Effects of Age on Nutrient Digestibility in Chicks fed Different Diets

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1 Effects of Age on Nutrient Digestibility in Chicks fed Different Diets A. B. Batal and C. M. Parsons 1 Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois ABSTRACT Three experiments were conducted to determine 0 to 14 d of age. In contrast, the ME n of the dextrosecasein the effects of age on apparent ME n and apparent amino acid (AA) digestibility of various diets for New Hampshire Columbian (Experiments 1 and 2) and commercial broiler (Experiment 3) male chicks. Excreta were diet was high (3,800 kcal/kg DM) immediately after hatching and did not increase substantially with increasing age. Digestibility of AA increased with age for the corn-sbm and corn-canola meal diets, and brokenline regression analysis again predicted a plateau at ap- collected at 0 to 2, 3 to 4, 7, 14, and 21 d of age in all experiments, and nutrient digestibility was determined proximately 10 d of age. Conversely, AA digestibility of using acid-insoluble ash as a marker. The first experiment the dextrose-casein and cornstarch-crystalline AA diets was high immediately after hatching (93 to 96%) and evaluated a corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet. Both ME n and increased only slightly with age. The results of Experiment 3 with commercial broiler chicks also showed sig- digestibility of AA increased with age, and broken-line regression analysis predicted a plateau at 14 d for ME n nificant (P < 0.05) increases in ME n and AA digestibility and 10 d of age for AA digestibility. For example, ME n with increasing age. The results of this study indicated increased from 2,970 to 3,430 kcal/kg DM, and lysine that the ME n and AA digestibility of corn-sbm and corncanola meal diets increase with age for young chicks. The digestibility increased from 78 to 89% between 0 and 14 d of age. The second experiment evaluated cornstarchcrystalline results also showed that ME n and AA digestibility were AA, dextrose-casein, corn-sbm, and corn-ca- nola meal diets. The ME n of the corn-sbm, corn-canola meal, and cornstarch-crystalline AA diets increased from very high for a dextrose-casein diet immediately after hatching. Thus, the latter ingredients may have beneficial effects for very young chicks. (Key words: age, amino acid digestibility, chick, metabolizable energy) 2002 Poultry Science 81: INTRODUCTION The current nutrient recommendations of the NRC (1994) for young broiler chicks pertain to 0 to 21 d posthatching. Likewise, only one ME value and one amino acid (AA) digestibility value are given for each feed ingredient in the NRC (1994) tables for poultry. Thus, it is generally assumed that nutrient digestibility does not change with increasing age. However, reports have shown that early growth of the small intestine is very rapid and exceeds that of body weight until 6 or 7dof age for both chicks (Nitsan et al., 1991; Obst and Diamond, 1992) and poults (Sell et al., 1991). In addition, digestive enzyme concentrations have been reported to increase through the first 14 d of age (Nitsan et al., 1991; Sell et al., 1991). Uni et al. (1995) reported that villus height and width increased 25 to 100% in all segments of the small intestine between 4 and 10 d of age. Thus, during this 2002 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Received for publication June 15, Accepted for publication October 18, To whom correspondence should be addressed: poultry@uiuc.edu. development and maturation of the digestive system in young poultry, dietary nutrients may be poorly utilized, especially during the first 7 to 10 d posthatching. A few studies have shown that ME values of diets are lowest between 4 and 7 d posthatching in chicks (Zelenka, 1968) and turkeys (Sell, 1996) and then increase with age. In studies with birds over 2 wk of age, some authors have found that ME values were not affected by age (Siregar and Farrell, 1980), whereas others have reported a decrease in ME with increasing age (Bartov, 1988). Only one study has been conducted to evaluate protein or AA digestibility in chicks less than 7 d of age. Noy and Sklan (1995) reported an increase in ileal nitrogen digestibility from 78% at Day 4 to nearly 90% at Day 21 for broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean (SBM) meal diet, and they concluded that proteolytic activity in the intestines may not be sufficient in the early posthatch period for maximal hydrolyzation of exogenous and endogenous protein. The results of studies with older chicks (2 wk or more) have been inconsistent. Some authors have reported increases in protein and AA digestibility with in- Abbreviation Key: AA = amino acid; SBM = soybean meal. 400

2 AGE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY 401 creasing age (Wallis and Balnave,1984; Ten Doeschate et al., 1993), whereas others have reported a decrease in protein and AA digestibility with increasing age (Haakansson and Eriksson, 1974; Fonolla et al., 1981; Zuprizal et al., 1992). To our knowledge, no research has been published on AA digestibility during the first 2 wk of a chick s life. The objective of the research herein was to determine the effects of age on nutrient digestibility and utilization for a wide variety of diets fed to very young chicks. Emphasis was placed on the first 2 wk posthatching, because little research has been published and previous studies have indicated that most changes in gut morphology, growth, and digestive enzymes occur during this period. MATERIALS AND METHODS General Procedures All procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Committee on Laboratory Animal Care. Chicks were housed in thermostatically controlled starter batteries 2 with raised wire floors in an environmentally controlled building. At hatch, chicks were weighed, wingbanded, and randomly allotted to pens so that each pen of chicks had a similar initial weight and weight distribution. Chicks were allowed ad libitum access to each experimental diet from 0 to 21 d posthatching. Body weight of individual chicks within each replicate group and group feed intakes were measured at weekly intervals. Weight gain and feed efficiency (gain:feed) were then calculated for each pen replicate. For determination of apparent ME n and apparent AA digestibilities, excreta from each pen were collected for 24-h periods on Days 1 and 2 (0 to 2), Days 3 and 4 (3 to 4), Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21 posthatching and were freeze-dried. Feed and excreta samples were then ground to pass through a 60-mesh screen and analyzed for gross energy using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. 3 Crude protein and fat were analyzed with procedures of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1980) (7.015 and 7.056, respectively). Amino acid concentrations in the feed and excreta were determined using ion exchange chromatography following hydrolysis in 6 N HCl for 24 h at 110 C (Spackman et al., 1958). Analysis of methionine and cystine were conducted following performic acid oxidation by the method of Moore (1963), except that samples were diluted with water and lyophilized to remove excess performic acid. Starch determination of feed and excreta were performed by the procedures described by Thivend et al. (1972). The concentration of acid-insoluble ash in the feed and excreta was determined with the method described by Vogtmann et al. (1975). The ME n of the diets was calculated using the equation described by Hill and Anderson (1958). 2 Petersime Incubator Co., Gettysburg, OH Parr Instruments Co., Moline, IL TABLE 1. Composition (as-fed basis) of the corn-soybean meal and corn-canola meal diets Corn-soybean meal 1 Corn-canola meal 1 Ingredient (Experiments 1, 2, and 3) (Experiment 2) (%) Corn Soybean meal Canola meal Soybean oil Ground limestone Dicalcium phosphate Iodized salt Vitamin premix Mineral premix DL-Methionine Choline chloride Bacitracin MD Celite Diets contained 23% CP and 3,168 kcal/kg TME n (calculated). 2 Provided the following per kilogram of diet: retinyl acetate, 4,400 IU; cholecalciferol, 1,000 IU; DL-α-tocopheryl acetate, 11 IU; niacin, 22 mg; D-Ca-pantothenate, 10 mg; riboflavin, 4.4 mg; vitamin B 12, 0.01 mg; menadione sodium bisulfite, 2.33 mg. 3 Provided the following in milligrams per kilogram diet: Mn, 75 from manganese oxide; Fe, 75 from iron sulfate; Zn, 75 from zinc oxide; Cu, 5 from copper sulfate; I, 0.75 from ethylene diamine dihydroiodide; Se, 0.1 from sodium selenite. 4 Contributed 27.5 mg bacitacin methlene disalicyalte/kg. 5 Celite corporation, Lompoc, CA Experiment 1 The objective of this experiment was to determine if age affects nutrient digestibility of a corn-sbm diet. Eight pens of eight New Hampshire Columbian male chicks were fed a corn-sbm diet (Table 1) from immediately after hatch to 21 d of age. Experiment 2 This experiment was conducted to confirm the results from Experiment 1 for the corn-sbm diet and to evaluate the effects of age on nutrient digestibility for widely differing diets. Six pens of eight New Hampshire Columbian male chicks were fed one of four diets from 0 to 21 d. The four dietary treatments were as follows: corn-sbm, corn-canola meal (Table 1), crystalline AA, and dextrosecasein diets (Table 2). The corn-canola meal diet was evaluated because canola meal is a protein source commonly used in poultry diets. The crystalline AA and dextrosecasein diets were evaluated because they are purified or semi-purified diets that we have used extensively in our laboratory for many years, and they would be expected to be more easily and highly digested than the corn-sbm and corn-canola diets. Experiment 3 The objective of this experiment was to determine whether the effects of age on dietary energy and AA digestibilities observed in Experiments 1 and 2 using New Hampshire Columbian chicks would also be observed

3 402 BATAL AND PARSONS TABLE 2. Composition (as-fed basis) of the crystalline amino acid and dextrose-casein diets, Experiment 2 Crystalline Ingredient amino acid 1 Dextrose-casein 2 (%) Dextrose Cornstarch Casein Amino acid mixture Soybean oil Purified vitamin premix Mineral premix Bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) Solka floc 3.00 Choline chloride Bacitracin MD α-tocopheryl acetate (20 mg/kg) + + Ethoxyquin (125 mg/kg) + + Celite Diet contained 14.4% CP and 3,873 kcal/kg TME n (calculated). 2 Diet contained 21.3% CP and 3,278 kcal/kg TME n (calculated). 3 Amino acid mixture (% of the diet): L-lysine HCL, 1.142; L-arginine, 0.964; L-histidine HCL, 0.432, L-tryptophan, 0.147, L-phenylalanine, 0.508; DL-methionine, 0.330, L-cystine, 0.330; L-threonine, 0.609, L-leucine, 0.995, L-isoleucine, 0.609; L-valine, 0.701; glycine, 0.609; L-proline, 0.406; L-tyrosine, 0.457; L-glutamic acid, Amino acid mixture (% of the diet): DL-methionine, 0.50; L-arginine, 1.00; L-threonine, 0.60, L-phenylalanine, 0.69; glycine, Provided the following per kilogram of diet: thiamin HCL, 20 mg; niacin, 50 mg; riboflavin, 10 mg; D-Ca-pantothenate, 30 mg; vitamin B 12, 0.04 mg; pyridoxine HCL, 6 mg; D-biotin, 0.6 mg; folic acid, 4 mg; menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfate, 2 mg; cholecalciferol, 15 µg; retinyl acetate, 1,789 µg; ascorbic acid, 250 mg. 6 Provided the following per kilogram of diet: Ca 3 (PO 4 )2, 28.0 g; K 2 HPO 4, 9.0 g; NaCl, 8.89 g; MgSO 4 7H 2 O, 3.5 g; ZnCO 3, 0.10g; CaCO 3, 3.0 g; MnSO 4 H 2 O, 0.65 g; FeSO 4 7H 2 O, 0.42 g; KI, 40 mg; CuSO 4 5H 2 O, 20 mg; Na 2 MoO 4 2H 2 O,9mg;H 3 BO 3, 9 mg; CoSO 4 7H 2 O, 1 mg; Na 2 SeO 3, 0.22 mg. 7 Contributed 27.5 mg bacitracin methlene disalicylate/kg. 8 Celite Corporation, Lompoc, CA in commercial broiler chicks. Eight pens of eight Ross Arbor Acres male chicks were fed a corn-sbm diet (Table 1) from 0 to 21 d posthatching. FIGURE 1. Fitted broken-line plot of ME n values for a corn-soybean meal diet as a function of age (Experiment 1). The breakpoint or maximum ME n value of 3,438 occurred at 14 d of age as determined by broken-line analysis using least-squares methodology [Y= 3, (X< 13.8); r 2 = 0.87], where Y = ME n, and X = days of age. Statistical Analysis Data from all experiments were subjected to analysis of variance procedures for completely randomized designs (Steel and Torrie, 1980) by using the general linear models procedure of SAS software (SAS Institute, 1990). Data for nutrient digestibility were analyzed to determine age effects for diets in all experiments, and data for growth performance and nutrient digestibility were also analyzed to determine diet effects at different ages in Experiment 2. Statistical significance of differences among diets and day of age were assessed using the least-significant difference test (Steel and Torrie, 1980). The maximal ME n and AA digestibility values for day of age in Experiments 1 and 2 were estimated with single-slope broken-line regression methodology (Robbins et al., 1979). Experiment 1 RESULTS The results for the apparent digestibility of the corn- SBM diet are shown in Table 3 and Figures 1 and 2. The ME n value increased with age, with broken-line regression analysis predicting a plateau at 14 d of age (Figure 1). The apparent digestibility of starch and fat also increased 6 and 18%, respectively, with increasing age to 14 d of age. Digestibility of AA increased with age, reaching a plateau by 10 d of age as estimated by broken-line regression analysis (lysine shown as an example in Figure 2). Apparent digestibility of arginine and threonine increased 6 and 22%, respectively, with increasing age (range from lowest to highest among AA). Experiment 2 Chicks fed the dextrose-casein and corn-sbm diets had significantly (P < 0.05) better weight gains at 1 wk than chicks fed the crystalline AA or corn-canola meal diets (Table 4). At the end of 3 wk, chicks fed the corn-sbm diet had higher weight gains than chicks fed the other diets, and weight gains of chicks fed the crystalline AA diet were much lower than for chicks fed the other diets. Feed efficiency was significantly (P < 0.05) better at 1 wk for chicks fed the dextrose-casein diet as compared to chicks fed the corn-sbm, corn-canola meal, or crystalline AA diet (Table 4). However, by 3 wk, there were no significant differences (P < 0.05) among the feed efficiencies of chicks fed the dextrose-casein, corn-sbm, and corncanola meal diets. Feed efficiency of chicks fed the crystalline AA diet was lower than that for the chicks fed the other diets. The ME n values increased with age for the corn-sbm, corn-canola meal, and crystalline AA diets from 0 to 14 d of age (Table 5). A small improvement (0.8%) was observed for the ME n of the dextrose-casein diet only at 21 d of age, and the increase was much less than that observed for the other diets. When comparing the ME n values among diets at the same age, the dextrose-casein diet

4 AGE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY 403 TABLE 3. Effect of age on ME n values (kcal/kg DM) and apparent digestibility (%) of starch, fat, and selected amino acids in crossbred chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet, Experiment 1 1 Variable SEM ME n 2,970 d 3,085 c 3,185 b 3,429 a 3,426 a 26 Starch 93 c 93 c 97 b 99 a 99 a 0.4 Fat 61 b 58 b 59 b 74 a 73 a 1.3 Arginine 88 c 89 c 92 b 94 a 94 a 0.6 Cystine 62 c 58 c 70 b 78 a 81 a 1.4 Histidine 79 c 81 c 84 b 88 a 88 a 0.7 Isoleucine 79 d 81 c 85 b 90 a 90 a 0.7 Leucine 80 d 82 c 86 b 91 a 91 a 0.6 Lysine 78 d 81 c 85 b 89 a 89 a 0.7 Methionine 80 c 82 c 87 b 92 a 92 a 0.9 Phenylalanine 79 d 82 c 85 b 90 a 90 a 0.6 Threonine 69 c 70 c 76 b 88 a 85 a 0.9 Valine 77 c 78 c 83 b 87 a 87 a 0.7 a-d Means within a row with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). 1 Means represent eight pens of eight chicks per treatment. was consistently high at all ages and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the other diets at 0 to 2 and 3 to 4 d (Table 5). The ME n of the crystalline AA was not different from the dextrose-casein diet after 7dofage. The ME n of the corn-canola meal diet was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the ME n for the corn-sbm at all ages. The ratio of ME n to gross energy of the diet increased with age for corn-sbm, corn-canola meal, and crystalline AA diets from 0 to 14 d of age (Table 6). The ME n per gross energy ratio was high at all ages for the dextrosecasein diet and increased only slightly at 21 d. When comparing the ratio of ME n to gross energy among diets at the same age, values were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for the corn-sbm diet than the corn-canola meal diet at all ages. The ME n per gross energy ratio for the crystalline AA and the dextrose-casein diets were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those for the corn-sbm and corn-canola meal diets at all ages. Digestibility of all AA increased with age for the corn- SBM and corn-canola meal diets (Table 7). For example, broken-line regression analysis predicted that digestibility of lysine reached a plateau at 10 d of age for the corn- SBM diet. Similar results were observed for other AA in the corn-sbm and corn-canola meal diets. With the exception of cystine in the dextrose-casein diet, digestibilities of AA in the dextrose-casein and crystalline AA diets were high initially and increased only slightly with age. When comparing AA digestibility among diets, values for the dextrose-casein and crystalline AA diets were generally high and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the corn-sbm and corn-canola meal diets within the same age. Differences between the latter two diets, when occurring, were not consistent. Digestibility values for the dextrose-casein diet and the crystalline AA diet were generally similar, although digestibility values for several AA were slightly higher for the dextrose-casein diet for the first 7 d posthatching. The opposite occurred for cystine. Experiment 3 When commercial chicks were fed the corn-sbm diet, the ME n increased with age until 21 d (Table 8). The ME n at 0 to 2 d was higher than those at 3 to 4 and 7dofage. Digestibility of AA also increased to 21 d of age, and again, most values at 0 to 2 d of age were higher than those at 3 to 4 d of age. Due to the higher values at 0 to 2 d versus 3 to 4 d, the broken-line regression model could not be used to predict maximal ME n and AA digestibility. DISCUSSION FIGURE 2. Fitted broken-line plot of lysine digestibility (%) as a function of age (Experiment 1). The breakpoint or maximum lysine digestibility value of 89 occurred at 10 d of age as determined by brokenline analysis using least-squares methodology [Y= (X< 10.0); r 2 = 0.86], where Y = lysine digestibility, and X = days of age. Our results clearly show that nutrient digestibility increases with increasing age for chicks. Our results for ME n are in agreement with those that have been reported by Sulistiyanto et al. (1999) who found that utilization of energy-yielding foodstuffs is age dependent. Their results and ours suggest that by 14 d of age, the chick is able to efficiently utilize the energy in the diet. Sulistiyanto et al. (1999) suggested that the improvement in the ME n of a

5 404 BATAL AND PARSONS TABLE 4. Effect of various diets on weight gain and feed efficiency, Experiment 2 1 Weight gain Gain:feed Diet Week 1 Weeks 0-3 Week 1 Weeks 0-3 (g) (g/kg) Corn-SBM 2 74 a 478 a 781 b 679 a Corn-canola meal 60 b 429 b 808 b 655 a Crystalline AA 3 42 c 201 c 753 b 588 b Dextrose-casein 78 a 447 b 955 a 687 a SEM a-c Means within a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). 1 Means represent six pens of eight chicks per treatment. 2 SBM = soybean meal. 3 AA = amino acid. TABLE 5. Effect of age on ME n values for chicks fed various diets, Experiment 2 1 Diet SEM (kcal/kg DM) Corn-SBM 2 3,021 cz 3,078 cz 3,171 by 3,347 az 3,340 az 27 Corn-canola meal 3,242 by 3,292 by 3,341 bx 3,479 ay 3,517 ay 36 Crystalline AA 3 3,653 cx 3,635 cx 3,773 bw 3,850 aw 3,871 aw 22 Dextrose-casein 3,796 bw 3,794 bw 3,785 bw 3,786 bx 3,816 ax 4 SEM a-c Means within a row with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). w-z Means within a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). 1 Means represent six pens of eight chicks per treatment. 2 SBM = soybean meal. 3 AA = amino acid. corn-sbm diet with age is due primarily to changes in utilization of the SBM. Our results suggest that the increased ME n of the corn-sbm diet was due to more than just increased digestibility of the SBM, because the digestibility of the starch and fat also increased with age. The SBM contains very little of these. Thus, the increased ME n of the corn-sbm diet with age was probably due to a combination of increased utilization of the starch in the corn, the fat in the corn and added soybean oil, the protein in the corn and SBM, and possibly other carbohydrates in the corn and SBM (e.g., nonstarch polysaccharides and oligosaccharides such as raffinose and stachyose). The increased ME n of the corn-canola meal diet probably occurred for the same reasons. The increased ME n of the crystalline amino acid diet with age is likely due to increased digestibility of the cornstarch and soybean oil. The very high ME n of the dextrose-casein diet indicates that glucose is highly utilized by the very young chick. Thus, this diet may have beneficial effects for the very young chick. The lower availability of dietary energy for the first 4 to 7 d posthatching can be ascribed to the underdevelopment of digestive enzyme activity and gas- TABLE 6. Effect of age on ME n /gross energy ratio (kcal/kg DM) for chicks fed various diets, Experiment 2 1 Diet SEM (%) Corn-SBM 2 66 cy 68 cy 70 bx 73 ax 73 ax 0.6 Corn-Canola meal 63 bz 64 bz 65 by 68 ay 69 ay 0.7 Crystalline AA 3 84 cx 84 cx 87 bw 89 aw 89 aw 1.0 Dextrose-casein 88 bw 88 bw 88 bw 88 bw 89 aw 0.5 SEM a-c Means within a row with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). w-z Means within a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). 1 Means represent six pens of eight chicks per treatment. 2 SBM = soybean meal. 3 AA = amino acid.

6 AGE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY 405 TABLE 7. Effect of age on apparent digestibility (%) of selected amino acids (AA) for chicks fed various diets, Experiment 2 1 Diet SEM Arginine Corn-SBM 2 86 by 84 cx 90 ax 92 ay 92 ax 0.7 Corn-Canola meal 83 cz 85 bx 88 ay 88 az 89 ay 0.4 Crystalline AA 3 96 bw 95 cw 96 bw 97 aw 97 aw 0.2 Dextrose-casein 96 bw 96 bw 96 bw 94 cx 98 aw 0.3 SEM Cystine Corn-SBM 2 62 bz 58 cy 64 by 74 ax 75 ax 2.7 Corn-Canola meal 68 cy 66 cx 72 bx 74 abx 77 ax 1.3 Crystalline AA 3 90 w 87 w 89 w 90 w 89 w 1.2 Dextrose-casein 75 abx 69 cx 73 abcx 72 bcy 78 ax 2.0 SEM Histidine Corn-SBM 2 79 cx 75 dx 83 bx 87 ax 87 ax 1.2 Corn-Canola meal 76 dy 78 cx 82 by 82 ay 83 ay 0.6 Crystalline AA 3 95 w 94 w 96 w 95 w 95 w 0.7 Dextrose-casein 93 cw 95 bw 96 abw 96 abw 96 abw 0.4 SEM Isoleucine Corn-SBM 2 80 cy 77 cx 84 by 88 ay 88 ax 1.2 Corn-Canola meal 76 bz 77 bx 81 az 82 az 83 ay 0.7 Crystalline AA 3 95 cdw 94 cdw 96 bcw 98 aw 97 abw 0.4 Dextrose-casein 92 cx 93 cw 94 bx 96 ax 97 aw 0.4 SEM Leucine Corn-SBM 2 81 cy 78 dz 85 by 89 ay 89 ay 0.9 Corn-Canola meal 80 by 81 by 84 az 85 az 85 az 0.7 Crystalline AA 3 94 bcx 93 cw 95 bx 97 ax 97 ax 0.4 Dextrose-casein 97 bw 97 bx 97 bw 97 bw 98 aw 0.2 SEM Lysine Corn-SBM 2 76 cy 74 cx 84 by 86 ax 88 ax 1.2 Corn-Canola meal 73 cz 75 cx 79 bz 80 ay 80 ay 0.7 Crystalline AA 3 93 cx 93 cw 96 bx 97 abw 98 aw 0.5 Dextrose-casein 96 dw 97 cw 97 bcw 97 bw 98 aw 0.2 SEM Methionine Corn-SBM 2 80 abx 77 cx 83 aby 87 ay 87 ay 1.5 Corn-Canola meal 80 acx 74 bx 80 az 81 az 81 az 0.8 Crystalline AA 3 93 w 94 w 92 x 95 x 95 x 0.8 Dextrose-casein 97 bcw 96 cw 97 bcw 97 bw 98 aw 0.2 SEM Phenylalanine Corn-SBM 2 78 cy 75 cy 81 by 86 ay 85 ay 1.1 Corn-Canola meal 74 bz 73 by 81 ay 82 az 81 az 0.8 Crystalline AA 3 94 abx 90 cx 91 bcx 93 abx 95 ax 1.0 Dextrose-casein 97 abw 97 abw 95 cw 96 bcw 98 aw 0.3 SEM Threonine Corn-SBM 2 70 by 64 cy 73 by 81 ay 81 ay 1.6 Corn-Canola meal 66 bz 68 by 73 ay 74 az 75 az 1.0 Crystalline AA 3 92 bcx 89 dx 91 cx 93 abx 93 ax 0.5 Dextrose-casein 95 bw 94 bw 94 cw 94 bcw 97 aw 0.2 SEM Valine Corn-SBM 2 77 cx 73 dx 82 bx 86 ay 86 ay 1.2 Corn-Canola meal 74 by 75 bx 79 ay 80 az 81 ax 0.6 Crystalline AA 3 94 bw 93 cw 95 bw 96 aw 96 aw 0.4 Dextrose-casein 94 cw 94 cw 95 bcw 95 bx 96 aw 0.3 SEM a-c Means within a row with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). w-z Means within a column and amino acids with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). 1 Means represent six pens of eight chicks per treatment. 2 SBM = soybean meal. 3 AA = amino acid.

7 406 BATAL AND PARSONS TABLE 8. Effect of age on ME n values (kcal/kg DM) and apparent digestibility (%) of selected amino acids for commercial broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet (Experiment 3) 1 Variable SEM ME n 3,161 b 3,000 c 3,074 c 3,231 b 3,377 a 27 Arginine 87 bc 86 c 89 a 88 ab 89 a 0.7 Cystine 72 bc 69 b 75 ab 74 ab 78 a 1.5 Histidine 83 c 81 d 86 b 85 b 88 a 0.5 Isoleucine 83 b 81 c 85 ab 85 ab 86 a 0.7 Leucine 84 b 82 c 86 a 87 a 88 a 0.6 Lysine 84 bc 83 c 87 a 86 ab 87 a 0.7 Methionine 85 b 85 b 88 ab 88 ab 92 a 1.6 Phenylalanine 82 b 80 c 84 b 85 a 85 a 0.8 Threonine 77 c 74 d 80 b 79 b 83 a 0.7 Valine 81 b 79 c 83 a 83 a 85 a 0.7 a-c Means within a row with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). 1 Means represent eight pens of eight chicks per treatment. trointestinal function (Nitsan et al. 1991; Noy and Sklan, 1997). Research has also shown that digestive enzymes may be limiting for adequate nutrient utilization posthatch in chicks (Nitsan et al. 1991) and poults (Sell et al. 1991) and that the concentration of these digestive enzymes increase posthatch. As suggested by Zelenka (1968), the initial higher ME n at 0 to 2 versus 3 to 4 d and 7 d of age observed in Experiment 3 may be mainly due to a beneficial effect of the yolk, which is being utilized during this time. During the first few days after hatch, the ME value of a poultry diet is favorably affected by the influence of the residual yolk and diminishes rapidly with absorption of the contents of the yolk sac (Zelenka, 1968). Age-dependent increases in AA digestibility up to 10 d after hatching were observed with the corn-sbm and corn-canola meal diets. Noy and Sklan (1995) also reported that nitrogen digestibility of broiler chicks increased with age from 4 to 21 d of age. Higher AA digestibility values with age may be explained by increased activity of protease enzymes, by increased efficiency of AA absorption, and by development of the gastrointestinal tract. In an experiment with young turkeys, Krogdahl and Sell (1989) reported increased trypsin and total protease activities during the first 14 to 21 d after hatch. In our study, AA digestibility was very high and was not affected by age when chicks were fed a dextrose-casein or crystalline AA diet, indicating that chicks have a high ability to absorb AA and to digest easily digested proteins. The latter agrees with results from Sulistiyanto et al. (1999) who found that casein was very highly digestibile immediately after hatch. As mentioned earlier for ME n, the high digestibility of the dextrose-casein diet indicates that this diet may be beneficial for very young chicks. The low apparent digestibility values for cystine in the dextrose-casein diet may be largely explained by endogenous losses. The cystine content of this diet is very low, resulting in very low intake of cystine. Results from Experiment 3 indicate that the effects of age on nutrient digestibility observed with our New Hampshire Columbian crossbred chicks will also be observed in commercial broiler chicks. The changes in AA digestibility, however, were somewhat larger with increasing age for the crossbred chicks. These results suggest that there may be a more sensitive model than the commercial chicks for evaluation of effects of age on nutrient digestibility; however, this is speculation at this point, as there is only one experiment for comparison. The reason for the poor growth performance of chicks fed the crystalline AA diet is unknown. Chicks fed this diet grew more slowly than did those fed the other diets, even though the digestibility of energy and AA was high. Perhaps this diet is deficient in one or more nutrients or the diet resulted in slower development of the gastrointestinal tract. Further work in our lab (unpublished data) indicates that development of the small intestine (villus width and crypt depth) is greatly reduced in chicks fed the crystalline AA diet compared to those fed the corn- SBM diet. REFERENCES Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Official Methods of Analysis. 13th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC. Bartov, I., Effect of age of broiler chicks and method of determination on the metabolizable energy of corn. Pages in: Proceedings of the 18th World Poultry Congress, Nagoya, Japan. Fonolla, J., C. Prieto, and R. Sanz, Influence of age on the nutrient utilization of diets for broilers. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 6: Haakansson, J., and S. Eriksson, Digestibility, nitrogen retention and consumption of metabolizable energy by chickens on feeds of low and high concentration. Swedish J. Agric. Res. 4: Hill, F. W., and D. L. Anderson, Comparison of the metabolizable energy and productive energy determination with growing chicks. J. Nutr. 64: Krogdahl, A., and J. L. Sell, Influence of age on lipase, amylase, and protease activities in pancreatic tissue and intestinal contents of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 68: Moore, S., On the determination of cystine as cysteic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 238:

8 AGE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY 407 National Research Council, Nutrient Requirements for Poultry. 9th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Nitsan, Z., G. Ben-Avraham, Z. Zoref, and I. Nir, Growth and development of the digestive organs and some enzymes in broiler chicks after hatching. Br. Poult. Sci. 32: Noy, Y., and D. Sklan, Digestion and absorption in the young chicks. Poultry Sci. 74: Noy, Y., and D. Sklan, Posthatch development in poultry. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 6: Obst, B. S., and J. Diamond, Ontogenesis of intestinal nutrient transport in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus) and its relation to growth. Auk 109: Robbins, K. R., H. W. Norton, and D. H. Baker, Estimation of nutrient requirements from growth data. J. Nutr. 109: SAS Institute Inc., SAS STAT User s Guide Release SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. Sell, J. L., Physiological limitations and potential for improvement in gastrointestinal tract function of poultry. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 5: Sell, J. L., C. R. Angel, F. J. Piquer, E. G. Mallarino, and H. A. Al-Batsham, Developmental patterns of selected characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 70: Siregar, A. P., and D. J. Farrell, A comparison of the energy and nitrogen metabolism of fed ducklings and chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 21: Spackman, D. H., W. H. Stein, and S. Moore, Automatic recording apparatus for use in the chromatography of amino acids. Anal. Chem. 30: Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie, Principles and Procedures of Statistics. A Biometrical Approach. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY. Sulistiyanto, B., Y. Akiba, and K. Sato, Energy utilisation of carbohydrate, fat and protein sources in newly hatched broiler chicks. Br. Poult. Sci. 40: Ten Doeschate, R. A. H. M., C. W. Scheele, V. V. A. M. Schreurs, and J. D. Van Der Klis, Digestibility studies in broiler chickens: influence of genotype, age, sex, and method of determination. Br. Poult. Sci. 34: Thivend, P., C. Mercier, and A. Guilbot, Determination of starch with glucoamylase. Methods Carbohyd. Chem. 6: Uni, Z., Y. Noy, and D. Sklan, Posthatch changes in morphology and function of the small intestines in heavy and light-strain chicks. Poultry Sci. 74: Vogtmann, H., P. Frirter, and A. L. Prabuck, A new method of determining metabolizability of energy and digestibility of fatty acids in broiler diets. Br. Poult. Sci. 16: Wallis, I. R., and D. Balnave, The influence of environmental temperature, age, sex, on the digestibility of amino acids in growing broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 25: Zelenka, J., Influence of the age of chickens on the metabolisable energy values of poultry diets. Br. Poult. Sci. 9: Zuprizal, L., M. Larbier, and A. M. Chagneau, Effect of age and sex on true digestibility of amino acids of rapeseed and soybean meals in growing broilers. Poultry Sci. 71:

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