 6 2

3 11.1 Types of Tissues Classified according to the number of layers in the tissue Simple epithelium: Single layer of cells Stratified epithelium: Multiple cell layers Pseudostratified epithelium: appears to be layered but each cell touches basement membrane 7 Epithelial Tissue Glandular epithelium secretes a product Gland can be single or multiple cells Exocrine glands secrete products into ducts Endocrine glands secrete product into bloodstream Pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine gland 8 Simple squamous lining of lungs, blood vessels protects Figure 11.1 basement membrane Ed Reschke 9 3

4 Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar lining of trachea sweeps impurities toward throat cilia goblet cell secretes mucus Figure 11.1 basement membrane Ed Reschke 10 Stratified squamous skin (epidermis) lining of nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal, vagina protects Figure 11.1 basement membrane Ed Reschke 11 Simple columnar lining of small intestine, oviducts absorbs nutrients goblet cell secretes mucus Figure 11.1 basement membrane Ed Reschke 12 4

5 Simple cuboidal lining of kidney tubules, various glands absorbs molecules Figure 11.1 basement membrane Ed Reschke 13 Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar lining of trachea sweeps impurities toward throat Simple squamous lining of lungs, blood vessels protects cilia goblet cell secretes mucus Stratified squamous skin (epidermis) lining of nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal, vagina protects basement membrane basement membrane basement membrane Simple cuboidal lining of kidney tubules, various glands absorbs molecules Simple columnar lining of small intestine, oviducts absorbs nutrients Figure 11.1 basement membrane Ed Reschke goblet cell secretes mucus basement membrane 14 Junctions Between Epithelial Cells Tight junction - forms an impermeable barrier because adjacent plasma membrane proteins actually join Gap junction - forms when two adjacent plasma membrane channels join Adhesion junction adjacent plasma membranes do not touch but are held together by intercellular filaments firmly attached to cytoplasmic plaques 15 5

6 Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Binds organs together Provides support and protection Fills spaces Produces blood cells Stores fat Connective tissue cells are separated by matrix, noncellular material that varies in consistency. Solid, semisolid, or liquid 16 Connective Tissue Composition of nonfluid matrix Fibers: Collagen: protein that gives flexibility and strength Elastic: protein that is not as strong as collagen, but more elastic Reticular: thin, highly branched fibers that form supporting network 17 Loose Fibrous and Dense Connective Tissue Loose fibrous connective tissue Supports epithelium and many internal organs Forms a protective covering enclosing many internal organs Muscles, blood vessels, and nerves Found in the lungs, arteries, and urinary bladder 18 6

7 Loose Fibrous and Dense Connective Tissue Dense fibrous connective tissue Contains many collagen fibers packed together Found in structures such as Tendons - connect muscles to bones Ligaments connect bones to other bones Both loose and dense connective tissue have cells called fibroblasts Separated by a jellylike matrix with collagen and elastic fibers 19 fibroblast elastic fiber collagen fiber 50 µm Loose fibrous connective tissue has space between components. occurs beneath skin and most epithelial layers. functions in support and binds organs. collagen fibers nuclei of 25 µm fibroblasts Dense fibrous connective tissue contains many collagen fibers. has specialized functions. occurs in tendons and ligaments. Ed Reschke The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer Figure 11.2a, b 20 Adipose Tissue and Reticular Connective Tissue Adipose Tissue Fibroblasts enlarge and store fat and become adipocytes. Used for Energy storage Insulation against heat loss or gain Organ protection Found beneath the skin, around the kidneys and surface of the heart 21 7

8 Adipose Tissue and Reticular Connective Tissue Reticular Connective Tissue Forms the supporting meshwork of lymphatic tissue Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow 22 Adipose Tissue Fibroblasts enlarge and store fat 50 µm nucleus Adipose tissue cells are filled with fat. occurs beneath skin, around heart and other organs. functions in insulation, stores fat. The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Figure 11.2c 23 Cartilage Cartilage Specialized form of dense fibrous connective tissue Commonly forms smooth surfaces that allow bones to slide against one another in joints Cells lie in small chambers called lacuna, separated by solid, but flexible matrix Three types of cartilage Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage 24 8

9 Cartilage Hyaline: the most common type Contains very fine collagen fibers Found in the nose and ends of long bones and ribs Forms rings in the walls of respiratory passages Parts of the fetal skeleton become bone from this tissue Elastic: higher proportion of elastic fibers, so more flexible Framework of outer ear Fibrocartilage: contains strong collagen fibers Found in structures that withstand tension and pressure such as the pads between vertebrae 25 Bone Bone The most rigid connective tissue Extremely hard matrix formed from Calcium salts deposited around collagen fibers Give bone rigidity Protein fibers Provide elasticity and strength Two types of bone tissue Compact Spongy 26 Bone Compact bone Forms shafts of long bones Consists of cylindrical structures called osteons Central canal of each osteon surrounded by rings of hard matrix Located in spaces called lacunae Spongy bone Contains many bony bars and plates, separated by irregular spaces Found in ends of long bones Though lighter, still designed for strength 27 9

10 fibroblast elastic fiber collagen fiber 50 µm Loose fibrous connective tissue has space between components. occurs beneath skin and most epithelial layers. functions in support and binds organs. collagen fibers nuclei of fibroblasts 25 µm Dense fibrous connective tissue contains many collagen fibers. has specialized functions. occurs in tendons and ligaments. a. b. c. 50 µm nucleus Adipose tissue cells are filled with fat. occurs beneath skin, around heart and other organs. functions in insulation, storesfat. osteon matrix cell within 50 µm a lacuna Hyaline cartilage has cells in lacunae. occurs in nose and walls of respiratory passages; at ends of bones, including ribs. functions in support and protection. d. lacuna central 50 µm canal canaliculi Compact bone has cells in concentric rings. occurs in bones of skeleton. functions in support and protection. e. Figure 11.2 a: Ed Reschke; b, e: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer; c: The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer; d: Dr. Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images 28 Blood Blood Unlike other types of connective tissue, the matrix (i.e., plasma) is not made by the cells. Functions Transports nutrients and oxygen and removes carbon dioxide and wastes. Helps distribute heat. Plays role in fluid, ion and ph balance. Protects against disease. Blood clotting protects against fluid loss. 29 Blood Components of Blood Plasma 55% of volume Variety of inorganic and organic substances dissolved or suspended in water Formed elements 45% of volume Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (leukocytes) Platelets (thrombocytes) 30 10

11 31 Blood Red blood cells (erythrocytes) Small, biconcave, disk-shaped cells that lack a nucleus Contain hemoglobin for transport of oxygen Complex of four units; each contains globin and heme heme contains iron which links to oxygen White blood cells (leukocytes) Larger cells with a nucleus Fight infection in different ways By phagocytosis or adaptive immunity, which includes antibody production 32 Blood Platelets (thrombocytes) Cell fragments involved with blood clotting Help to form a plug that seals damaged blood vessels Injured tissues release molecules to stimulate the clotting process 33 11

12 plasma Formed elements: white blood cells and platelets red blood cells a. Blood sample white blood cells platelets red blood cell plasma Figure 11.3 b. Blood smear 34 Muscular Tissue Muscular Tissue Composed of cells called muscle fibers Muscle fibers contain actin and myosin filaments Interaction accounts for sliding movements Types of Muscle Tissues Skeletal Smooth (visceral) Cardiac 35 Skeletal Muscle Muscle Tissue Cylindrical, long and multinucleated Striated due to alternating light and dark bands Usually attached by tendons to bones of the skeleton Contraction is under voluntary control which causes bones of the skeleton to move at joints 36 12

13 Smooth Muscle Muscle Tissue Cells lack striations- smooth appearance Occurs in blood vessels and viscera (intestine, stomach and other internal organs and blood vessels Cells are spindle-shaped, with a single nucleus Nuclei form an irregular pattern Not under voluntary control 37 Muscle Tissue Cardiac muscle Found only in the walls of the heart Has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus Cells are separate and individual but are bound end to end at intercalated disks Gap junctions promote the flow of electrical impulses when the heart muscle contracts Not under voluntary control 38 Skeletal muscle has striated cells with multiple nuclei. occurs in muscles attached to skeleton. functions in voluntary movement of body. striation nucleus 250 Figure 11.4a Ed Reschke 39 13

14 Smooth muscle has spindle-shaped cells, each with a single nucleus. cells have no striations. occurs in blood vessel walls and walls of the digestive tract. functions in movement of substances in lumens of body. is involuntary. smooth muscle cell nucleus 400 Figure 11.4b The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer 40 Cardiac muscle has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus. occurs in the wall of the heart. functions in the pumping of blood. is involuntary. intercalated disk nucleus 250 Figure 11.4c Ed Reschke 41 Skeletal muscle has striated cells with multiple nuclei. occurs in muscles attached to skeleton. functions in voluntary movement of body. Smooth muscle has spindle-shaped cells, each with a single nucleus. cells have no striations. occurs in blood vessel walls and walls of the digestive tract. functions in movement of substances in lumens of body. is involuntary. Cardiac muscle has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus. occurs in the wall of the heart. functions in the pumping of blood. is involuntary. striation nucleus 250 smooth muscle cell nucleus 400 intercalated disk nucleus 250 a. b. c. a, c: Ed Reschke; b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer Figure

15 Nervous Tissue Nervous tissue contains neurons (nerve cells) and is present in the brain and spinal cord A neuron is a specialized cell with three structures. Dendrites processes that that conduct signals toward the cell body Cell body contains the cytoplasm and nucleus Axon a process that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body May have myelin sheath to increase speed 43 Neuroglia Nervous Tissue Outnumber neurons nine to one Support and nourish neurons Four types in the brain Microglia: engulf bacterial and cellular debris Astrocytes: provide nutrients Oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheaths Ependymal cells: line fluid-filled spaces of brain and spinal cord 44 dendrite Neuron nucleus cell body Astrocyte Microglia Oligodendrocyte myelin sheath axon Capillary Figure 11.5a a. Neuron and neuroglia 45 15

16 Figure 11.5b b. Micrograph of a neuron Ed Reschke 46 + dendrite Neuron nucleus cell body Astrocyte Microglia Oligodendrocyte myelin sheath axon a. Neuron and neuroglia Capillary Figure 11.5 b. Micrograph of a neuron 200 x b: Ed Reschke Body Cavities and Body Membranes Referring to anatomical parts of humans, certain standard terms are used based on the upright position (standing position) Ventral or anterior refers toward the front Dorsal or posterior refers toward the back Superior means toward the head Posterior means toward the feet Medial is closer to the body midline Lateral is away from the body midline 48 16

17 11.2 Body Cavities and Body Membranes Human body divided into cavities Ventral Cavity or Coelom Thoracic cavity Lungs and heart Abdominal cavity Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and most of the small and large intestines Pelvic cavity Bladder, rectum, internal reproductive organs Body Cavities and Body Membranes Dorsal Cavity Cranial cavity - within the skull Contains the brain Vertebral canal made of the vertebrae Contains the spinal cord 50 Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Vertebral canal diaphragm Dorsal cavity Ventral cavity Abdominal cavity spinal cord vertebrae Pelvic cavity Figure 11.6a 51 17

18 pleura pericardium peritoneum Figure 11.6b 52 Cranial cavity Dorsal cavity Thoracic cavity Vertebral canal diaphragm Ventral cavity Abdominal cavity spinal cord vertebrae Pelvic cavity a. pleura pericardium Figure 11.6 b. peritoneum 53 Body Membranes Body Membranes Line cavities and the internal spaces of organs and tubes that open to the outside Mucous Membranes Line tubes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems Made of an epithelium overlying loose fibrous connective tissue Goblet cells produce mucus Protective function 54 18

19 Body Membranes Serous Membranes Line thoracic and abdominal cavities Made of epithelium and loose fibrous connective tissue Secrete watery fluid for lubrication Carry specific names according to location Pleurae - lines thoracic cavity and lungs Pericardium - encloses heart Peritoneum- lines abdominal cavity and covers organs Mesentery supports abdominal organs and attaches them to abdominal wall 55 Body Membranes Synovial membranes Made of loose connective tissue Line freely movable joints Secrete synovial fluid Meninges Line the dorsal cavity Protect brain and spinal cord Made of connective tissue Organ Systems Human body is organized into 11 organ systems Integumentary Cardiovascular Lymphatic and Immune Digestive Respiratory Urinary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Reproductive 57 19

20 Integumentary Cardiovascular system system protects body. transports blood, receives sensory nutrients, gases, input. and wastes. helps control defends against temperature. disease. synthesizes vitamin D. helps control homeostasis. Lymphatic and Immune systems help control fluid balance. absorb fats. defend against infectious disease. Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system ingests food. maintains breathing. excretes metabolic digests food. exchanges gases at wastes. absorbs nutrients. lungs and tissues. helps control fluid eliminates waste. helps control ph balance. balance. helps control ph balance. Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine system Reproductive system Figure 11.7 supports the body. protects body parts. helps move the body. stores minerals. produces blood cells. maintains posture. moves body and internal organs. produce sheat. receives sensory input. integrates and stores input. initiates motor output. helps coordinate organ systems. produces hormones. helps coordinate organ systems. responds to stress. helps regulate fluid and ph balance. helps regulate metabolism. produces gametes. transports gametes. produces sex hormones. nurtures and gives birth to off spring in females Integumentary System The Integumentary System Skin Accessory organs Hair Nails Sweat glands Oil glands Integumentary System Functions of the integumentary system Protects underlying tissues from trauma, pathogen invasion, and water loss Helps to regulate body temperature Synthesizes vitamin D Contains sensory receptors awareness of surroundings 60 20

21 Regions of the Skin The skin has two regions Epidermis Consists of stratified squamous epithelium Basal cells produce new cells that harden and flatten as they are pushed to the surface by cells forming underneath them. Keratin is a protein that hardens and waterproofs cells. Melanocytes produce the pigment melanin which provide protection against UV radiation. 61 Dermis Regions of the Skin Fibrous connective tissue beneath epidermis Contains collagen fibers that help prevent overstretching and tearing. Contains elastic fibers that maintain tension, but also stretch to allow movement. Contains blood vessels that nourish the skin. Contains sensory receptors for touch, pain, pressure, temperature. 62 Regions of the Skin Subcutaneous layer Components Loose connective tissue Adipose tissue which stores fat Thermal insulation against heat loss or gain Energy storage 63 21

22 hair shaft sweat pore basal cells Epidermis sensory receptor capillaries oil gland arrector pili muscle Dermis free nerve endings hair follicle hair root sweat gland artery vein Subcutaneous layer nerve adipose tissue Figure Nails Accessory Organs of the Skin Protect distal part of digits and help pry things open and pick up small objects Nail root - growth occurs from this epithelial tissue Becomes keratinized as they grow outward Nail body the visible part of the nail Cuticle - protects nail root Lunula - white half-moon at base result of thick layer of cells 65 Nail Anatomy nail root cuticle lunula nail bed nail body Figure

23 Accessory Organs of the Skin Hair Follicles Extend from dermis through epidermis Form from epidermal cells in hair root Become keratinized and die as they are pushed away from root Contracting arrector pili muscles cause goose bumps if frightened or feeling cold 67 Accessory Organs of the Skin Oil Glands Associated with hair follicles Secrete sebum to lubricate hair and skin Sweat Glands Some open into hair follicles, others onto skin Assist in modifying body temperature by evaporating heat stored in the fluid 68 Disorders of the Skin Human skin can be traumatized and is prone to certain infections. Its dryness, slightly acidic ph, and the presence of dead cells in the outermost layers make skin resistant to many pathogens Certain cancers can arise, usually from UV ray damage. Dermatitis skin inflammation can arise from chemicals or allergic reactions

24 Disorders of the Skin Acne is common disorder of the face, shoulders, chest and back that usually occurs in adolescence. These locations have the greatest density of sebaceous glands. During puberty, certain hormones increase and also cause increased sebum production. As sebum is blocked from exiting the gland, more Propionibacterium acnes, a very common skin bacteria, grows as well. An inflammatory response (pimple) follows. 70 Disorders of the Skin Warts are small areas of skin proliferation caused by the human papillomavirus. Warts can occur at any age; non-genital warts most commonly occur between ages 12 and 16. Warts generally harmless and disappear without treatment. Warts can cause cosmetic disfigurement. Several treatments can be utilized Homeostasis Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment by an organism, or even by a single cell. Even as external conditions change, internal conditions stay within a narrow range. Internal state is often described as one of dynamic equilibrium because internal conditions tend to fluctuate above and below a certain value

25 Negative Feedback Primary mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set point Two components (minimum) A sensor detects changes in the environment A control center directs a response to return conditions to normal levels When the pancreas detects high blood glucose levels, it secretes insulin, which causes cells to take up glucose. Blood glucose levels return to normal (set point) 73 Homeostasis Figure change of internal conditions Homeostasis Figure

26 Control center data to control center change of internal conditions Homeostasis Figure Negative Feedback Mechanism Control center data to control center response to Effect change of internal conditions negative feedback and return to normal Homeostasis Figure Mechanical Example A home heating system illustrates how a more complex negative feedback mechanism works. The thermostat is set to 68 O F, the set point. The thermostat also has a thermometer, a sensor to detect room temperature against set point. The thermostat also has a control center. Turns furnace off when the room is too hot Turns furnace on when the room is too cold 78 26

27 Mechanical Example In a typical negative feedback mechanism, there is a fluctuation above and below normal. When the furnace is off, the room cools When the furnace is on, the room warms 79 Homeostasis F too hot Figure Homeostasis 81 27

28 Control center sends data to thermostat 68 F set point 70 F too hot Homeostasis Figure Control center sends data to thermostat 68 F set point directs furnace to turn off 70 F too hot furnace off negative feedback and return to normal temperature Homeostasis Figure Control center sends data to thermostat 68 F set point directs furnace to turn off 70 F too hot furnace off negative feedback and return to normal temperature Homeostasis Figure F too cold 84 28

29 Control center sends data to thermostat 68 F set point directs furnace to turn off 70 F too hot furnace off negative feedback and return to normal temperature Homeostasis 66 F too cold Control center Figure F set point sends data to thermostat 85 Negative Feedback--A Mechanical Example Control center sends data to thermostat 68 F set point directs furnace to turn off 70 F too hot furnace off negative feedback and return to normal temperature Homeostasis negative feedback and return to normal temperature furnace on 66 F too cold directs furnace toturnon Control center 68 F set point sends data to thermostat Figure Human Example: Regulation of Body Temperature The hypothalamus of the brain serves as the sensor and control center for body temperature. When body temperature is above normal The control center causes blood vessels near the skin to dilate. Increased blood flow near body surface allows heat to dissipate. Sweat glands are activated by the nervous system so that evaporation helps lower body temperature

30 Human Example: Regulation of Body Temperature When body temperature falls below normal The control center causes blood vessels near the skin to constrict. This conserves heat. If body temperature falls even lower, nerve impulses sent to skeletal muscles, and shivering occurs. Shivering generates heat, and body temperature gradually rises. Negative feedback prevents change in the same direction 88 Normal body temperature Figure change of internal conditions Normal body temperature Figure

31 Control center sends data to control center 98.6 F set point change of internal conditions Normal body temperature Figure Control center sends data to control center 98.6 F set point directs response to Effect change of internal conditions Blood vessels dilate; sweat glands secrete. negative feedback and return to normal temperature Normal body temperature Figure Control center sends data to control center 98.6 F set point directs response to Effect change of internal conditions Blood vessels dilate; sweat glands secrete. negative feedback and return to normal temperature Normal body temperature change of internal conditions Figure

32 Control center sends data to control center 98.6 F set point directs response to Effect change of internal conditions Blood vessels dilate; sweat glands secrete. negative feedback and return to normal temperature Normal body temperature change of internal conditions Figure Control center sends data to control center 98.6 F set point 94 Negative Feedback--A Human Example Control center sends data to control center 98.6 F set point directs response to Effect change of internal conditions Blood vessels dilate; sweat glands secrete. negative feedback and return to normal temperature Normal body temperature negative feedback and return to normal Effect change of internal conditions Blood vessels constrict; sweat glands are inactive. Figure directs response to Control center sends data to control center 98.6 F set point 95 Positive Feedback Positive Feedback Brings about a greater change in same direction Blood clotting activated platelets initiate clotting process and release factors that stimulate further clotting Involved in processes with a definite cutoff point Woman giving birth contractions get stronger until birth occurs 96 32

33 Homeostasis and Body Systems: The Transport Systems The Transport Systems Cardiovascular system conducts blood to and away from capillaries. Exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes occurs Tissue fluid, which bathes cells of the body, is refreshed by exchanges with blood. Oxygen and nutrients move into tissue fluid from the blood. Carbon dioxide and wastes move from tissue fluid into the blood. 97 Regulation of Tissue Fluid Composition blood flow arteriole red blood cell tissue cell capillary oxygen and nutrients carbon dioxide and wastes Figure venule blood flow 98 The Maintenance Systems The respiratory system adds O 2 and removes CO 2. The digestive system takes in and digests food to provide nutrients. The liver, an organ that assists in digestive process, regulates blood composition, removes toxins, and makes urea. Kidneys regulate blood volume, salt balance, ph regulation, and waste removal

34 The Support Systems The Support Systems The integumentary, muscular and skeletal systems protect internal organs. Integumentary system also produces vitamin D. Skeletal system also stores minerals, produces blood cells. 100 The Control Systems The Control Systems The nervous system and endocrine system work together to function to control other body systems. Control systems contribute to homeostasis. The control systems direct effectors -muscles and glands - to become active. Muscles cause immediate changes. Endocrine glands secrete hormones that bring slower changes. 101 Disease Abnormality in the body s normal processes that significantly impairs normal function Major causes include blood vessel issues, cancers, infections, inflammation Systemic disease Affects entire body Local disease Restricted to one part of the body

35 Disease Acute disease Occurs suddenly Usually short duration Chronic disease Long term, less severe Develops slowly Cancers are a group of disorders in which the usual controls of cell division fail, resulting in the production of abnormal cells that invade and destroy healthy tissue

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