number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh
|
|
- Madeline Floyd
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 number 13 Done by Asma Karameh Corrected by Saad hayek Doctor Nayef Karadsheh
2 Gluconeogenesis This lecture covers gluconeogenesis with aspects of: 1) Introduction to glucose distribution through tissues. 2) Definition of gluconeogenesis. 3) Precursors for gluconeogenesis. 4) Pathway of gluconeogenesis. 5) Regulation of gluconeogenesis. 6) Energy requirements for gluconeogenesis pathway. Distribution of glucose: Free glucose in E.C.F 20grams which equals 80 calories. Brain uses 120 g of glucose daily. Liver stores up to hundred grams which forms 10% of the wet weight of the liver Muscle stores up to 1%-2% of its weight. Glycogen stored in the liver is about 75 grams, where in muscles it is about 400 grams of glycogen. Liver glycogen maintains blood glucose for 16 hours. A man with 70kg has 15 kg of fat which equals kcal, an energy supply for days. ATP concentration at any moment is 15Mm The concentrations of creatine phosphate is 20Mm In post absorptive resting muscle or within moderate exercise, fatty acids are the main source of energy, because the brain uses nearly 80% of glucose. During prolonged fasting, ketone bodies serve as energy source as they are produced from acetyl COA in B-oxidation of fatty acids. Definition of gluconeogenesis: It s the process in which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate glucogenic precursors. It s one of the mechanisms used to maintain blood glucose levels. It occurs mainly in the liver under overnight fasting conditions
3 while 10% occur in the kidney, but under conditions of starvation, kidney becomes the major glucose-producing organ. It produces 40% of glucose. Notice: 1. Glucose synthesis doesn t occur by a simply reversing the glycolysis; because the overall equilibrium of glycolysis favors pyruvate formation. 2. Biomedically, Gluconeogenesis is also important in maintaining the levels of TCA cycle intermediates, even when fatty acids are the main source of acetyl COA in the tissues. 3. Gluconeogenesis is also useful in clearing glycerol produced by adipocytes, and lactate produced by RBCs and muscles Precursors of gluconeogenesis: Lactate : It is mainly produced by exercising muscles, RBCs, cells that lack of mitochondria and less vascularized cells. In fasting conditions, it s converted to Pyruvate by a dehydrogenation reaction which is reversible. Cori cycle" :- the produced lactate is taken up by the liver and oxidized to pyruvate that is converted to glucose which is released back into circulation. Amino acids: - Those produced from hydrolysis of tissue proteins and can form pyruvate, are the major sources of glucose during a fast. (Glucogenic amino acids). - Alanine is the one mostly participates in gluconeogenesis. - Metabolism of glucogenic amino acids produce alpha keto acids.
4 - Ex. The reaction of converting Alanine to pyruvate: 1. Amino transferase transfers the amino group of alanine to alpha-keto gluterate to form pyruvate and glutamate. The co-enzyme in this reaction is pyridoxal phosphate which accepts and donates the amino group. 2. Then pyruvate forms oxaloacetate (OAA) which is a direct precursor of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Notice: 1. Lysine and leucine are the only amino acids that can't participate in gluconeogenesis, because they give rise only for acetyl Co-A which can't give rise to net synthesis of glucose. Due to the irreversible reaction of pyruvate dehydrogenase which converts pyruvate into acetyl Co-A. Thus instead Lysine and Leucine are ketogenic amino acids producing ketone bodies and fatty acids. 2. Dr Nayef mentioned in his slides that alpha keto acids serve as precursors for glucose synthesis. Glycerol : Glycerol is released from hydrolysis of triacylglycerol (TAG) in adipose tissue, and is delivered to the liver by blood. The carbons of glycerol are gluconeogenic because they form dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) which is an intermediate of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
5 The pathway of generating DHAP: Glycerol is phosphorylated by glycerol kinase to glycerol phosphate which is then oxidized by glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase to Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). Propionate: Fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms can form Propionyl-CoA from the three carbons at omega end of the chain. Propionyl CoA is then converted to methyl malonyl-coa and it is rearranged to form succinyl CoA which can be used in gluconeogenesis. The remaining carbons of the fatty acid goes under beta oxidation to form acetyl CoA (which gives no rise to glucose synthesis). Pathways of gluconeogenesis: - Gluconeogenesis differs from glycolysis because gluconeogenesis needs cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes. So it occurs in both compartments. - - Starting with pyruvate, most of the steps of gluconeogenesis are the reverse of those of glycolysis, but they differ in only three points which are regulated, irreversible and constitute the energy barrier in glycolysis, so glycolysis or gluconeogenesis occurs? Depends on the physiological conditions.
6 - 7 glycolytic steps are used in gluconeogenesis using the same enzymes that catalyse the process of glycolysis. What differs is the flow of carbon atoms. - However, the three irreversible glycolytic steps must be circumvented by four alternate reactions that energetically favor the synthesis of glucose. The unique reactions in gluconeogenesis: 1) Conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): -This reaction occurs in multiple steps. - Pyruvate is first carboxylated by pyruvate carboxylase (PC) to oxaloacetate. In this reaction, PC catalyzes the addition of CO2 to pyruvate. - PC contains Biotin (vitamin B7) which is covalently bound to amino group of lysine in the enzyme (this is the active form of the vitamin and it s called biocytin). - Biotin binds with Co2 and forms enzyme biotin-carbon dioxide intermediate.
7 -Then the Co2 Is transferred to pyruvate to form the carboxyl group of oxaloacetate. -To form the enzyme-biotin-co2 intermediate, energy obtained from ATP hydrolysis is required. -this PC reaction which happens in the mitochondria has 2 purposes: 1- Allow production of PEP for gluconeogenesis which happens only in kidney and liver cells 2-Replinish TCA cycle intermediate when depleted which is the only use of this enzyme in muscle cells and this also happens in liver and kidney cells. - OAA must be transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol. However the OAA doesn t readily cross the inner mitochondrial membrane and it doesn t have transporter to move it, so it s converted to malate or Aspartate as they can transvers the mitochondrial membranes (they work as carriers of oxaloacetate) and the reduction of OAA to malate requires NADH. - -Reduction of oxaloacetate to malate is a reversible reaction requires energy in the form of NADH and it occurs by mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (MD). -After malate enters the cytosol through its transporter, it s oxidized to oxaloacetate by cytosolic MD. In a reaction releases NADH. This oxaloacetate is converted to PEP by cytosolic PEP carboxykinase (PEP-CK). -The NADH produced is used to reduce 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate, which is a common step to both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis OAA is decarboxylated and phosphorylated to PEP in the cytosol by PEP-CK, and the reaction is driven by hydrolysis of GTP.
8 -OAA can be converted to PEP in the mitochondria by Mitochondrial PEP-CK, and then PEP in transported to cytosol to complete gluconeogenesis, but this is not the usual case. (The normal one is as explained earlier) -PEP then undergoes the reactions of glycolysis running in the reverse direction until it becomes fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 2) Conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to Fructose 1,6- biphosphate: -Starting with PEP as a substrate, the steps of glycolysis are reversed to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. -For every two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate that are formed, one is converted to DHAP. -The two triose phosphates DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3phosphate condense to form fructose 1,6-biphosphate in a reaction that is the reverse of the aldolase reaction. -Fructose1.6-biphosohate is converted to fructose 6 phosphate by the irreversible fructose 1,6- bisphosphatase 1 (FBP-1) reaction. -Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase is an allosteric enzyme that participates in regulation of gluconeogenesis. Notice: glycerol participates at this level because it forms DHAP.
9 3) CONVERSION OF fructose 1,6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate: -The enzyme fructose 1,6-biphosphatase 1(FBP-1) releases Pi from fructose1,6- biphosphate to form fructose-6-phosphate. This isn t a reversible reaction of phosphofructokinase1 (PFK-1). -The phosphate bond which is removed is a low energy phosphate bond, so no ATP is formed during this reaction -In the next step, fructose-6-phosphate is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucoisomerase. 4) Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose. -This is the last step in the generation of glucose. -Glucose-6-phosphatase hydrolyzes Pi from glucose-6-phosphate and free glucose is released into the blood. This isn t a reversible reaction because the phosphate bond is low energy bond and ATP isn t generated in this step. -This step is common to both glycogenlysis and gluconeogenesis. -This reaction occurs by two steps, firstly glucose-6-phosphate must be translocated to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum where the enzyme glucose-6- phosphatse is bound to the membrane at the luminal side. -Therefore, this is a cytosolic step. -This transfer occurs by glucose-6-phosphate translocase which moves inorganic phosphate out as it transfers glucose-6-phosphate in. -This step is the terminal step in both gluconeogenesis and glycogen degradation. -Deficiencies in glucose-6-phasphatase leads to hypoglycemia in which glucose can't be produced either by glycogenlysis or gluconeogenesis Glucose and phosphate are then shuttled back to the cytosol by a pair of transporters.
10 Energetics of gluconeogenesis: -In gluconeogenesis, 6 moles of ATP are hydrolyzed in the synthesis of glucose, Whereas two molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis. 2 moles of ATP are used as two moles of pyruvate are carboxylated by PC. 2 moles of GTP are used to convert 2 moles of oxaloacetate into 2 moles of PEP. 2moles of ATP are used during phosphorylation of 2 moles of 3-phosphoglycerate -Energy in the form of NADH is also required in the conversion of 1.3- biphosphoglycerate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Notice: energy required for gluconeogenesis is obtained from Beta oxidation of fatty acids (ATP and NADH) So any defects in this process lead to hypoglycemia, because reduced fatty acid derives energy production within the liver If the product of gluconeogenesis which is glucose-6-phosphate enters glycolysis how many ATP can be generated? The answer is 3 since glycolysis produces 4 ATP molecule but invest 2 in phosphorylation and this glucose is already phosphorelated which will save one more ATP molecule. Regulation of gluconeogenesis: -Gluconeogenesis regulation is determined by two aspects:
11 1) Bioavailability of substrates: -Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by the flow of it s major substrates from peripheral tissues into the liver. -Glycerol and glucogenic amino acids are released from their sites in adipose and muscles as levels of insulin are decreased while the levels of glucagon or stress hormones like epinephrine and cortisol are elevated. -In other words, the availability of gluconeogenic precursors strongly influences the rate of glucose synthesis. Activity or amount of key enzymes -Two sequences in the pathway are regulated, as the net flow of carbons whether in the glycolytic or gluconeogenic pathways depends on the activity of these enzymes: Pyruvate PEP Fructose1.6-biphosphate fructose-6-phosphate 1) Regulation of PDH & PC: -Under fasting conditions, insulin levels are low, whereas glucagon levels are high. -As a response, triacylglycerol and fatty acids are released from their stores in the adipose tissue to be transferred to the liver with production of NADH, ATP, and acetyl CoA which inactivates PDH, but activating pyruvate carboxylase. - SO ACETYL COA works as an activator of PC (gluconeogenesis), and as an inhibitor of PDH 2) Regulation of pyruvate phosphoenol carboxykinase: This enzyme is an inducible one, in which the quantity of the enzyme in cells increases by an increased transcription of its gene and increased translation to its mrna, and the main inducer is camp produced by glucagon whereas insulin decreases its transcription. GLUCAGON ACTIVATION OF camp activation of protein kinase A
12 Phosphorylation of specific transcription factors transcription of PEPCK is stimulated increased synthesis of PEPCK mrna increased synthesis of the enzyme. Notice: cortisol is also involved in activating PEPCK but from a different site. 3) Regulation of pyruvate kinase: -Elevated levels of glucagon also causes inhibition of this enzyme by phosphorylating it using c-amp dependant protein kinase A, so that PEP isn t reconverted to pyruvate. 4) Regulation of fructose1,6 biphosphatase: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatease (FBP-1) is inhibited by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (which is a very potent activator of phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1), THUS it activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis). Fructose 2,6-bisphophate concentration is influenced by the insulin/glucagon ratio, when glucagon is high, protein kinase A is activated and it phosphorylates phosphofructokinase 2 (PFK-2),the enzyme that makes fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, which will inactivate it and this will cause the activation of the other enzyme which is fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (FBP-2) which will dephosphorylate the fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and convert it to fructose 6-phosphate, thus reducing its concentration and inhibit glycolysis and activate gluconeogenesis. -Notice: In gluconeogenesis, the high levels of ATP also activates fructose1,6- biphosphatase, while in glycolysis high levels of AMP activates phosphofructokinase1. (Thus, elevated AMP stimulates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-requiring ones).
13 *MA
Moh Tarek. Razi Kittaneh. Jaqen H ghar
14 Moh Tarek Razi Kittaneh Jaqen H ghar Naif Karadsheh Gluconeogenesis is making glucose from non-carbohydrates precursors. Although Gluconeogenesis looks like Glycolysis in many steps, it is not the simple
More information(de novo synthesis of glucose)
Gluconeogenesis (de novo synthesis of glucose) Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is the biosynthesis of new glucose. The main purpose of gluconeogenesis is to maintain the constant blood Glc concentration.
More informationIntegration of Metabolism
Integration of Metabolism Metabolism is a continuous process. Thousands of reactions occur simultaneously in order to maintain homeostasis. It ensures a supply of fuel, to tissues at all times, in fed
More informationLink download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet
Link download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-for-fundamentals-ofbiochemistry-4th-edition-by-voet/ Chapter 16: Glycogen
More information0.40. Biochemistry of Carbohydrates
0.40 Biochemistry of Carbohydrates Biochemistry of Carbohydrates ATP ADP Glycolysis The Breakdown of Glucose Primary Energy Source of Cells Central Metabolic Pathway All Reactions Occur in Cytoplasm Two
More informationBiochemistry of carbohydrates
Biochemistry of carbohydrates الفريق الطبي األكاديمي Done By: - Hanan Jamal لكية الطب البرشي البلقاء التطبيقية / املركز 6166 6102/ In the last lecture we talked about Pyruvate, pyruvate is a central intermediate;
More informationCHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions
CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions Glucose metabolism 1. Below is depicted glucose catabolism. Indicate on the pathways the following: A) which reaction(s) of glycolysis are irreversible B) where energy
More informationIntegration Of Metabolism
Integration Of Metabolism Metabolism Consist of Highly Interconnected Pathways The basic strategy of catabolic metabolism is to form ATP, NADPH, and building blocks for biosyntheses. 1. ATP is the universal
More informationDr. Mohnen s notes on GLUCONEOGENESIS
Dr. Mohnen s notes on GLUCONEOGENESIS Note: Even though we did not get through all of these slides during lecture, I advise you to look them all through because they will be helpful to you as you learn
More informationBy: Dr Hadi Mozafari 1
By: Dr Hadi Mozafari 1 Gluconeogenesis is the process of converting noncarbohydrate precursors to glucose or glycogen. The major substrates are the glucogenic amino acids, and lactate, glycerol, and propionate.
More informationIntegration of Metabolism 1. made by: Noor M. ALnairat. Sheet No. 18
Integration of Metabolism 1 made by: Noor M. ALnairat Sheet No. 18 Data :24/11/2016 SLIDE 2: Metabolism Consist of Highly Interconnected Pathways The basic strategy of catabolic metabolism is to form ATP,
More informationGlycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4
Glycolysis Part 2 BCH 340 lecture 4 Regulation of Glycolysis There are three steps in glycolysis that have enzymes which regulate the flux of glycolysis These enzymes catalyzes irreversible reactions of
More informationGlucose is the only source of energy in red blood cells. Under starvation conditions ketone bodies become a source of energy for the brain
Glycolysis 4 / The Text :- Some Points About Glucose Glucose is very soluble source of quick and ready energy. It is a relatively stable and easily transported. In mammals, the brain uses only glucose
More informationCELLULAR GLYCOGEN Why Glycogen as an Energy Storage Molecule? Glycogenolysis NOT phosphorolysis
CHM333 LECTURE 29 & 30: 4/12 15/13 SPRING 2013 Professor Christine Hrycyna CELLULAR GLYCOGEN Why Glycogen as an Energy Storage Molecule? 1. Fat cannot be as rapidly mobilized in skeletal muscle. 2. Fat
More informationI tried to put as many questions as possible, but unfortunately only answers were found without the questions.
I tried to put as many questions as possible, but unfortunately only answers were found without the questions. These are some questions from doctor2015 med exam : 1. One of them isn t acute phase protein
More informationI tried to put as many questions as possible, but unfortunately only answers were found without the questions.
I tried to put as many questions as possible, but unfortunately only answers were found without the questions. These are some questions from doctor2015 med exam : 1. One of them isn t acute phase protein
More informationMITOCW watch?v=345wz_7crn4
MITOCW watch?v=345wz_7crn4 The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free. To
More informationIn glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic
Glycolysis 1 In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic glycolysis. If this pyruvate is converted instead
More informationGLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels
GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels - Catabolic process degradative pathway - Energy stored in sugars (carbohydrates) released to perform biological work - Transforms GLUCOSE to PYRUVATE
More informationReview of Carbohydrate Digestion
Review of Carbohydrate Digestion Glycolysis Glycolysis is a nine step biochemical pathway that oxidizes glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. During this process, energy is released and some of it
More informationGlycolysis. Intracellular location Rate limiting steps
Glycolysis Definition Fx Fate Site Intracellular location Rate limiting steps Regulation Consume ATP Subs level phosphoryla tion Key reactions control points Nb Oxidation of glucose to give pyruvate (
More informationYield of energy from glucose
Paper : Module : 05 Yield of Energy from Glucose Principal Investigator, Paper Coordinator and Content Writer Prof. Ramesh Kothari, Professor Dept. of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot - 360005
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Faisal Al-Khatibe
number 24 Done by Mohammed tarabieh Corrected by Doctor Faisal Al-Khatibe 1 P a g e *Please look over the previous sheet about fatty acid synthesis **Oxidation(degradation) of fatty acids, occurs in the
More informationLecture 36. Key Concepts. Overview of lipid metabolism. Reactions of fatty acid oxidation. Energy yield from fatty acid oxidation
Lecture 36 Lipid Metabolism 1 Fatty Acid Oxidation Ketone Bodies Key Concepts Overview of lipid metabolism Reactions of fatty acid oxidation Energy yield from fatty acid oxidation Formation of ketone bodies
More informationAhmad Ulnar. Faisal Nimri ... Dr.Faisal
24 Ahmad Ulnar Faisal Nimri... Dr.Faisal Fatty Acid Synthesis - Occurs mainly in the Liver (to store excess carbohydrates as triacylglycerols(fat)) and in lactating mammary glands (for the production of
More informationMETABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways
METABOLISM Biosynthetic Pathways Metabolism Metabolism involves : Catabolic reactions that break down large, complex molecules to provide energy and smaller molecules. Anabolic reactions that use ATP energy
More informationBCH 4054 Chapter 19 Lecture Notes
BCH 4054 Chapter 19 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 19 Glycolysis 2 aka = also known as verview of Glycolysis aka The Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway First pathway discovered Common to almost all living cells ccurs in
More information2. What is molecular oxygen directly converted into? a. Carbon Dioxide b. Water c. Glucose d. None of the Above
Biochem 1 Mock Exam 3 Chapter 11: 1. What is glucose completely oxidized into? a. Carbon Dioxide and Water b. Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen c. Oxygen and Water d. Water and Glycogen 2. What is molecular oxygen
More informationDr. DerVartanian is ill and will likely not be able to give lectures this week.
Dr. DerVartanian is ill and will likely not be able to give lectures this week. Today s slides will be put on-line today, and are designed to introduce you to glycolysis. You should use these slides, along
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor F. Al-Khateeb
number 23 Done by A. Rawajbeh Corrected by Doctor F. Al-Khateeb Ketone bodies Ketone bodies are used by the peripheral tissues like the skeletal and cardiac muscles, where they are the preferred source
More informationNAME KEY ID # EXAM 3a BIOC 460. Wednesday April 10, Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided!
EXAM 3a BIOC 460 Wednesday April 10, 2002 Please include your name and ID# on each page. Limit your answers to the space provided! 1 1. (5 pts.) Define the term energy charge: Energy charge refers to the
More informationFatty acids synthesis
Fatty acids synthesis The synthesis start from Acetyl COA the first step requires ATP + reducing power NADPH! even though the oxidation and synthesis are different pathways but from chemical part of view
More informationChapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism
Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism Metabolism of Foods Food is broken down into carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and sent through catabolic pathways to produce energy. Glycolysis glucose 2 P i 2 ADP
More informationLIPID METABOLISM
LIPID METABOLISM LIPOGENESIS LIPOGENESIS LIPOGENESIS FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS DE NOVO FFA in the blood come from :- (a) Dietary fat (b) Dietary carbohydrate/protein in excess of need FA TAG Site of synthesis:-
More informationMajor Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism
Major Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism 70 Stage 1: Digestion of Carbohydrates In Stage 1, the digestion of carbohydrates Begins in the mouth where salivary amylase breaks down polysaccharides to smaller
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 27 Fatty Acid Degradation Dietary Lipid (Triacylglycerol) Metabolism - In the small intestine, fat particles are coated with bile
More informationANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES. Carbohydrate Metabolism
ANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES I. Glycolysis A. Pathway Regulation of glycolysis Hexokinase: Activated by glucose. Inhibited by G6P. 6-Phosphofructokinase: Inhibited by ATP, especially
More informationRoles of Lipids. principal form of stored energy major constituents of cell membranes vitamins messengers intra and extracellular
Roles of Lipids principal form of stored energy major constituents of cell membranes vitamins messengers intra and extracellular = Oxidation of fatty acids Central energy-yielding pathway in animals. O
More informationChapter 24 Lecture Outline
Chapter 24 Lecture Outline Carbohydrate Lipid and Protein! Metabolism! In the catabolism of carbohydrates, glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate, which is then metabolized into acetyl CoA. Prepared
More informationIII. Metabolism - Gluconeogenesis
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Lethbridge III. Metabolism - Gluconeogenesis Carl & Gertrude Cori Slide 1 Carbohydrate Synthesis Lactate, pyruvate and glycerol are the important
More informationMarah Bitar. Faisal Nimri ... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh
8 Marah Bitar Faisal Nimri... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh Summary of the 8 steps of citric acid cycle Step 1. Acetyl CoA joins with a four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, releasing the CoA group and forming a six-carbon
More informationBiochemistry Sheet 27 Fatty Acid Synthesis Dr. Faisal Khatib
Page1 بسم رلاهللا On Thursday, we discussed the synthesis of fatty acids and its regulation. We also went on to talk about the synthesis of Triacylglycerol (TAG). Last time, we started talking about the
More informationCarbohydrate Metabolism
OpenStax-CNX module: m46451 1 Carbohydrate Metabolism OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,
More informationBoth pathways start with Glucose as a substrate but they differ in the product.
Glycosis:may occur either with the presence or absence of -Glucose-.So with oxygen we have Aerobic glycolysis-, without the participation of oxygen Anaerobic glycolysis-(it occur in certain places) where
More informationAerobic Respiration. The four stages in the breakdown of glucose
Aerobic Respiration The four stages in the breakdown of glucose 1 I. Aerobic Respiration Why can t we break down Glucose in one step? (Flaming Gummy Bear) Enzymes gently lower the potential energy until
More informationCHAPTER 24: Carbohydrate, Lipid, & Protein Metabolism. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith
CHAPTER 24: Carbohydrate, Lipid, & Protein Metabolism General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith CHAPTER 24: Carbohydrate, Lipid, & Protein Metabolism Learning Objectives: q Role in
More informationPoints 1. Following is the overall reaction catalyzed by the Calvin-Benson cycle:
BCH 4054 February 22, 2002 HOUR TEST 2 NAME_ Points 1. Following is the overall reaction catalyzed by the Calvin-Benson cycle: CO 2 + 3ATP + 2NADPH 1/3 glyceraldehyde-3-p + 3ADP + 2NADP + Give the structures
More informationPhotosynthesis in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. ATP powers most cellular work
Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO + H O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O powers most cellular work Heat energy 1 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes
More informationINTEGRATION OF METABOLISM
SIBC511- INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM Assistant Professor Dr. Chatchawan Srisawat INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM Dietary intake Fed state Fasting state The metabolism of carbohydrate,
More informationGlycolysis. Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate
Glycolysis Degradation of Glucose to yield pyruvate After this Lecture you will be able to answer: For each step of glycolysis: How does it occur? Why does it occur? Is it Regulated? How? What are the
More informationCHAPTER 16. Glycolysis
CHAPTER 16 Glycolysis Net reaction of Glycolysis Converts: 1 Glucose Hexose stage 2 pyruvate - Two molecules of ATP are produced - Two molecules of NAD + are reduced to NADH Triose stage Glucose + 2 ADP
More informationGluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis / TCA 11/12/2009. Free energy changes in glycolysis 11/13/2009
Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis / TCA 11/12/2009 Gluconeogenesis is the process whereby precursors such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids are converted to glucose. Fasting requires all the
More informationCARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 1
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 1 web 2017 József Mandl Strategy of metabolism 1 Strategy of metabolism to extract energy ( hydrogen ) from the environment to store the energy excess to store hydrogen CH 3 O 2
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 Lipids & Lipid Metabolism
I. Overall concepts A. Definitions ANC/NUTR 618 Lipids & Lipid Metabolism 1. De novo synthesis = synthesis from non-fatty acid precursors a. Carbohydrate precursors (glucose, lactate, and pyruvate) b.
More informationCHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
CHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Metabolism Bioenergetics is the transfer and utilization of energy in biological systems The direction and extent to which a chemical reaction
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh
number 11 Done by حسام أبو عوض Corrected by Moayyad Al-Shafei Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 P a g e General Regulatory Aspects in Metabolism: We can divide all pathways in metabolism to catabolicand anabolic.
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor
number 20 Done by Corrected by Rana Ghassan Doctor Only 4 questions in the mid-term exam are based on the 4 lectures to be given by Dr Faisal. Dr Faisal will give us 10 lectures, the first 4 are included
More informationCarbohydrate. Metabolism
Carbohydrate Metabolism Dietary carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, sucrose, lactose Mouth salivary amylase Summary of Carbohydrate Utilization Utilization for energy (glycolysis) ligosaccharides and disaccharides
More informationCitric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism. Entry of Pyruvate into the TCA cycle
Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism Stage II of catabolism involves the conversion of carbohydrates, fats and aminoacids into acetylcoa In aerobic organisms, citric acid cycle makes up the final
More informationModule No. # 01 Lecture No. # 19 TCA Cycle
Biochemical Engineering Prof. Dr. Rintu Banerjee Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Saikat Chakraborty Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
More informationChapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration
More informationIntegration & Hormone Regulation
Integration Branchpoints in metabolism where metabolites can go several directions 1. Glucose 6-phosphate Energy needed (low energy charge): glycolysis Low blood sugar: high [glucagon], low [insulin] glycogen
More informationPhotosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. powers most cellular work. Heat energy
Figure 9-01 LE 9-2 Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic + O molecules 2 powers most cellular work Heat energy LE 9-UN161a becomes
More informationBCM 221 LECTURES OJEMEKELE O.
BCM 221 LECTURES BY OJEMEKELE O. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION TO LIPID CHEMISTRY STORAGE OF ENERGY IN ADIPOCYTES MOBILIZATION OF ENERGY STORES IN ADIPOCYTES KETONE BODIES AND KETOSIS PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX
More informationTransport. Oxidation. Electron. which the en the ETC and. of NADH an. nd FADH 2 by ation. Both, Phosphorylation. Glycolysis Glucose.
Electron Transport Chain and Oxidation Phosphorylation When one glucose molecule is oxidized to six CO 2 molecules by way of glycolysiss and TCA cycle, considerable amount of energy (ATP) is generated.
More informationINTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY. BI 28 Second Midterm Examination April 3, 2007
INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY BI 28 Second Midterm Examination April 3, 2007 Name SIS # Make sure that your name or SIS # is on every page. This is the only way we have of matching you with your exam after
More information5.0 HORMONAL CONTROL OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
5.0 HORMONAL CONTROL OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Introduction: Variety of hormones and other molecules regulate the carbohydrates metabolism. Some of these have already been cited in previous sections.
More informationMultiple choice: Circle the best answer on this exam. There are 12 multiple choice questions, each question is worth 3 points.
CHEM 4420 Exam 4 Spring 2015 Dr. Stone Page 1 of 6 Name Use complete sentences when requested. There are 120 possible points on this exam. Therefore there are 20 bonus points. Multiple choice: Circle the
More informationPhysiological Chemistry II Exam IV Dr. Melissa Kelley April 13, 2004
Name Write your name on the back of the exam Physiological Chemistry II Exam IV Dr. Melissa Kelley April 13, 2004 This examination consists of forty-four questions, each having 2 points. The remaining
More informationIntegration Of Metabolism
Integration Of Metabolism Metabolism Consist of Highly Interconnected Pathways The basic strategy of catabolic metabolism is to form ATP, NADPH, and building blocks for biosyntheses. 1. ATP is the universal
More informationUniversity of Palestine. Final Exam 2016/2017 Total Grade:
Part 1 : Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 1)Which of the following statements about Michaelis-Menten kinetics is correct? a)k m, the Michaelis constant, is defined as the concentration of substrate required
More informationGlycolysis. Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights. Biochemistry Team 437
Glycolysis Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights Biochemistry Team 437 ﺑ ﺳ م ﷲ اﻟرﺣﻣن اﻟرﺣﯾم Objectives: Recognize glycolysis as the major oxidative pathway of
More informationMetabolism Gluconeogenesis/Citric Acid Cycle
Metabolism Gluconeogenesis/Citric Acid Cycle BIOB111 CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY Session 21 Session Plan Gluconeogenesis Cori Cycle Common Metabolic Pathway The Citric Acid Cycle Stoker 2014, p859 Gluconeogenesis
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor
number 12 Done by Baraa Ayed Corrected by Mamoon Mohammad Alqtamin Doctor Nayef Karadsheh Lactate production 1 P a g e Advantages of producing lactate Lactate is produced anaerobically to meet the following
More informationThis is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.)
This is an example outline of 3 lectures in BSC 2010. (Thanks to Dr. Ellington for sharing this information.) Topic 10: CELLULAR RESPIRATION (lectures 14-16) OBJECTIVES: 1. Know the basic reactions that
More informationit s a specific enzyme, the mechanism is that the intermediate which is the thioester ( aldehyde, substrate ) is covalently bound to the enzyme.
Oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate : glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate on carbon1 it s an aldehyde group, which is oxidized and converted to carboxylic group ( aldehyde - becomes carboxylic acid ) this is
More informationKrebs Cycle. Dr. Leena S Barhate
Krebs Cycle Dr. Leena S Barhate Acknowledgement www.worldofteaching.com www2.fiu.edu/~bch3033/handouts/lh6ch16t CA.ppt www.uh.edu/sibs/faculty/glegge/lecture_23a. ppt cronus.uwindsor.ca/units/biochem/web/bioch
More informationOVERVIEW M ET AB OL IS M OF FR EE FA TT Y AC ID S
LIPOLYSIS LIPOLYSIS OVERVIEW CATABOLISM OF FREE FATTY ACIDS Nonesterified fatty acids Source:- (a) breakdown of TAG in adipose tissue (b) action of Lipoprotein lipase on plasma TAG Combined with Albumin
More informationMetabolism. Metabolic pathways. BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways
BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 11: Metabolic Pathways http://compbio.uchsc.edu/hunter/bio5099 Larry.Hunter@uchsc.edu Metabolism Metabolism is the chemical change of
More informationChapter 22. Before the class. 10 Steps of glycolysis. Outline. Can you tell the ten steps of glycolysis? Do you know how glucoses are
Chapter 22 Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen metabolism, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Reginald H. Garrett Charles M. Grisham 1 Before the class Can you tell the ten steps of glycolysis? Do you know how glucoses
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 28 Fatty Acid Synthesis 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 28 Outline 1. The first stage of fatty acid synthesis is transfer
More informationAerobic Fate of Pyruvate. Chapter 16 Homework Assignment. Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 16 Homework Assignment The following problems will be due once we finish the chapter: 1, 3, 7, 10, 16, 19, 20 Additional Problem: Write out the eight reaction steps of the Citric Acid Cycle, using
More informationFatty acid breakdown
Fatty acids contain a long hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxylate group. Most contain between 14 and 24 carbon atoms. The chains may be saturated or contain double bonds. The complete oxidation of
More informationCellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy You should be able to: 1. Explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges. Name and describe the three stages of cellular respiration;
More informationName: Chem 351 Exam 3
Multiple hoice: Pick the BEST answer and write it in the box at the end of the section. 1) The TA (Krebs) ycle depends on oxygen availability, though it does not directly use it. How can you best explain
More informationUnit 2: Metabolic Processes
How is energy obtained biologically? Recall: Red Ox Reactions Unit 2: Metabolic Processes Oxidation Is the chief mechanism by which chemical potential energy is released This energy comes from reduced
More informationMedical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology department
Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology department Cardiac Fuels [Sources of energy for the Cardiac muscle] Intended learning outcomes of the lecture: By the end of this lecture you would be able to:-
More informationBIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 9.2 Light energy
More informationKrebs cycle Energy Petr Tůma Eva Samcová
Krebs cycle Energy - 215 Petr Tůma Eva Samcová Overview of Citric Acid Cycle Key Concepts The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) is a multistep catalytic process that converts acetyl groups derived from carbohydrates,
More informationCellular Respiration and Fermentation
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION
More informationComparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways
Comparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways Three stages of catabolism Glucose Synthesis of compounds e.g. lactose glycolipids Glucose-6-P Pentosephosphate Pathway Glycolysis Glycogenesis Acetyl-CoA
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM. Triacylglycerol and Fatty Acid Metabolism
ANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM II. Triacylglycerol synthesis A. Overall pathway Glycerol-3-phosphate + 3 Fatty acyl-coa à Triacylglycerol + 3 CoASH B. Enzymes 1. Acyl-CoA synthase 2. Glycerol-phosphate
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush
number 7 Done by حسام أبو عوض Corrected by Shahd Alqudah Doctor Nafeth Abu Tarboush 1 P a g e As we have studied before, in the fourth reaction of the Krebs cycle, α- ketoglutarate is converted into Succinyl-CoA
More informationChapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work. Living cells. Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells Require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks Biology, 7 th Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece The
More informationGlycolysis is the sequence of reactions that metabolize one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate with the production of two molecules
Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions that metabolize one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate with the production of two molecules of ATP Anaerobic no O 2 needed aerobic O 2 needed In
More informationBiol 219 Lec 7 Fall 2016
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy to form ATP Cellular Respiration and Metabolism Glucose ATP Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl CoA NAD + Introducing The Players primary substrate for cellular respiration
More informationBiochemistry - I SPRING Mondays and Wednesdays 9:30-10:45 AM (MR-1307) Lecture 16. Based on Profs. Kevin Gardner & Reza Khayat
Biochemistry - I Mondays and Wednesdays 9:30-10:45 AM (MR-1307) SPRING 2017 Lecture 16 Based on Profs. Kevin Gardner & Reza Khayat 1 Catabolism of Di- and Polysaccharides Catabolism (digestion) begins
More informationGluconeogenesis. Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry II Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy
Gluconeogenesis Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry II Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy Gluconeogenesis Some tissues, such as the brain, red
More information