Unit 7: Blood/ Serology
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1 Unit 7: Blood/ Serology
2 Forensic Serology the examination and analysis of body fluids including: saliva semen urine Blood s, forensic serology = most important part of lab procedures (until DNA). most labs still use serology testing procedures. limited funds/ time required for DNA testing
3 What makes up our blood? Plasma (55%)- fluid portion Nutrients, hormones, & clotting factors Antibodies (proteins) to fight infection. Cells (45%) Red blood cells - carry oxygen to cells. White blood cells - part of immune system Platelets - for blood clotting
4 average adult = 5 L liters of blood 7-8% of their body weight. Blood Facts 1 billion red blood cells in 2 to 3 drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and 1 white cell.
5 Blood Evidence Red blood Cells = (Class Evidence) blood type of a person based on the protein on the surface. No nucleus & no mitochondria no DNA White blood Cells = (individual evidence) can determine the DNA Blood drops/ spatter = (circumstantial evidence) Experts argue many points location of wound - movement of a victim - type of injury - how a crime might have happened
6 4 blood types: A, B, AB, O Antigen- proteins found in the plasma of the red blood cell s membrane account for blood type. Antibody produced by immune system, a substance that reacts with certain antigen. (Anti- A & Anti- B)
7 Genetics of Blood A & B = co- dominant alleles (if you get one from each parent you will have both A & B antigens on the surface of your RB Cells) O = recessive and results in no antigens on RBC surface Punnett square showing results of cross between parents with Type O & Type A blood (2 ways to be type A) Offspring will have A blood (AO) or O blood (OO)
8 Rh Factors Rh protein is also present in the blood of some people. Rh positive (Rh+) = you have the protein Rh negative (Rh-) = do not have protein While studying Rhesus monkeys, another blood protein was discovered (Rh)
9 Rh Factor Reaction
10 Testing for Blood Type add 3 different serums (Anti- A, Anti- B, and Anti- Rh) to blood samples and see if clumps form (agglutination). Clumps = Positive (+) No Clumps = Negative (-) What would the blood type be for this sample?
11 Secretors 80% of the population are secretors. Secretor test kit Their blood-type antigens are found in high concentration in their body fluids such as saliva, semen, vaginal secretions and gastric juice.
12 Historical Perspective of Blood Typing (1900) Karl Landsteiner- discovered 4 different types of human blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens found on the surface of the red blood cells. In 1940, Landsteiner and Weiner reported the discovery of the Rh factor by studying the blood of the Rhesus monkey. 85% of Caucasians are Rh positive 94% of Black Americans are Rh positive 99% of all Asians are Rh positive.
13 Unknown Stain at a Scene Questions to be answered: Is it blood? Is it human or animal blood? Whose is it? blood type alcohol content drugs present DNA method it was deposited
14 Is it blood? Presumptive Tests Kastle-Meyer color test Turns deep pink color = blood is present Reacts with Potatoes & horseradish too Hemastix blue-green color= blood Luminol test reacts with blood that is invisible = light (luminescence) React with cleaners, paints, plant material too Can destroy other evidence (used last) Hemastix Before Luminol & After Luminol (in dark)
15 Is it Human or Animal Blood? Microscopic observation Human Blood Precipitin test - antibodies from rabbits are used -will react with human proteins if human blood is present. Frog Blood Larger nucleic red blood cells
16 Blood Drops Tell Tales The laws of physics & mathematical relationships allow investigators to reconstruct crime scene events such as: - type of object used in attack - positions of the victim, suspect, and objects during events - sequence of events Blood evidence is: - useful in supporting other types of evidence found at a scene - usually not powerful enough on its own to convict someone.
17 Testable Questions: Interpretation of bloodstains requires carefully planned experiments using surface materials found at the crime scene. How will the blood drop shape change as: -the height is increased or decreased? -the person is walking? -the target surface texture changes? -the angle of impact changes?
18 Blood Droplet Characteristics A blood droplet will remain spherical in space until it collides with a surface The spherical shape is caused by the surface tension of the blood.
19 Height & Drop Shape The higher the droplet falls from the more blood satellite spatter occurs. the velocity of the droplet will be greater the longer the droplet is airborne (until it reaches terminal velocity). Ex: diameter from the 100cm height = larger from the 10cm height. Above a fall distance of 220 cm there is little change in the diameter of the blood spot.
20
21 Moving Person & Drop Shape Droplets dripping from a moving object or person do not drop straight down, they fall at an angle (they are in motion themselves) Direction of movement The pointed end of the blood stain (aka spines/ legs) faces the direction of travel.
22 Walking while Bleeding
23 TARGET SURFACE TEXTURE & Drop Shape: Blood drops on a smooth surface will make a more uniform or regular circular shape. Blood drops on a rough surface will make an irregular shaped stain with rough or jagged edges.
24 Impact Angle & Drop Shape The shape of a blood drop: Round if it falls straight down at a 90 degree angle. Elliptical blood droplets elongate as the angle decreases from 90 to 0 degrees The steeper the impact, the more elliptical or elongated, the blood drop
25 Determining the Angle of Impact Angle of impact = sine Width Length An example: Width = 3mm Length = 5mm Sine = width / length Sine = 3mm / 5mm = 0.6 Angle = 37 ** This is an estimate (+/- 5-7 )
26 Area of Intersection location of the blood source can be determined by drawing lines from the various blood droplets to the point where they intersect. and Convergence It may be established at the scene with measurement of angles by use of strings. point of origin; the spot where the blow occurred
27 Blood Spatter Analysis
28 Determining Point of Origin 1. Place the ring stand on the area of convergence 2. Write the calculated angle of impact next to each stain. 3. Using string, masking tape and a protractor, raise the string to the calculated angle and attach it to the ring stand. 4. Do the same for a minimum of 3 stains. 5. The place on the ring stand where the string from each stain meets is the area of origin. 6. Measure the height of the area of origin.
29 Real-Life Use
30 Passive Bloodstains Patterns created from the force of gravity Drop, series of drops, flow patterns, blood pools, etc. Projected Bloodstains Patterns that occur when a force is applied to the source of the blood Low, medium, or high impact spatters, cast-off, arterial spurting, expiratory blood blown out of the nose, mouth, or wound. Transfer or Contact Bloodstains The pattern created when a wet, bloody object comes in contact with a target surface; may be used to identify an object or body part. Wipe pattern from an object moving through a bloodstain or swipe pattern from an object leaving a bloodstain.
31 Sperm Visualizing/ Locating Sperm- UV light to reveal stains not visible to the naked eye. Testing for Semen: Acid Phosphate Test (color test)- tests for enzyme secreted by prostate into seminal fluid Semen detection Test (color test)- tests for a DNA protein originating in sperm Microscopic examination- soak material and put liquid sample under microscope. Semen detection test kit check out this website:
32 Collection and Preservation of Biological Samples Photograph Limit personal contact & change gloves often All clothing should go to lab, even if blood is not seen Each article packaged separately in breathable container- blood is allowed to dry first Refrigerate evidence until delivered to a lab (exception blood mixed with soil- freeze because of microbes in soil).
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