Drug Distribution. Joseph K. Ritter, Ph.D., Assoc. Prof. Medical Sciences Building, Room
|
|
- Lucas Terry
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Drug Distribution Joseph K. Ritter, Ph.D., Assoc. Prof. Medical Sciences Building, Room Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Medical College of Virginia Campus Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia, USA Distribution refers to the passage of drugs from blood to tissues (sites of drug action, storage, metabolism, and excretion) and vice versa. Both the rate and extent of distribution are important for the time course of drug action. 1
2 The rate of distribution can determine the time to the onset of a drug response. The extent of distribution 1) relates the dose of the drug to its concentration in plasma 2) indicator of extent of distribution = volume of distribution or Vd Volume of Distribution (Vd) Pharmacokinetic variable of distribution Vd is the apparent volume that a drug distributes in to account for the observed plasma drug concentration. Units of volume (ml or L) Sometimes expressed per unit body weight (vol/kg BW) Vd is defined mathematically as the ratio of the amount of drug in the body Q to the plasma drug concentration C. Vd = Q / C 2
3 Example: Calculate the Vd of a drug when 1 gram is administered to a 70 kg person and the plasma drug level is g/l. Vd = Q/C Q = amount of drug in body (g) C = plasma drug concentration (g/liter) Vd = 1 g/0.024 g/l = 42 L Volume of distribution-water soluble drug 100 ml ungraduated beaker Mineral Oil Water What is the volume of distribution? Add 1000 mg sugar (a highly water soluble substance) and stir Take a sample of water Measure sugar conc in water Conc = 12.5 mg/ml Vd = Q/Conc = 1000mg / 12.5mg/mL = 80 ml 3
4 Volume of distribution: lipid soluble drug Mineral Oil Water Add 1000 mg of a lipid soluble drug and stir Take a sample of water Measure drug conc in water = 2 mg/ml Vd = Q/Conc = 1000mg / 2 mg/ml = 500 ml (>> volume of beaker Volume of Distribution is proportional to body weight Therefore the Vd of the example drug should ideally be expressed as L / unit body weight. Vd = 42 L/70 kg = 0.6 L/kg What would the Vd of the drug be in a 100 kg individual (their ideal body weight)? Vd = 0.6 L/kg x 100 kg = 60 L 4
5 Vd as a pharmacokinetic variable Can range from a relatively small percentage of body volume (e.g., 4.5% of total body volume) to very large volumes (>>>total body volume) Factors that determine the extent of drug distribution or Vd: -Drug characteristics -size -lipid solubility -Tissue characteristics -capillary permeability/membrane permeability -size of organs -capacity of tissue to concentrate drug -Ability of drug to bind to tissue or plasma proteins Blood flow is also an important determinant Capillary permeability The walls of capillary beds are composed of a single, endothelial cell layer (extremely thin) that is designed for effective interchange of nutrients and waste products with tissues. Unbound drugs can readily cross this layer by either filtration or passive diffusion (aided by large surface area). The rate of transcapillary movement is affected by lipid solubility (decreased lipid solubility lowers distribution rate), molecular size (increased size reduces distribution rate), and protein binding (reduces drug distribution) 5
6 Capillary permeability II Not all tissues have capillary beds with identical structures. Kidney and most other tissues have fenestrated endothelium that permits movement across the capillary wall, even if the drug has low lipophilicity - filtration or simple diffusion The brain, testes and (in pregnant women) the placenta have limited permeability to water-soluble drugs due to its endothelium having tight junctions (blood-brain barrier) lipid diffusion or carrier-mediated uptake required The liver has no endothelial cells (sinusoidal structure)-direct contact with hepatocytes in liver Membrane permeability To move inside cells within an organ or tissue, drugs have to cross cell membranes. The primary mechanism is lipid diffusion. Rate = -DAK C / X Factors affecting rate at which drugs diffuse into cells include: lipid solubility (K), drug concentration ( C), membrane area (A), molecular size (D), membrane thickness ( X), protein binding ( C) and ionization (K). 6
7 Membrane permeability II The effect of ionization state on the distribution of drugs across cell membranes is illustrated in patients with phenobarbital (PB) poisoning. (PB, weak acid, pka 7.2) These patients have metabolic acidosis (from decreased respiration) ECF ph is lowered to 7.0 or even lower (acidic). This increases the fraction of total PB in the ECF that is in the unionized state more PB enters brain cells respiration decreases even further Treatment of poisoning by barbiturates includes alkalinizing the plasma with intravenous sodium bicarbonate. Plasma protein binding Many drugs are able to bind to non-specific sites on plasma proteins: albumin (3.5-5 g/dl), others. Bound drug cannot normally undergo filtration or diffusion, only the unbound drug can leave the blood. Nature of binding: non-covalent, reversible saturable, potentially competitive Bound drug is in equilibrium with unbound (free) drug. Drug + Protein Drug Protein Bound drug can be viewed as a drug reservoir. 7
8 Plasma protein binding II The percentage of drug bound to protein in plasma varies between drugs range from low (< 1%) to high (99%) (warfarin-a blood thinner). Drugs or endogenous substances that are bound to plasma proteins may be displaced when a second drug is present that is highly protein bound. This can produce a marked increase in the plasma concentration of the free (unbound) drug. Example: infants with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia Bilirubin is highly bound to albumin. The use of sulfonamides as antibacterial agents in hyperbilirubinemic infants can displace the bilirubin encephalopathy concern. Capacity of organ to bind or concentrate drug Drugs may with high affinity and/or high capacity to non-specific sites inside cells (to proteins, lipids, etc). This binding is non-covalent, reversible. Equilibrium is formed. Total amount of drug in plasma versus tissue is determined in part by the relative affinity and number of binding sites in tissue The extent of binding to tissue constituents can be high for certain drugs (examples include chloroquine and digoxin). 8
9 Concept of drug reservoirs: drug in reservoir is in equilibrium with the drug in plasma Albumin binds various drugs and limits distribution Stomach ionizes basic drugs and traps them (ph effect) Tissues such as the liver can avidly bind drugs (chloroquine) Lipid soluble compounds can localize in fat tissue (thiopental) Certain drugs bind avidly to tissue outside the blood compartment (digoxin, Vd = 550 L/kg) Blood Flow Relatively more important for rate of distribution rather than extent Rapidly perfused (ml/100 g/min) tissues respond quickly Brain (55) Liver (20) Kidney (450) Less rapidly perfused tissues respond to drug more slowly Muscle (3) Skin (5) Poorly perfused tissues respond very slowly to drug Fat (1) 9
10 Redistribution of drugs explained by differences in organ perfusion rates % of Dose Plasma Brain Lean Fat Time (minutes) Thiopental (barbiturate used to induce anesthesia) termination of effect within min of injection due to redistribution from brain to adipose) Manipulation of blood flow to sites of injection using vasoconstrictors Some formulations of local anesthetics (procaine or lidocaine) or antiinfectives (penicillin) contain vasoconstrictor substances (epinephrine) Vasoconstrictors limit distribution of drug away from the site of injection Maintains high drug concentration at site of injection (prolongs local effect) Prolongs absorption of drug into the blood (prolongs action of drug at a site distal to the injection) 10
11 Body water compartments BODY WATER COMPARTMENTS: 50Kg & 100Kg (110 lb) (220 lb) Total body water (60% body weight) = 0.6 L/Kg, 30 L & 60 L Extracellular (20% body weight) = 0.2L/Kg, 10 L & 20 L L Plasma (4% body weight) = 0.04L/Kg, 2 L & 4 Interstitial (16% body weight) = 0.16L/Kg, 8 L & 16 L Intracellular (40% body weight) = 0.4 L/Kg, 20 L & 40 L Correspondence of body water compartments to Vd for some drugs: 4 examples Drugs with low Vd s ( L/kg) mainly restricted to plasma water (example: anticoagulant heparin) Drugs with Vds approach extracellular water (0.2 L/kg) unable to cross cell membranes to reach intracellular water space (example: highly polar, large or charged drugs such as the aminoglycoside antiinfectives) Drugs with Vds approaching total body water (alcohol) Drugs with Vds >>>total body volume concentrated in tissues outside of blood (example: the congestive heart failure drug, digoxin) 11
12 Fetal Drug Distribution Most drugs readily distribute by passive diffusion Epithelium of villi is the only major barrier Endothelium of capillaries Risks Abortion and abnormal development [Cocaine, Tamoxifen] Malformation [Thalidomide, Methotrexate, Organic Solvents] Alter behavior and intelligence [Alcohol, Cocaine, Amphetamines] Produce cancer later in life [Diethylstibesterol] Dependence/Withdrawal [Heroin, Morphine and Cocaine] Intrauterine growth retardation, prematurity, SIDS [Smoking] The End 12
WHY... 8/21/2013 LEARNING OUTCOMES PHARMACOKINETICS I. A Absorption. D Distribution DEFINITION ADME AND THERAPEUIC ACTION
PHARMACOKINETICS I Absorption & Distribution LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of the lecture students will be able to.. Dr Ruwan Parakramawansha MBBS, MD, MRCP(UK),MRCPE, DMT(UK) (2013/08/21) Define pharmacokinetics,
More informationDRUG DISTRIBUTION. Distribution Blood Brain Barrier Protein Binding
DRUG DISTRIBUTION Distribution Blood Brain Barrier Protein Binding DRUG DISTRIBUTION Drug distribution is a reversible transport of drug through the body by the systemic circulation The drug molecules
More informationADME Review. Dr. Joe Ritter Associate Professor of Pharmacology
ADME Review Dr. Joe Ritter Associate Professor of Pharmacology 828-1022 jkritter@vcu.edu What percent of a weak base (pka = 7.5) and weak acid (pka = 3.5) will be respectively ionized in urine of ph 5.5?
More informationPharmacokinetics Dr. Iman Lec. 3
Pharmacokinetics r. Iman Lec. 3 Pharmacokinetics A dequate drug doses must be delivered to the target organ to get therapeutic but not toxic levels. So, pharmacokinetic examines the movement of drug over
More informationRenal Excretion of Drugs
Renal Excretion of Drugs 3 1 Objectives : 1 Identify main and minor routes of Excretion including renal elimination and biliary excretion 2 Describe its consequences on duration of drugs. For better understanding:
More informationIt the process by which a drug reversibly leaves blood and enter interstitium (extracellular fluid) and/ or cells of tissues.
It the process by which a drug reversibly leaves blood and enter interstitium (extracellular fluid) and/ or cells of tissues. Primarily depends on: 1.Regional blood flow. 2.Capillary permeability. 3.Protein
More informationThe importance of clearance
The importance of clearance The calculation of clearance can be especially useful in optimizing dosing of patients The clearance includes both the volume of distribution and the elimination rate The clearance
More informationExcretion of Drugs. Prof. Hanan Hagar Pharmacology Unit Medical College
Excretion of Drugs Prof. Hanan Hagar Pharmacology Unit Medical College Excretion of Drugs By the end of this lecture, students should be able to! Identify main and minor routes of excretion including renal
More informationUnit 2b: EXCRETION OF DRUGS. Ms.M.Gayathri Mpharm (PhD) Department of Pharmaceutics Krishna Teja Pharmacy college Subject code: 15R00603 (BPPK)
Unit 2b: EXCRETION OF DRUGS By Ms.M.Gayathri Mpharm (PhD) Department of Pharmaceutics Krishna Teja Pharmacy college Subject code: 15R00603 (BPPK) Excretion, along with metabolism and tissue redistribution,
More informationDetermination of bioavailability
Pharmaceutics 2 Bioavailability Bioavailability is the rate and extent to which an administered drug reaches the systemic circulation. For example, if 100 mg of a drug is administered orally and 70 mg
More informationPHARMACOKINETICS SMALL GROUP I:
PHARMACOKINETICS SMALL GROUP I: Question 1 Absorption of the anti-fungal agent, itraconazole, is dependent on a low gastric ph. Calculate the relative concentrations of a weak acid (with a pka of 5.4)
More informationFundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians Chapter 4
(A) (B) Figure 4-1 A, B (C) FIGURE 4-1C The active transport process moves particles against the concentration gradient from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration. Active transport
More informationPharmacokinetics of Drugs. Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia
Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia Absorption Is the transfer of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream.
More informationAssem Al Refaei. Sameer Emeish. Dr.Alia. Hodaifa Ababneh & Abdullah Shurafa
8 Assem Al Refaei Sameer Emeish Hodaifa Ababneh & Abdullah Shurafa Dr.Alia Sheet Checklist Bioequivalence and Therapeutic equivalence. Factors Influencing Absorption. Revising Bioavailability. Factors
More informationPharmacokinetics I. Dr. M.Mothilal Assistant professor
Pharmacokinetics I Dr. M.Mothilal Assistant professor DRUG TRANSPORT For a drug to produce a therapeutic effect, it must reach to its target and it must accumulate at that site to reach to the minimum
More informationPharmacokinetics. Karim Rafaat
Pharmacokinetics Karim Rafaat Pharmacokinetics The therapeutic effect of a drug is determined by the concentration of drug at the receptor site of action. Even though the concentration of drug that reaches
More informationIndustrial Toxicology
Industrial Toxicology Learning Objectives Know the assumptions of the doseresponse and time-course curves Be able to define and label key points of a curve Know the difference between potency and efficacy
More informationPharmacodynamics & Pharmacokinetics 1
PCTH 325 Pharmacodynamics & Pharmacokinetics 1 Dr. Shabbits jennifer.shabbits@ubc.ca September 9, 2014 Learning objectives 1. Describe the categories of intended drug action 2. Compare and contrast agonists
More informationProblem Set for Fundamentals 9 Oct 2013
20.201 Problem Set for Fundamentals 9 ct 2013 Please prepare your answers in electronic format and submit the answers or on ctober 11. While this is not a graded problem set, you will get cr completing
More informationBiology 137 Introduction to Toxicology Name Midterm Exam 1 Fall Semester 2001
Biology 137 Introduction to Toxicology Name Midterm Exam 1 Fall Semester 2001 Part I. Multiple choice. Two points each. 1. Toxicology is the study of A. prevalence of disease and death in a population
More informationCOMPARTMENTAL ANALYSIS OF DRUG DISTRIBUTION Juan J.L. Lertora, M.D., Ph.D. Director Clinical Pharmacology Program September 23, 2010
COMPARTMENTAL ANALYSIS OF DRUG DISTRIBUTION Juan J.L. Lertora, M.D., Ph.D. Director Clinical Pharmacology Program September 23, 2010 Office of Clinical Research Training and Medical Education National
More informationVolume of Distribution. Objectives. Volume of Distribution
1 Volume of Distribution Nick Holford Dept Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology University of Auckland, New Zealand 2 Objectives Learn the definition of volume of distribution Understand the physiological
More informationINTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOKINETICS
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOKINETICS 1 http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/biol540/4pipeline2css.html 2 PHARMACOKINETICS 1. ABSORPTION 2. DISTRIBUTION 3. METABOLISM 4. EXCRETION ALL THESE PROCESSES ARE
More informationMany drugs have both lipophilic and hydrophilic chemical substituents. Those drugs that are more lipid soluble tend to traverse cell membranes more
Lecture-4 Many drugs have both lipophilic and hydrophilic chemical substituents. Those drugs that are more lipid soluble tend to traverse cell membranes more easily than less lipid-soluble or more water-soluble
More informationThe ADME properties of most drugs strongly depends on the ability of the drug to pass through membranes via simple diffusion.
1 MEDCHEM 562 Kent Kunze Lecture 1 Physicochemical Properties and Drug Disposition The ADME properties of most drugs strongly depends on the ability of the drug to pass through membranes via simple diffusion.
More informationPrinciples of Drug Action. Intro to Pharmacology: Principles of Courework Drug Action Intro to Pharmacology
Principles of Drug Action Intro to Pharmacology: Principles of Courework 102.3 Drug Action Intro to Pharmacology Directions Read the PPT and complete R.E.A.D. Assignment. There are videos embedded within
More informationPrinciples of Pharmacology. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics. Mr. D.Raju, M.pharm, Lecturer PHL-358-PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-I
Principles of Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics PHL-358-PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-I Mr. D.Raju, M.pharm, Lecturer Pharmacokinetics Movement of drugs in the body Four Processes Absorption
More informationCell membrane & Transport. Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Ebneshahidi
Cell membrane & Transport Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Cell Membrane To enclose organelles and other contents in cytoplasm. To protect the cell. To allow substances into and out of the cell. To have metabolic reactions
More informationLecture 1: Physicochemical Properties of Drugs and Drug Disposition
Lecture 1: Physicochemical Properties of Drugs and Drug Disposition Key objectives: 1. Be able to explain the benefits of oral versus IV drug administration 2. Be able to explain the factors involved in
More informationDefine the terms biopharmaceutics and bioavailability.
Pharmaceutics Reading Notes Define the terms biopharmaceutics and bioavailability. Biopharmaceutics: the area of study concerning the relationship between the physical, chemical, and biological sciences
More informationENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Chapter 4 Toxicokinetics Mohd Amir Bin Arshad Toxicokinetics study on how a substance gets into the body and what happens to it in the body" The kinetics (movement) of substances
More informationPharmacokinetics Prepared by: Prof. Abusufyan
Pharmacokinetics Prepared by: Prof. Abusufyan Learning Object Know the processes involved in ADME of drugs Know how these processes may affect the action of xenobiotics Appreciate how these processes can
More informationPharmacokinetics in the critically ill. Intensive Care Training Program Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen
Pharmacokinetics in the critically ill Intensive Care Training Program Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen In general... Critically ill patients are at higher risk for ADE s and more severe ADE
More informationEVE 491/591 Toxicology. Toxicant Distribution 2/20/2014
EVE 491/591 Toxicology Lecture #8 1. Distribution, Storage, Elimination, and Biotransformation of Toxicants 2. Case study #2 Part II Toxicant Distribution Distribution: the process in which a chemical
More informationRENAL SYSTEM 2 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF NEPHRON SEGMENTS Emma Jakoi, Ph.D.
RENAL SYSTEM 2 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF NEPHRON SEGMENTS Emma Jakoi, Ph.D. Learning Objectives 1. Identify the region of the renal tubule in which reabsorption and secretion occur. 2. Describe the cellular
More informationTransport through membranes
Transport through membranes Membrane transport refers to solute and solvent transfer across both cell membranes, epithelial and capillary membranes. Biological membranes are composed of phospholipids stabilised
More informationLippincott Questions Pharmacology
Lippincott Questions Pharmacology Edition Two: Chapter One: 1.Which one of the following statements is CORRECT? A. Weak bases are absorbed efficiently across the epithelial cells of the stomach. B. Coadministration
More informationGeneral Principles of Pharmacology and Toxicology
General Principles of Pharmacology and Toxicology Parisa Gazerani, Pharm D, PhD Assistant Professor Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI) Department of Health Science and Technology Aalborg University
More informationIntroduction to Pharmacokinetics
- 1 - Introduction to Pharmacokinetics Outline accompanies required webcast for Marie Biancuzzo s Lactation Exam Review and Marie Biancuzzo s Comprehensive Lactation Course Notes We will not cover this
More informationTransport across the cell membrane
Transport across the cell membrane Learning objectives Body compartments ECF and ICF Constituents Lipid Bilayer: Barrier to water and water-soluble substances ions glucose H 2 O urea CO 2 O 2 N 2 halothane
More informationChimica Farmaceutica. Pharmacokinetics and related topics
Chimica Farmaceutica Pharmacokinetics and related topics INTRODUCTION In order to produce its intended effect, a drug must be present at an appropriate concentration in the fluid surrounding the effect
More informationRational Dose Prediction. Pharmacology. φαρμακον. What does this mean? pharmakon. Medicine Poison Magic Spell
1 Rational Dose Prediction Nick Holford Dept Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology University of Auckland, New Zealand 2 Pharmacology Pharmacology is derived from a Greek word (pharmakon). The Greeks used
More informationChapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction What is Pharmacology From the Greek pharmakon (=drug), logos (=study) Pharmacology is the science that deals with the mechanisms of action, uses, adverse effects and fate of drugs
More informationChapter 3 Drug Absorption and Bioavailability
Chapter 3 Drug Absorption and Bioavailability Debra Si Mui Sim Abstract Most drugs are prescribed as oral preparations or extravascular injections (other than intravenous injections) for the treatment
More informationBasic Concepts in Pharmacokinetics. Leon Aarons Manchester Pharmacy School University of Manchester
Basic Concepts in Pharmacokinetics Leon Aarons Manchester Pharmacy School University of Manchester Objectives 1. Define pharmacokinetics 2. Describe absorption 3. Describe distribution 4. Describe elimination
More information4/17/2016. General Principles. Pharmacologic Principles. Dose-Response Curve. Threshold. Ceiling BASICS
Pharmacologic Principles i.e., totally geeky nerdy boring yucky but important stuff Bart Johnson, DDS MS General Principles Basics Receptor Theory Absorption Distribution Redistribution Metabolism Elimination
More informationThe Influence of Physicochemical Properties on ADME
The Influence of Physicochemical Properties on ADME Iain Martin Iain Martin; Physchem Forum 2 1 Physchem and ADME A quick tour of the influence of physicochemical properties on: Absorption Distribution
More informationCell Membrane Diagram
Cell Membrane Diagram Draw a diagram of the cell membrane. Please include (and label): - Phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) Protein channel An ion pump Cholesterol Gylcoproteins* Define
More informationModel Answer B.Pharm. VII sem, Examination 2013 Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Paper code: AS-2532
Section A: Short Answer Model Answer B.Pharm. VII sem, Examination 2013 Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Paper code: AS-2532 1. i) Objective of bioavailability studies Primary stages of development
More informationMicrocirculation. Lecture Block 11 (contributions from Brett Burton)
Lecture Block 11 (contributions from Brett Burton) Elements of Arterioles, capillaries, venules Structure and function: transport Fluid balance Lymph system Vessels of the Circulatory System Diameter Aorta
More informationFactors affecting drug absorption and distribution
Factors affecting drug absorption and distribution Shruti Chillistone Jonathan Hardman Abstract The pharmacokinetic properties of a drug comprise the relationship between its absorption, distribution and
More informationBlood Vessels. Chapter 20
Blood Vessels Chapter 20 Summary of the Characteristics of Arteries and Veins Characteristic Artery Vein Wall thickness thick thin Shape in cross section round flattened Thickest tunic media externa Collagen
More informationImportance of drug antagonism (i) Correcting adverse effects of drugs (ii) Treating drug poisoning. e.g. Morphine with naloxone, organophosphate
Importance of drug antagonism (i) Correcting adverse effects of drugs (ii) Treating drug poisoning. e.g. Morphine with naloxone, organophosphate compounds with atropine. (iii) Predicting drug combinations
More informationCopyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Vessel Structure
Blood Vessel Structure Structure of Blood Vessel Walls Arteries and veins Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa Lumen Central blood-containing space Capillaries Endothelium with sparse basal
More informationInteractions Between Cells and the Extracellular Environment
Chapter 6 Interactions Between Cells and the Extracellular Environment Et Extracellular lll environment Includes all parts of the body outside of cells Cells receive nourishment Cells release waste Cells
More informationBody Fluids and Fluid Compartments
Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The chemical reactions of life take place in aqueous solutions. The dissolved substances in a solution are called solutes. In the human body, solutes
More informationIntroduction to. Pharmacokinetics. University of Hawai i Hilo Pre-Nursing Program NURS 203 General Pharmacology Danita Narciso Pharm D
Introduction to 1 Pharmacokinetics University of Hawai i Hilo Pre-Nursing Program NURS 203 General Pharmacology Danita Narciso Pharm D 2 Learning objectives Understand compartment models and how they effects
More informationTopical Preparations
Topical Preparations One of the functions of the skin is to protect the internal body components against the external environment and thus to control the passage of chemicals into and out of the body.
More informationFundamentals of Pharmacology
Fundamentals of Pharmacology Topic Page Receptors 2 Ion channels / GABA 4 GPCR s 6 TK receptors 8 Basics of PK 11 ADR s / Clinical study design 13 Introduction to the ANS 16 Cholinergic Pharmacology 20
More informationPharmacokinetic Phase
RSPT 2317 Principles of Drug Action Part 2: The Pharmacokinetic Phase Pharmacokinetic Phase This phase describes the time course and disposition of a drug in the body, based on its absorption, distribution,
More informationA primer on pharmacology
A primer on pharmacology Universidade do Algarve Faro 2017 by Ferdi Engels, Ph.D. 1 2 1 3 Utrecht university campus de Uithof Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences Division of Pharmacology 4 2 Bachelor and
More informationCells: The Living Units
Cells: The Living Units Introduction Life in general occurs in an aqueous environment All chemical processes essential to life occur within the aqueous environment of the cell and surrounding fluids contained
More informationChapter 4: Cell Membrane Structure and Function
Chapter 4: Cell Membrane Structure and Function Plasma Membrane: Thin barrier separating inside of cell (cytoplasm) from outside environment Function: 1) Isolate cell s contents from outside environment
More informationBASIC PHARMACOKINETICS
BASIC PHARMACOKINETICS MOHSEN A. HEDAYA CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Table of Contents Chapter
More informationCLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS INDEPENDENT LEARNING MODULE
CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS INDEPENDENT LEARNING MODULE Joseph K. Ritter, Ph.D. Assoc. Professor, Pharmacology and Toxicology MSB 536, 828-1022, jritter@vcu.edu This self study module will reinforce the
More informationPrinciples of Toxicology: The Study of Poisons
Principles of Toxicology: The Study of Poisons Elizabeth Casarez Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University it of Arizona The study of the adverse effects of a toxicant on living organisms Adverse
More informationLocal Anesthetics. Xiaoping Du Room E417 MSB Department of Pharmacology Phone (312) ;
Local Anesthetics Xiaoping Du Room E417 MSB Department of Pharmacology Phone (312)355 0237; Email: xdu@uic.edu Summary: Local anesthetics are drugs used to prevent or relieve pain in the specific regions
More informationFIGURE A. The phosphate end of the molecule is polar (charged) and hydrophilic (attracted to water).
PLASMA MEMBRANE 1. The plasma membrane is the outermost part of a cell. 2. The main component of the plasma membrane is phospholipids. FIGURE 2.18 A. The phosphate end of the molecule is polar (charged)
More informationPharmacokinetic Phase
RSPT 2217 Principles of Drug Action Part 2: The Pharmacokinetic Phase Gardenhire Chapter 2; p. 14-25 From the Text Common Pathways for Drug Box 2-3; page 18 Plasma Half-lives of Common Drugs Table 2-4;
More informationIntroduction to Pharmacology
Introduction to Pharmacology Prof. Nassiri Director, Institute of International Health Michigan State University Medical Mission Trip May 9-16, Dominican Republic What is Pharmacology? From the Greek pharmakon
More informationCellular Transport. 1. A potato core was placed in a beaker of water as shown in the figure below.
Name: Date: 1. potato core was placed in a beaker of water as shown in the figure below. Which diagram best represents the net movement of molecules?.. C. D. page 1 2. The following question(s) is/are
More informationTOXICOKINETICS; DISPOSITION OF XENOBIOTICS (Absorption, Distribution and Excretion of xenobiotics)
TOXICOKINETICS; DISPOSITION OF XENOBIOTICS (Absorption, Distribution and Excretion of xenobiotics) Benay Can Eke, Ph.D., ERT Professor of Toxicology Department of Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Ankara
More informationHomeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation A hormone is :a Water-soluble hormones: Composed of amino acids and bind a receptor protein on the of the target cell. This starts a signal cascade inside the cell and the signal
More informationUNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, ONDO DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY PHS 211 TRANSPORT MECHANISM LECTURER: MR A.O. AKINOLA
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, ONDO DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY PHS 211 TRANSPORT MECHANISM LECTURER: MR A.O. AKINOLA OUTLINE Introduction Basic mechanisms Passive transport Active transport INTRODUCTION
More information2- Minimum toxic concentration (MTC): The drug concentration needed to just produce a toxic effect.
BIOPHARMACEUTICS Drug Product Performance Parameters: 1- Minimum effective concentration (MEC): The minimum concentration of drug needed at the receptors to produce the desired pharmacologic effect. 2-
More informationSlide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. Drug Action and Handling. Lesson 2.1. Lesson 2.1. Drug Action and Handling. Drug Action and Handling.
Slide 1 Drug Action and Handling Chapter 2 1 Slide 2 Lesson 2.1 Drug Action and Handling 1. Differentiate dose, potency, and efficacy in the context of the actions of drugs. 2. Explain the pharmacologic
More informationMicrocirculation and Edema. Faisal I. Mohammed MD, PhD.
Microcirculation and Edema Faisal I. Mohammed MD, PhD. Objectives: Point out the structure and function of the microcirculation. Describe how solutes and fluids are exchang in capillaries. Outline what
More informationOverview. Normally, the process is completely reversible.
Overview Local anesthetics produce a transient and reversible loss of sensation (analgesia) in a circumscribed region of the body without loss of consciousness. Normally, the process is completely reversible.
More informationChapter-V Drug use in renal and hepatic disorders. BY Prof. C.Ramasamy, Head, Dept of Pharmacy Practice SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM University
Chapter-V Drug use in renal and hepatic disorders. BY Prof. C.Ramasamy, Head, Dept of Pharmacy Practice SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM University Estimating renal function An accurate estimation of renal
More informationRenal Function. 1. Glomerular filtration 2. Active tubular secretion 3. Passive tubular reabsorption 4. Excretion
59-291 Section 1, Lecture 5 Drug Excretion -most drugs are excreted in urine either as unchanged or drug metabolites Renal Function 1. Glomerular filtration 2. Active tubular secretion 3. Passive tubular
More informationDrug dosing in Extremes of Weight
Drug dosing in Extremes of Weight The Plump & Heavy versus The Skinny & Light Maria Minerva P. Calimag, MD, MSc, PhD, DPBA, FPSECP PROFESSOR Departments of Pharmacology, Anesthesiology and Clinical Epidemiology
More informationPHA First Exam Fall 2013
PHA 5127 First Exam Fall 2013 On my honor, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid in doing this assignment. Name Question Set/Points I. 30 pts II. III. IV 20 pts 20 pts 15 pts V. 25 pts VI.
More informationDefinition of bilirubin Bilirubin metabolism
Definition of bilirubin Bilirubin metabolism obilirubin formation otransport of bilirubin in plasma ohepatic bilirubin transport oexcretion through intestine Other substances conjugated by glucuronyl transferase.
More informationDrug Dosing in Renal Insufficiency. Coralie Therese D. Dimacali, MD College of Medicine University of the Philippines Manila
Drug Dosing in Renal Insufficiency Coralie Therese D. Dimacali, MD College of Medicine University of the Philippines Manila Declaration of Conflict of Interest For today s lecture on Drug Dosing in Renal
More informationCardiovascular System Blood Vessels
Cardiovascular System Blood Vessels Structure of Blood Vessels The three layers (tunics) Tunica intima composed of simple squamous epithelium Tunica media sheets of smooth muscle Contraction vasoconstriction
More information3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes
alevelbiology.co.uk 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes SPECIFICATION The basic structure of all cell membranes, including cell-surface membranes and the membranes around the cell organelles of eukaryotes,
More informationChemical Level Of Organization
Chemical Level Of Organization List the Four Chemical Elements that Make Up Most of the Body s Mass Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Distinguish Between Organic and Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds:
More information2. capillaries - allow exchange of materials between blood and tissue fluid
Chapter 19 - Vascular System A. categories and general functions: 1. arteries - carry blood away from heart 2. capillaries - allow exchange of materials between blood and tissue fluid 3. veins - return
More informationChapter 4 Cell Membrane Transport
Chapter 4 Cell Membrane Transport Plasma Membrane Review o Functions Separate ICF / ECF Allow exchange of materials between ICF / ECF such as obtaining O2 and nutrients and getting rid of waste products
More informationUNIT 4: BLOOD VESSELS
UNIT 4: BLOOD VESSELS Dr. Moattar Raza Rizvi NRS237, Physiology Generalized Structure of Blood Vessels 1 Tunica interna (tunica intima) Endothelial layer that lines the lumen of all vessels In vessels
More informationThe table indicates how changing the variable listed alone will alter diffusion rate.
Rate of Diffusion (flux) Concentration gradient substance x surface area of membrane x lipid solubility = Distance (thickness of membrane) x molecular weight Table 3-1: Factors Influencing the Rate of
More informationMicrocirculation and Edema- L1 L2
Microcirculation and Edema- L1 L2 Faisal I. Mohammed MD, PhD. University of Jordan 1 Objectives: Point out the structure and function of the microcirculation. Describe how solutes and fluids are exchanged
More informationCh 19: The Kidneys. Functional unit of kidneys:?? Developed by John Gallagher, MS, DVM
Ch 19: The Kidneys Homeostatic regulation of ECF volume and BP Osmolarity 290 mosm Ion balance Na+ and K+, etc. ph (acid-base balance Excretion of wastes & foreign substances Hormone production EPO Renin
More informationBody Water ANS 215 Physiology and Anatomy of Domesticated Animals
Body Water ANS 215 Physiology and Anatomy of Domesticated Animals I. Body Water A. Water is the most abundant constituent comprising 60% of total body weight. 1. Solvent for many chemicals of the body
More informationLab 4: Osmosis and Diffusion
Page 4.1 Lab 4: Osmosis and Diffusion Cells need to obtain water and other particles from the fluids that surround them. Water and other particles also move out of cells. Osmosis (for water) and diffusion
More informationEH1008 Biomolecules. Inorganic & Organic Chemistry. Water. Lecture 2: Inorganic and organic chemistry.
EH1008 Biomolecules Lecture 2: Inorganic and organic chemistry limian.zheng@ucc.ie 1 Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry: generally, substances that do not contain carbon Inorganic molecules:
More informationIntroduction to. Pharmacokinetics. University of Hawai i Hilo Pre-Nursing Program NURS 203 General Pharmacology Danita Narciso Pharm D
Introduction to 1 Pharmacokinetics University of Hawai i Hilo Pre-Nursing Program NURS 203 General Pharmacology Danita Narciso Pharm D 2 Learning objectives Understand compartment models and how they effects
More informationPrinciples of Fluid Balance
Principles of Fluid Balance I. The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes A. Water 1. Total body water (TBW) = 60% of total body weight 2. Fluid Compartments in the Body a. Intracellular Compartment
More informationThe principal functions of the kidneys
Renal physiology The principal functions of the kidneys Formation and excretion of urine Excretion of waste products, drugs, and toxins Regulation of body water and mineral content of the body Maintenance
More informationChapter Questions. Modern Pharmacology With Clinical Applications. Sixth Edition
Chapter Questions Modern Pharmacology With Clinical Applications Sixth Edition Mechanism of Drug Action Questions 1. Receptors are macromolecules that a. Are designed to attract drugs b. Are resistant
More information