) AND Pseudomonas fluorescens AS COMPONENTS OF BIOINTENSIVE PEST MANAGEMENT STRATEGY AGAINST Plutella xylostella IN CAULIFLOWER
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1 Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, Vol. 15, No. 1 pp 1-8 (2009) GIBBERELLIC ACID ( ) AND Pseudomonas fluorescens AS COMPONENTS OF BIOINTENSIVE PEST MANAGEMENT STRATEGY AGAINST Plutella xylostella IN CAULIFLOWER A. MOHANA SUNDARAM * and N. DHANDAPANI Depatment of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India * mohanasundaramiari@gmail.com ABSTRACT : Plutella xylostella is one of the most important constraints in cauliflower production. Chemical control measures are not very effective due to the development of resistance to many insecticides and hence biointensive management is desirable. Field experiments were conducted by integration of Gibberellic acid ( ) and Pseudomonas fluorescens along with various combinations of Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk) and P. xylostella granulosis virus (PxGV) during kharif and rabi seasons of at Thondamuthur and Boluvampatty villages of Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India. The 100 ppm + P. 5 kg ha -1 + Btk 1 kg ha -1 in alternation with 1.5x10 13 OB ha -1 recorded significantly lower incidence of P. xylostella and increased curd yield of cauliflower (32.33 t ha -1 and t ha -1 ). Key words : Bacillus thuringiensis, Cauliflower, Gibberellic acid, Granulosis virus, Plutella xylostella, Pseudomonas fluorescens INTRODUCTION Plant growth regulating (PGR) substances are being increasingly used in modern agriculture for enhancing the crop yield. In India, use of PGR in vegetable cultivation is gaining importance among the farming community. Gibberellic acid (GA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) were proved to be effective in increasing the yield (Muthoo et al., 1987). Studies made on the Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) indicated that they were able to induce the defence mechanism in host plants through alterations in the secondary plant compounds and thus enhancing the resistance in plants against challenging pathogens, nematodes and insect pests (Vidyasekaran et al., 1997; Zehuder et al., 1997; Murphy et al., 2000). Experiments had also shown that plant growth promoting substances induced by PGPR in plants, indirectly contribute to the suppression of insect population (Mukunthan, 1975; Ramamoorthy et al., 2001; Radja commare et al., 2002). In the recent years, the use of PGPR as a component of organic crop production has been receiving considerable attention. Particularly in cauliflower, synergistic effects of mineral nutrition with PGR and PGPR have been noticed for plant growth and curd yield (Vijaykumar, 2000). In our earlier studies we reported the reduction in fecundity of Spodoptera litura and Plutella xylostella developed from larvae fed with + Pseudomonas fluorescens treated leaves (Mohana Sundaram et al., 2006). All these findings clearly indicate the role of PGRs in insect pest suppression. Therefore, the present study 65
2 was undertaken to understand the influence of PGRs viz., Gibberellic acid and P. fluorescens along with biological control agents on the incidence of P. xylostella and curd yield parameters of cauliflower under field conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field experiments were conducted during Kharif and Rabi seasons of at Thondamuthur and Boluvampatty villages of Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Details of the treatments used are given in the Table 1. Each treatment was replicated three times at random on cauliflower var. Pawas following Randomized Block Design (RBD). The crop was transplanted in 20 m 2 (5m x 4m) plots at a spacing of 45cm x 45cm. Foliar applications of and P. fluorescens were carried out twice, at 15 days interval starting from 15 Days After Transplanting (DAT). On 45 th, 53 rd and 60 th DAT the microbials viz., 1 kg ha -1 and 1.5 x OB ha -1 and insecticide 1200 ml ha -1 were sprayed to study the added effects. Application of 1 kg ha -1 and 1.5x10 13 OB ha -1 was carried out when early instars were observed at pre-flowering stage with an interval of 7 to 10 days, using a knapsack hydraulic sprayer (Aspee Bombay) with a spray fluid volume of 250l ha -1. Tween 20 at the rate of 0.01 per cent was added as a surfactant and the spraying was carried out during evening hours. Observations on P. xylostella populations in different treatments were recorded at weekly intervals on 10 randomly selected plants in each plot. The curd yield parameters in different treatments from ten randomly selected plants per plot were also recorded at the time of harvest. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Observations on larval population in different treatments are presented in Table 1. Larval population of P. xylostella was low (ranged from to 22.50/10 plants) in + P. fluorescens treated plots at 45 days after transplanting. Observations on the larval population of P. xylostella on 7 th day of first spray showed that P. xylostella population was significantly low (8.00 /10 plants) 100 ppm + P. 5 kg ha kg ha -1 in alternation with 1.5x10 13 OB ha -1 sprayed plots and at par with quinalphos (1.2 lit ha -1 ) (7.67 /ten plants). Since, the population increased in all treatments on 10 th day after first spray, a second spray was given. Similar trend as in first application was observed on seventh day after second spray. But ten days after second spray, P. xylostella population was low (11.33 /ten plants) 100 pm + P. 5 kg ha kg ha -1 followed by 1.5x10 13 OB ha -1 and + P. fluorescens + Btk (11.67 /ten plants) which were on par with each other. Quinalphos treated plots recorded / ten plants compared to untreated check which recorded /ten plants. Among the 100 ppm + P. 5 kg ha -1 + Btk 1 kg ha -1 in alternation with 1.5x10 13 OB ha -1 treatment recorded the maximum curd diameter (15.5cm), curd weight ( g) and yield (32.33 t ha -1 ). The untreated check recorded the lowest curd diameter (8.70cm), curd weight (836.60g) and yield (20.17 t ha -1 ). 1.2 lit ha -1 treated plot registered a curd diameter, weight and yield of 11.00cm, g and t ha -1 respectively. The other combinations viz., + P. fluorescens + Btk, + Btk in alternation with PxGV and + P. fluorescens with PxGV recorded 30.67, and t ha -1, respectively. The treatments of + P. fluorescens, alone and P. fluorescens alone recorded a yield of 26.67, and t ha -1 respectively (Table 3). Results of the second field trial are presented in Table 2. Larval population of P. xylostella was 66
3 relatively low (ranged from to 32.00/ten plants) in + P. fluorescens treated plots at 45 DAT. On 7 th day of second spray P. xylostella population was significantly low (3.67 /ten plants) 100 ppm + P. 5 kg ha kg ha -1 alternation with 1.5x10 13 OB ha -1 sprayed plots followed by 1.2 lit ha -1 (4.00 /ten plants) and + Btk alternation with PxGV were (4.33 /ten plants) which were on par with each other. Seventh day of third spraying indicated that P. xylostella population was low (4.33 /ten plants) in + P. fluorescens + Btk alternation with PxGV and + P. fluorescens + Btk were on par with each other. But it was 7.33 /ten plants in quinalphos treated plots and /ten plants in untreated check. Among the 100 ppm + P. 5 kg ha -1 + Btk 1 kg ha -1 in alternation with 1.5x10 13 OB ha -1 treatment recorded the maximum curd diameter (15.33cm), curd weight ( g) and yield (35.33 t ha -1 ). The untreated check recorded the lowest curd diameter (8.00cm), curd weight (863.33g) and yield (22.50 t ha -1 ). 1.2 lit ha -1 treated plot registered a curd diameter, weight and yield of 10.67cm, g and t ha -1 respectively. The other combinations viz., + P. fluorescens + Btk, + Btk alternation with PxGV and + P. fluorescens + PxGV recorded a yield of 33.83, and t ha -1, respectively. The treatments of + P. fluorescens, alone and P. fluorescens alone recorded a yield of 27.16, and t ha -1, respectively (Table 3). Neumann (1982) observed that in wheat grass, Agropyron smithii (Rydb.), application of, indole-3-acetic acid and kinetin reduced the fecundity and decreased the number of viable eggs of grass hopper, Aulocara elliotti (Thomus). Seed treatment and foliar application of GA 150ppm and ethrel 1000ppm on okra recorded the lowest population of aphid, (Aphis gossypii) mites, (Tetranychus telarius) and Earias vittella. (Mukunthan, 1975). Singh and Bhattacharya (2003), reported that the GA is widely used in soybean crop as plant growth regulator, which in turn resulted in reducing the population of S. litura. The foliar application 100ppm at 15 and 30 DAT produced the tallest plants, largest curds and highest curd yields in cauliflower (Vijay Kumar, 2000). The application of PGPR, P. fluorescens on tomato and okra reduced the incidence and damage of leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii, whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and also affected the fecundity of H. armigera. The P. fluorescens induced plants affected the egg laying behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera in tomato and okra (Murugan, 2003) and of P. xylostella and S. litura in cauliflower (Mohana Sundaram et al., 2006). Rao and Shylaja (2004), reported that the carrot seeds treated with P. fluorescens significantly reduced the incidence of reniform nematode, Rotylenchlulus reniformis (Linford and Oliveira) and subsequently increased the plant growth and crop yield. The application of talc formulation of P. fluorescens through seed, root, soil and foliar spray significantly reduced the leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis incidence in rice (Radjacommare et al., 2002). Our results are in conformity with the above findings, confirming the added impact of PGR and PGPR on pest control. The action of the fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana and bacterial pathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis was enhanced owing to the feeding of the larvae on the P. fluorescens induced plants (Murugan 2003). Su (1987) found that combinations of PxGV + Bactospeine, ArGV + Bactospeine and ArGV + PxGV + Bactospeine were effective against both A. rapae and P. xylostella. Sairabanu (2000) reported that foliar application of PxGV alternation with Btk was found to be most effective in reducing the larval population of P. xylostella. The present study indicated that the application 100 ppm + P. 5 kg ha -1 + Btk 1 kg 67
4 Table 1. Effect of and P. fluorescens application along with microbials on P. xylostella population in cauliflower S.No. Treatments $ Number of larvae per ten plants I Spray (45 DAT) II Spray (55 DAT) 45 DAT 5 DAS 7 DAS 10DAS 5 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS T ppm (4.93) bc (4.67) I (4.53) I (4.60) g (4.64) fg (5.02) gh (5.40) hi T kg ha -1** (4.95) bcd (3.58) bc (3.08) bcd (3.94) abc (2.74) cd (2.20) bcd (3.67) abcd T OB ha -1** (4.93) bc (3.67) d (3.34) ef (4.22) def (2.92) de (2.35) cde (3.76) bcde T kg ha -1** - 1.5x10 13 OB ha -1** (4.95) bcd (3.49) bc (2.97) abc (3.89) abc (2.42) ab (2.04) ab (3.58) abc T 5 P. fluorescens 5 kg ha (5.16) de (4.88) j (4.88) j (4.95) h (4.85) g (5.21) h (5.58) I T 6 P. 5 kg ha kg ha -1** (5.20) e (3.72) de (3.34) ef (4.02) bcd (2.92) de (2.42) def (3.81) cde T 7 P. 5 kg ha x OB ha -1** (5.15) cde (3.98) efg (3.67) g (4.30) ef (2.92) de (2.42) cdef (3.85) def T 8 P. 5 kg ha kg ha -1** x10 13 OB ha -1** (5.15) cde (3.81) ef (3.19) de (4.02) bcd (2.74) cd (2.20) bcd (3.67) abcd T 9 (100 ppm) + P. (5kg ha -1 ) (4.64) a (4.42) h (4.22) h (4.26) ef (4.45) f (4.88) g (5.28) h T 10 (100 ppm) + P. 5 kg ha kg ha -1** (4.74) ab (3.44) bc (2.97) abc (3.85) ab (2.61) bc (2.12) bc (3.49) a T 11 (100 ppm) + P. 5 kg ha OB ha -1** (4.80) ab (3.58) cd (3.14) cde (4.10) cde (2.61) bc (2.20) bcd (3.54) ab T 12 (100 ppm) + P. 5 kg ha kg ha -1** - 13 OB ha -1** (4.74) ab (3.39) ab (2.92) ab (3.72) a (2.48) ab (1.96) ab (3.44) a T 13 Btk 1 kg ha -1** (5.24) e (3.85) ef (3.44) f (4.10) de (3.14) e (2.68) f (3.94) efg T 14 PxGV 13 OB ha -1** (5.20) e (4.06) g (3.81) g (4.42) f (3.08) e (2.61) def (4.10) fg T 15 ml ha -1** (5.24) e (3.24) a (2.86) a (3.76) a (2.27) a (1.78) ab (4.18) g T 16 Untreated check (5.29) e (5.70) k (5.93) k (6.18) I (6.23) h (6.70) I (6.96) i In a column means followed by similar letters are not significantly different (P = 0.05) by DMRT DAT Days after transplanting # Mean of three replications $ and P. fluorescens were sprayed on 15 th and 30 th DAT ** Spray on 45 th and 55 th DAT 68
5 Table 2 : Effect of and P. fluorescens application along with microbials on P. xylostella population in cauliflower (Rabi season) S.No. Treatments $ Number of larvae per ten plants # I Spray (45 DAT) II Spray (53 DAT) III Spray (60 DAT) 45 DAT 5 DAS 7 DAS 10DAS 5 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS T ppm (5.79) abc (5.28) g (4.92) g (4.78) de (4.67) h (4.56) h (4.81) h T kg ha -1** b (5.82) bcd (3.94) bc (2.86) a (2.74) bc (2.48) cde (2.27) cde (2.68) cde T OB ha -1** (5.79) abc (4.18) de (3.24) cd (2.80) bc (2.55) de (2.35) def (2.74) cdef T kg ha -1** x10 13 OB ha -1** (5.82) bcd (3.81) ab (2.80) a (2.55) ab (2.20) ab (1.87) ab (2.35) ab T 5 P. fluorescens 5 kg ha (5.96) cde (5.52) h (5.15) g (5.05) e (4.92) I (4.85) h (5.05) h T 6 P. 5 kg ha kg ha -1** (5.96) cde (4.06) cd (2.97) ab (2.80) bc (2.61) ef (2.42) ef (2.80) def T 7 P. 5 kg ha x OB ha -1** (5.99) de (4.30) ef (3.34) de (2.92) c (2.68) ef (2.48) ef (2.86) ef T 8 P. 5 kg ha kg ha -1** x10 13 OB ha -1** (5.99) de (3.94) bc (2.86) ab (2.68) bc (2.35) bcd (2.12) cd (2.55) bcd T 9 (100 ppm) + P. (5kg ha -1 ) (5.61) a (5.08) g (4.64) f (4.53) d (4.30) g (4.14) g (4.45) g T 10 (100 ppm) + P. 5 kg ha kg ha -1** (5.64) ab (3.81) ab (2.74) a (2.35) a (2.04) a (1.68) a (2.20) a T 11 (100 ppm) + P. 5 kg ha OB ha -1** (5.70) ab (3.94) bc (3.08) bc (2.55) ab (2.27) abc (2.04) bc (2.48) bc T 12 (100 ppm) + P. 5 kg ha kg ha -1** - 13 OB ha -1** (5.67) ab (3.67) ab (2.74) a (2.35) a (2.04) a (1.68) a (2.20) a T 13 Btk 1 kg ha -1** (6.04) e (4.18) de (3.08) bc (2.74) bc (2.48) bcde (2.27) cde (2.68) cde T 14 PxGV 13 OB ha -1** (6.10) e (4.42) f (3.54) e (2.97) c (2.80) f (2.61) f (2.97) f T ml ha -1** e (6.07) (3.81) ab (2.92) ab (2.55) ab (2.12) a (1.87) ab (2.80) def T 16 Untreated check (6.10) e (6.42) I (6.75) h (6.96) f (6.47) j (7.04) I (6.60) I In a column means followed by similar letters are not significantly different (P = 0.05) by DMRT DAT Days after transplanting # Mean of three replications $ and P. fluorescens were sprayed on 15 th and 30 th DAT ** Spray on 45 th and 55 th DAT 69
6 Table 3 : Effect of and P. fluorescens along with the microbials application on the yield parameters of cauliflower S.No. Treatments $ 1st field trial IInd field trial Curd dia Curd weight # Yield Curd dia Curd weight Yield meter (cm) # (g) (t ha -1 ) # meter (cm) # # (g) (t ha -1 ) # T ppm def ij fgh abcd hi fg T kg ha -1** abc cd bcde abc cd abc T x10 13 OB ha -1** cde defg bcdef abc def bcd T kg ha -1** - 1.5x10 13 OB ha -1** abc b abc abcd b ab T 5 P. fluorescens 5 kg ha fgh j gh def i gh T 6 P. 5 kg ha kg ha -1** def def bcdefg cdef def cdef T 7 P. 5 kg ha x10 13 OB ha -1** efg fghi efg cdef fgh cde T 8 P. 5 kg ha kg ha -1** - 1.5x10 13 OB ha -1** bcd bc bcdef bcde cd bcd T 9 (100 ppm) + P. ( 5kg ha -1 ) bcd hi cdefg abc ghi efg T GA (100 ppm) + P. 5 kg ha kg ha -1** ab b ab a bc ab T GA (100 ppm) + P. 5 kg ha OB ha -1** ab cde bcd a de abc T GA (100 ppm) + P. 5 kg ha 1 + Btk 12 1 kg ha -1** - 13 OB ha -1** a a a a a a T 13 Btk 1 kg ha -1** h efgh defg efg efgh def T 14 PxGV 13 OB ha -1** h ghi efgh 9.67 fg ghi efg T 15 ml ha -1** gh de cdefg ef efg def T 16 Untreated check 8.70 i k h 8.00 g j h In a column means followed by similar letters are not significantly different (P = 0.05) by DMRT DAT Days after transplanting # Mean of three replications $ and P. fluorescens were sprayed on 15 th and 30 th DAT ** Spray on 45 th, 53 rd and 60 th DAT 70
7 ha -1 in alternation with 1.5x10 13 OB ha -1 significantly decrease the incidence of P. xylostella and increase the curd yield parameters of cauliflower over untreated control. The increase in crop yield could be due to cumulative effect of plant growth promoting activities induced by PGR, PGPR and biocontrol agents on the incidence of insect pests. The present findings demonstrate the combined effect of and P. fluorescens along with biocontrol agents in reducing the damage caused by P. xylostella on cauliflower, which may be included as an integral part of IPM practices for the management of P. xylostella in cauliflower. REFERENCES Mohana Sundaram, A., Dhandapani, N., Shiv Sankar, H.D. and Muthukumar, P Effect of gibberellic acid ( ) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (migula) on the ovipositional behaviour of Plutella xylostella (L.) and Spodoptera litura (Fab.). Bulletin of Agricultural Sciences, 4: Mukunthan, N Influence of plant growth and regulators on the incidence of some major pests of bhendi (Abelmaschus esculentus (L.) Moench). Unpub. M.Sc. (Ag.). Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. 57p. Murphy, J.F., Zehnder, G.W., Schuster, D.J., Sikora, E.J., Polston J.E. and Kloepper, J.W Plant growth promoting rhizobacterial mediated protection in tomato against tomato mottle virus. Plant Diseases, pp Murugan, M Role of induced resistance in the management of major insect pests of tomato (Lycoporsicon esculentum Mill.) and okra (Abelmaschus esculentus (L.) Moench). Unpub.Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. 302p. Muthoo, A.K., Kumar, S. and Maurya, A.N Studies on the effect of foliar application of, NAA and molybdenum on growth and yield of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var Botrytis) cv. Snowball-16. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Science, 16: Neumann, V.S Plant growth hormones affect grasshopper growth and reproduction. In: Proc. 5 th Int. Symp. Insect- Plant Relationships. Wageningen. pp Radjacommare, R., Nandakumar, R., Kandan, A., Suresh, S., Bharathi, M., Raguchander, T. and Samiyappan, R Pseudomonas fluorescens based bio-formulation for the management of sheath blight and leaf folder in rice. Crop Protection, 21: Ramamoorthy, V., Viswanathan, R., Raguchander, T., Prakasam, V. and Samiyappan, R Induction of systemic resistance by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in crop plants against pests and diseases. Crop Protection, 20: Rao, M.S. and Shylaja, M Role of Pseudomonas fluorescens in indcution of systemic resistance (ISR) and managing Rotylenchlulus reniformis (Linford and Oliveira) on carrot (Daucus carota L.). Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, 10: Sairabanu Microbial control of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.130p. Singh, H. and Bhattacharya, A.K Negative role of gibberellic acid on the developmental behaviour of Spodoptera litura. Indian Journal of Entomology, 65: Su, C.Y Utilization of two granulosis viruses for control of Artogeia rapae and Plutella xylostella. Plant Protection Bulletin, Taiwan, 29:
8 Vidyasekaran, P., Rabindran, R., Muthamilan, M., Nayar, K., Rajappan, K., Subramanian, M. and Vasumathi, K Development of powder formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens for control of rice blast. Plant Pathology, 46: Vijaykumar and Ray, N Effect of plant growth regulators on cauliflower cv. Pant Subhra. Orissa Journal of Horticulture, 28: Zehnder, G., Kloepper, J., Yao, C. and Wei, G Induction of systemic resistance in cucumber against cucumber beetles (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Journal of Economic Entomology, 90:
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