FEEDING THE SENIOR HORSE

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1 FEEDING THE SENIOR HORSE By Eleanor Richards Copyright 2003 She was comfort to you when you thought your world was falling apart. You hugged her neck after winning a blue ribbon. You smiled as your child sat on her back just as you had so many years ago. But now the years are adding up. She s a senior now and needs the best care possible. Caring for an older horse can be expensive and time consuming. You have to observe body condition, be aware of any changes both physiological and psychological. A complete physical examination should be done. Blood tests will show if the horse experiencing any liver or kidney problems. It will be easier to provide the senior horse with a safe feed program if you know how well the horse can utilize protein, calcium, and phosphorus. What works for one senior horse may not work for yours. Some experimentation with different grain, forage, supplements, and timing of feedings will occur before the right formula is found. And then as your 1

2 horse continues to age, the formula may need to be adjusted. Caring for the senior horse is a commitment that comes from the heart. Your senior horse s body is going through changes you must constantly check. Digestion (which includes teeth) is being compromised; old health issues are going to be more apparent and new ones harder to overcome. Adequate nutrition must be provided for her to maintain her health and condition. Older horses have the same basic nutritional requirements as younger horses. These are water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, and vitamins. The tools we use to meet these needs are forage, grain, supplements, and access to fresh, clean water. The challenge which now faces you is providing the quality and quantity your old friend can utilize. The most natural horse feed in the world is grass. Good quality pasture can provide many of the needed nutrients listed above. It is no surprise when a horse in poor condition is put on good pasture they usually gain weight. This is what the horse s digestive system is designed to utilize soft, easy to digest grass, available 24 hours a day. Observation of the horse is important. If your senior horse is maintaining weight on pasture then a free choice loose mineral supplement formulated for your location, and loose white salt should be available. The nutrient value of grass can vary during the different growing seasons. For example, in the spring when the plant s moisture content is high the available nutrients will be diluted. During drought, late in the summer, or when the available forage becomes depleted, alternate forage sources and supplements may be needed. It is necessary to monitor your horse if he or she is not used to fresh grass, or the pasture is lush. Lush, green forage can cause colic or laminitis. Any sudden change in feed quality should be avoided. The introduction of new feeds should be gradual. 2

3 If no pasture is available, hay is the next choice. Hay (forage) is grass, legume, or a mixture of the two that has been dried. To have good quality hay you must start with a good quality product that has been processed correctly. All horses will do better on a soft, easy to chew and digest hay, but it is even more critical when feeding a senior horse. So, how do you know if the hay you are buying is the quality you need? Quality hay producers and dealers will have results from a laboratory that will show the nutrient values of their hay. The quickest way to decide hay digestibility is to look at the Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) and the Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) levels. The ADF rating should be lower than 45 and the NDF value should be lower than 40. Also, check the Relative Feed Value (RFV) rating; it should be 125 or higher. If the ADF, NDF, and RFV values are not suitable for your senior horse then the rest of the nutritional information is without value. A second way to decide if you want the hay and you should do this even if the producer has a forage test; is look, smell, and feel. You will have to open several bales in order to get a good overall view of the hay. You are going to look for a nice green color, it should be fine-stemmed, and contain leaves. There should be no weeds, mature seeds, or material the horse cannot eat. Give it a shake you should not see any dust hanging in the air. Now smell the hay it should smell sweet with no moldy or musty odor. Then take a large handful and squeeze it the hay should feel soft and pliable, and there should be no coarse stems. There are many feeding options available to you and your senior horse. Because of this it can become very confusing as to which is best. If your horse is still able to eat at least 1.5% of body weight in forage, then a calorie dense concentrate may be all that is needed. Look for a product that is high in fat and contains good quality ingredients. Forage must be provided when feeding these types of products. If the forage quality is poor or your horse is unable to consume enough of the 3

4 roughage to meet her requirements, then forage substitutes may be the next step in your program. Beet pulp, alfalfa pellets, hay cubes, and chopped hay are examples of forage substitutes. Beet pulp is a by-product of the sugar beet industry. It does not have a high sugar content as the sugar was removed during the processing of the beets. It is high in calcium, very low in phosphorus, and B vitamins. The advantage to feeding beet pulp is it provides a highly fermentable fiber. Beet pulp does not provide enough long stem fiber to maintain normal digestive function. So, it is advised to feed it along with good quality forage. It is safe to feed up to 1% of the horse s body weight in beet pulp per day. It is not necessary to soak beet pulp unless your horse bolts the feed. Soaking does get more water into the system, which is always a good thing. Just don t let it ferment. Alfalfa pellets are made from dehydrated ground alfalfa forage. Like beet pulp, alfalfa pellets do not provide enough long stem fiber and should be fed along with good quality forage. Alfalfa pellets, which are high in protein, should be avoided if your mature horse has been diagnosed with liver or kidney problems. Hay cubes are a good source of long stem fiber. The forage is dried, chopped, and compressed in to cubes. Alfalfa, alfalfa/grass, or alfalfa/corn is examples of the ingredients which make up hay cubes. Hay cubes always contain at least fifty percent alfalfa. The alfalfa helps hold the cubes together. Like alfalfa pellets, alfalfa cubes will be high in protein and should be avoided if your horse has adrenal gland problems. To avoid the danger of choke and aid your senior horse with chewing, the hard cubes can be soaked for ten minutes before feeding. If hay cubes are used as the only source of roughage, the recommended feeding rate is 1.5 to 2% of the body weight per day. Chopped hay is another good source of fiber. The fiber length should be between 1 and 1 ¾ inches. This length will help provide the 4

5 necessary long stem fiber required by the equine digestive tract. Chopped hay is available in grass and alfalfa formulas. Molasses is usually added to the product, as it will keep the leaves and stems from separating in the bag. If you feed chopped hay as the only source of fiber it should be fed at a minimum of 1 to 1.5 % of the horse s body weight per day. In summary, alfalfa cubes and chopped hay are true forage substitutes. They provide the needed long stem fiber and can be fed as the sole source of forage. Beet pulp and alfalfa pellets are used to supplement the diet. Feed manufacturers have recognized the need for specialized products. There are many formulations available that have the older horse s nutritional requirements as the focus. The formulas that have been developed for older horses will usually have the word senior or mature in the name. These feeds are considered to be complete, because they offer forage and other nutrients that the older horse requires, all in one bag. If you compare the feed tag to a conventional horse feed tag you will see several differences. In some cases the protein level may be somewhat higher in the senior product, because the ability to digest protein is reduced in the senior horse. Most protein levels in the feed will range between 12% and 14%. This is not considered to be excessive. The quality of the protein is more important than the percentage level. Look for soybean meal or heat processed soybeans on the label. Soybeans are the best source of amino acids (the building blocks of protein). Protein is important for maintaining bones, muscles, and soft tissues. The next analysis on the feed tag is crude fat. Fat increases energy, improves coat condition and provides calories. The premium horse feeds will use corn oil or vegetable oil as a fat source. These two are most 5

6 palatable to the horse. Animal fat is sometimes used, as it is less expensive; avoid animal fat if possible. Increasing fat to obtain higher energy levels and provide more calories is preferable to adding grains, such as corn or oats. Grains increase carbohydrates, which your senior horse can have trouble utilizing. The fat level will be around 4% on most senior feeds. The third level listed on a feed tag is fiber. The difference between a senior feed and one for adult horses will be noticeable. Remember, this is considered to be a complete feed, so the fiber level will be higher. The analysis for fiber on the senior product will probably be around 15% to 18%. The level on a feed for adult horses can be between 5% and 10%, about half of what the senior feed contains. The source for the fiber is usually beet pulp or alfalfa. The next section of nutrient levels on the tag is vitamins and minerals. These levels may be slightly higher than the adult horse feed. The ability to absorb vitamins and minerals decreases as the horse ages, so the levels provided must be increased. Research has proven some older horses loose the ability to manufacture their own vitamin C; so many feed manufacturers are now adding vitamin C to their products. The feed tag will list the ingredients that are in the product. Some ingredients will be the same, and some will be different product to product, even when comparing senior feeds to each other. The main concern is that the ingredients be of good quality and can be utilized by the horse. That is why it is important to purchase feed from a wellestablished and reliable company. There will be a noticeable difference between the senior feed and the adult product s feeding directions. For example, an average 12% protein sweet feed designed for mature horses may have a recommendation of 5 pounds of sweet feed and 14 pounds of hay to be fed to an 1100-pound horse per day. The recommended amount for the same sized horse 6

7 needing the senior product may be as much as 17 pounds per day, but with little or no forage. Because the fiber source in the senior product is alfalfa or beet pulp your mature horse is still lacking a long stem fiber. Use soaked hay cubes or chopped hay to provide this important part of your horse s diet. Try to get the horse to eat a minimum of ½ percent of body weight per day to insure good gut motility. The method used to manufacture feed is very important. Processing makes it easier to chew, prevents the horse from sorting, increases digestibility, and allows the addition of needed ingredients, which will make the feed more nutritional for your senior horse. Pelleting or extruding are the common methods used to manufacture senior formulas. Pellets are made from ingredients that have been finely ground, steam-heated, and mixed with a binder. Pellets eaten quickly and not mixed with enough salvia can become stuck part way down the esophagus, creating an obstruction. As the horse continues to eat, more feed is packed against the obstruction resulting in a problem called choke. Placing a few smooth rocks in the feeder or soaking the pellets can help avoid the possibility of choke. Extruded formulas have been cooked at high temperatures. This process allows the starch to be more available to the aging digestive system. The extruding process also allows higher fat levels to be added to the formula. Extruded feed will be less dense (more bulk) than pellets. There is also less chance of choke with extruded formulas. The high heat used in manufacturing pellets and extruded formulas can decrease the availability of vitamins. Feed manufactures have taken this into consideration and add an increased amount of vitamins to the formulas. Another benefit of pellets and extruded formulas is the fact they can be softened by soaking. If your senior horse is prone to choke or has 7

8 severe teeth problems the mush will be easier to eat. The added water will also be a plus, especially in the winter when horses tend not to drink as much. In the summer, make sure the soaked feed does not ferment in the heat. The next challenge you face is the timing of the meals for your old friend. Small and frequent meals are the key. The stomach of an average sized horse (1,100 pounds) only holds about 2 to 4 gallons. The stomach (about the size of a football) fills quickly and empties quickly. Your horse should never be fed more than 5 pounds at one feeding. But, many of the feeding directions for the senior formulas recommend 17 pounds of the product each day for a horse of that size; that means 4 meals spaced out at regular intervals. Picture this situation. You do chores at 8:00 P.M on Saturday night. The next morning you decide to sleep in and it s 10:00 A.M. before you get to the barn. Your old friend has gone for 14 hours without a meal. That is not good for any horse, and almost a disaster for the senior horse. Remember: Small, frequent meals at regular intervals. The perfect schedule would be 4 meals spaced 6 hours apart. Based on your average sized horse of 1,100 pounds, each meal could consist of: 4.25 pounds of the soaked senior formula and.75 (3/4 of a pound) of a long stem fiber source, such as soaked hay cubes or chopped hay. A fifth meal or snack consisting of 2.5 pounds of the long stem fiber product would insure you are providing enough fiber for good gut function. Good gut function also depends on bugs within the cecum. The cecum is a large fermentation vat located in the first part of the large intestine. It contains microorganisms that work at extracting fats, proteins, and carbohydrates from the fiber. As your horse ages the system loses the ability to maintain a healthy environment for the 8

9 beneficial bacteria, protozoa, yeasts, and fungi, which make up these microorganisms. This is where probiotics may help. The definition of a probiotic can be described as being the opposite of an antibiotic. Antibiotics destroy or arrest the growth of microorganisms; both good and bad. Probiotics feed and nurture the existing microflora population by supplying nutrients and enzymes. Yeast culture is one of the best probiotic ingredients on the market. It is different from other yeast products. Yeast culture is fermented, contains live yeast cells and metabolic by-products. Other yeast sources, for example, brewers yeast, are good sources of protein, vitamins, and minerals, but do not offer the beneficial microorganisms. Many feed manufacturers add yeast culture to their horse feed formulas. It will be listed under Ingredients on the feed tag. Be sure to purchase fresh feed as yeast culture is affected by heat and age. There are many probiotic supplements on the market. They can be top-dressed or administered in paste form. Look for a product that contains several species of bacteria and enzymes, in addition to the yeast culture. These products provide a more balanced supplement. Make sure the product is fresh and has been stored away from heat. One last comment on feeding probiotics to horses; there has been very little scientific research done on how well horses utilize probiotics in the equine digestive tract. Some manufacturers have done their own testing using control groups and consumers have reported seeing improvement in horses being fed probiotics. There have been many situations where they have made a positive difference. Probiotics are safe to feed and if your senior horse does not need the extra microbes they are washed out of the system. Find a product from a reputable company and try it. Water: fresh, clean, freely available. Water is the most important nutrient to all living things. A horse can live several weeks without food, but will die in five to six days without water. 9

10 If your senior horse is not receiving enough water, the horse will not eat enough food to meet its needs. The horse will decrease the food intake in order to decrease the need for water. The horse needs adequate water to digest the food. A lack of water will also increase the chances of impaction colic. The digestion of fiber requires water. Without adequate water intake the fiber will not be broken down in the digestive tract. Make sure the water source is clean, fresh and accessible. Constantly monitor the horse s water consumption. Know what is normal, so you will be aware of any changes. If you use an automatic waterer have a flow meter installed. Clean the containers daily. During the winter you must be even more alert. Water consumption decreases during the colder months. Offer the horse warm water several times a day. Make sure the horse has access to free choice loose salt. One of the benefits to feeding pellets, beet pulp, chopped forage products, hay cubes, and the senior formulas is they can be soaked. The soaking provides even more water in the horse s diet. Horses like company. They are herd animals. They believe there is security in numbers. But a senior horse that has to compete with younger or more aggressive horses will not do well. Competition for food and avoiding confrontation can be very stressful for your old friend. Being chased around the pasture by a playful youngster or forced away from the hay feeder will take its toll. The senior horse will want to be with the herd, but you may have to take steps to protect the horse. Because of the special diet and need for small frequent meals a herd situation twenty-four hours a day may not be beneficial. Even if the horse gets along with pasture mates, you will need to bring the horse in several times a day to insure he or she is getting the nutritional diet you have worked so hard to provide. 10

11 Total separation from the herd on the other hand may not be in the horse s best interests either. The stress of being totally separated from companions can cause weight loss and poor health. If other horses are tormenting the senior horse, then pairing with a special friend is the best option. That friend might even be a goat or sheep. Weather and environment is a concern when it comes to caring for your mature horse. On a cold, damp, windy day in March don t allow your old friend to stand knee-deep in mud, hunched up, and shivering. It takes energy for a horse to keep warm. For a senior horse, who is suffering from a decreased ability to utilize nutrients, cold weather can cause problems from which there may be no recovery. Bring the horse in, put a blanket on, make sure there is plenty of fresh water, and provide a dry place for the horse to stand and eat. The heat of the summer can also cause problems. Mature horses have trouble regulating their body temperature. It may be necessary to body clip the horse several times during the summer months. Insects can cause your horse to expend extra energy. If the horse spends a lot of time trying to avoid biting flies, the horse is wasting energy and that can cause weight loss. Provide the horse with a shelter that will offer shade and a place to get away from insects. When you ve done all you can do, and you know she is happy, give her a hug and thank her for all her years of devotion. Let her know she is appreciated and that your love will go on forever. 11

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