BELLWORK DEFINE: PERISTALSIS CHYME RUGAE Remember the structures of the digestive system 1

Transcription

1 BELLWORK DEFINE: PERISTALSIS CHYME RUGAE 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 1

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3 STANDARD 8) Outline basic concepts of normal structure and function of all body systems, and explain how homeostasis is maintained. (the digestive system)

4 OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY AND LABEL THE STRUCTURES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION OF EACH STRUCTURE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

5 Structures Digestive system Also known as: Alimentary Canal Digestive Tract Gastrointestinal Tract Upper GI Lower GI Approximately 30 in length from mouth to anus 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 5

6 Primary structures Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestines Large intestines Accessory structures Structures of the digestive Tongue Teeth Salivary glands Pancreas Liver Gall bladder system 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 6

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8 FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Physical breakdown of food: involves the processes of ingestion and mastication Chemical digestion of food into the end products of fat, carbohydrates and protein: involves the processes of digestion and secretion Absorption of nutrients into blood capillaries of the small intestines Eliminate waste products of digestion: involves the processes of excretion or defecation

9 Structures of the digestive system Mouth (buccal cavity) Tongue Teeth Salivary Glands Palate Uvula 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 9

10 Tongue Structures of the digestive Attached to floor of mouth Made of skeletal muscle attached to four bones Taste buds on the surface Sweet Sour Bitter Salty system Tasting is one of our special senses. What other body system have we discussed That relates to the tongue and our taste buds? 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 10

11 Teeth Structures of the digestive Primary (deciduous) 20 baby teeth Secondary (permanent) 32 adult teeth The process of chewing is called mastication. system 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 11

12 Structures of the digestive Salivary glands Produce enzymes that break down carbohydrates and convert starches to sugar system 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 12

13 Structures of the digestive Palate system Hard Soft Uvula Flap of skin hanging in the back of the throat This keeps food from going up our nose when we swallow! 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 13

14 HOW MANY OF YOU LIKE SUSHI? EVER WONDER WHY THEY SERVE GINGER WITH YOUR MEAL?

15 Structures of the digestive Pharynx (throat) system Nasopharynx Oropharynx Hypopharynx When we swallow this closes off the trachea 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 15

16 Structures of the digestive Esophagus Muscular tube, 10 long Connects the pharynx and stomach Peristalsis occurs here Esophageal wall layers Mucosa Submucosa Muscular External serous system Consider the process of ingestion. Are there any health concerns related to eating and the esophagus? 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 16

17 Structures of the digestive Stomach Upper left quadrant of the of the abdominal cavity Fundus Body Pylorus system Cardiac Sphincter Pyloric Sphincter Rugae- expanding folds 2.07 Remember the structures of the The stomach secretes gastric acids and enzymes causing chemical digestion. digestive system 17

18 How long does it take the stomach to empty?

19 Structures of the digestive Small intestines Duodenum First segment 12 long Jejunum Second segment 8 long Ileum Third segment long system 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 19

20 Small Intestines (small bowels) The major organ of DIGESTION, where most food is broken down ABSORPTION occurs in small intestine --- absorption of 80% of usable nutrients --- digested food passes into bloodstream and on to body cells, indigestible passes on to large intestine Fatty acids and fat absorbed into lymphatic vessels from the small intestine

21 Structures of the digestive system Large intestines Approximately 2 in diameter 5 long 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 21

22 Large Intestines (large bowel or colon) Responsible for water reabsorption Absorption of vitamins produced in the large intestine (B complex and K vitamins) packaging and compacting the waste products for elimination

23 Activity: Make a poster! Break into four groups and divide tasks: Draw/Label/Color the structures of the digestive system: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines. Write a brief description of the function of each structure on your poster. Include the accessory organs: liver, pancreas, and gall bladder. Research and add the function of the accessory organs to your poster.

24 Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder

25 Liver Located below the diaphragm, upper right quadrant Largest glandular organ and largest organ in the abdominopelvic cavity Receives 1.5 quarts of blood a minute from the hepatic portal vein and artery Connected to gallbladder and small intestine by ducts

26 Liver Functions Detoxifies the body by removing harmful substances such as certain drugs and alcohol Destroys old blood cells and recycles usable parts while eliminating unneeded pats such as bilirubin. Bilirubin is eliminated in bile and gives feces it distinctive color Stores the simple sugar glucose as GLYCOGEN. When blood sugar levels fall below normal, the liver reconverts glycogen to glucose and releases it into the blood Produces the clotting factors fibrinogen and prothrombin Manufacture blood proteins albumin and globulins Manufactures bile (1 pint/day) which is needed for the digestion of fats Stores iron and vitamins A, B 12 D, E and K Produces cholesterol

27 Pancreas 6 long feather shaped organ located posterior to the stomach Exocrine function secretes buffers and digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct into the duodenum Digestive enzymes digest all three major food types Buffer Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes gastric acids protects the lining of the small intestine Also has endocrine function

28 Gall bladder Small, sac-shaped, muscular organ, green in color, located at the inferior surface of the liver Stores and concentrates bile -- reabsorbs water content of bile received from liver Bile enters the gallbladder by way of the hepatic duct When fatty foods enters the duodenum, bile is released by gallbladder into the cystic duct and then into the COMMON BILE DUCT which connects to the duodenum

29 Homeostasis in the Digestive System PH Balance occurs when the digestive tract (saliva, enzymes, gastric juices) breaks down food quickly to prevent bacteria from spreading infection. Beneficial Microflora help maintain homeostasis by fighting off infection and harmful bacteria. Examples of this good bacteria include Bifidobacterium and Acidophilus. This microflora is also capable of fighting off drug metabolites and even carcinogens. They also produce vitamin K.

30 Bellwork INCONTINENCE involuntary urination, often seem in older persons, or due to illness and disease GLYCOSURIA sugar in urine, seen in DM, seriously ill individuals with metabolic diseases or conditions PYURIA pus in urine, due to infection in the urine, or other part of urinary system ANURIA no urine produced, acute and end stage kidney disease HEMATURIA blood in urine injury, disease or injury to kidney DIURETIC drug or substance to increase urine production

31 Standard 8) Outline basic concepts of normal structure and function of all body systems, and explain how homeostasis is maintained. (particularly the urinary system)

32 Objectives Label the structures of the urinary system and describe each function Explain how homeostasis is maintained in the urinary system Describe what dialysis is and who is a candidate for this kind of treatment. Identify what a urinalysis test is used for and possible explanations of its results.

33 Urinary System (also called the Excretory System)

34 Functions of the Kidney Both the prefix nephro or the term renal refer to the kidney. remove waste products from the body remove drugs from the body balance the body's fluids release hormones that regulate blood pressure produce an active form of vitamin D that promotes strong, healthy bones control the production of red blood cells

35 The Ureters One from each kidney Can a person have more than two ureters? Connect the kidneys to the bladder, carry urine from kidney to bladder Smooth muscle tube with mucous membrane lining Peristalsis pushes urine down ureters Based on previous lessons, what is peristalsis?

36 The Bladder Hollow, elastic muscular organ, capable of great expansion, elastic fibers and involuntary muscle Located the pelvic cavity Stores and aids in the elimination of urine usually about 500cc Emptying urine (voiding) is involuntary but controlled through nervous system (voluntary) Urine leaves the body through the URETHRA

37 The Urethra The urethra is a tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. Its wall is lined with mucous membranes and contains a relatively thick layer of smooth muscle tissue. Female urethra: 4 cm; functions only as urinary canal Male urethra: functions both as a urinary canal and a passageway for cells and secretions from various reproductive organs. 20 cm.

38 URINALYSIS The average output = 1500 ml/day URINALYSIS examination of urine to determine presence of blood cells, bacteria, acidity level, specific gravity and physical characteristics (color, clarity and odor) What are examples of a time a urinalysis might be ordered?

39 THINK.PAIR.SHARE.

40 URINALYSIS

41 Bilirubin-What does it mean? Bilirubin-pigment made during the breakdown of red blood cells. Usually liver or gall bladder related. Newborns-usually not processing RBC correctly.

42 Other chemicals found in urine. Food, dehydration, and drugs can also affect these tests. Usually, further tests are done to confirm any questionable results. PKU is an amino acid deficiency that can cause mental or physical disabilities. Tested as infants.

43 Chronic Renal Failure Gradual loss of nephron function lasting three months or more What does the nephron do? Risk factors diabetes, hypertension, age, obesity, ethnicity Treatment for hypertension, cholesterol, diet, fluid on heart and lungs, itching As the disease progresses dialysis or kidney transplant may be required

44 Dialysis (Watch Video) Dialysis artificially removes waste products and extra fluid from your blood when your kidneys can no longer do this. Hemodialysis- A machine filters wastes, salts and fluid from your blood when your kidneys are no longer healthy enough to do this work adequately. Hemodialysis requires you to follow a strict treatment schedule, take medications regularly and, usually, make changes in your diet. Peritoneal dialysis-during peritoneal dialysis, blood vessels in your abdominal lining (peritoneum) fill in for your kidneys, with the help of a fluid (dialysate) that flows into and out of the peritoneal space.

45 Activity Draw and color the various possibilities of urine samples. (Think specimen cup)!!! Label each and describe what might be the cause for the color, clarity, or odor. Circle any areas of concern.