10/18/2017 ANIMAL NUTRITION ANIMAL NUTRITION ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS AN ANIMAL S DIET MUST STUPPLY: AMINO ACIDS
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1 ANIMAL NUTRITION Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in the process of animal nutrition In general, animals fall into three categories: Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores ANIMAL NUTRITION Chapter 41 AN ANIMAL S DIET MUST STUPPLY: Chemical energy Converted into ATP to power cellular processes Organic building blocks N and C Used to synthesize a variety of organic molecules Essential nutrients Required by cells and obtained from dietary sources ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS Four classes of essential nutrients: Essential amino acids Essential fatty acids Vitamins Minerals AMINO ACIDS Some animals have adaptations for periods when their bodies demand extraordinary amounts of protein 20 amino acids required Half can be synthesized by molecules in diet Remaining essential amino acids must be obtained from food 1
2 FATTY ACIDS Animals can synthesize most of the fatty acids they need The essential fatty acids must be obtained from the diet and include certain unsaturated fatty acids Deficiencies in fatty acids are rare VITAMINS Vitamins are organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts Thirteen vitamins are essential for humans Fat-soluble Water-soluble MINERALS Minerals are simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts Ingesting large amounts of some minerals can upset homeostatic balance UNDERNUTRITION Undernutrition results when a diet does not provide enough chemical energy An undernourished individual will Use up stored fat and carbohydrates Break down its own proteins Lose muscle mass Suffer protein deficiency of the brain Die or suffer irreversible damage 2
3 ASSESSING NUTRITIONAL NEEDS STAGES OF FOOD PROCESSING INGESTION DIGESTIVE COMPARTMENTS INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION 3
4 EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION COMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACT OR ALIMENTARY CANAL Digestive tube with two openings Can have specialized regions for stepwise digestion and absorption MAMMALIAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts Accessory glands are salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and the gallbladder Peristalsis moves materials Sphincters regulate the movement of material between compartments Tongue Pharynx Glottis Larynx Trachea Bolus of food Epiglottis up Esophageal sphincter contracted Esophagus Esophogeal sphincter is contracted Glottis is open Tongue Pharynx Glottis Larynx Trachea Bolus of food Epiglottis up Esophageal sphincter contracted Esophagus To lungs To stomach To lungs To stomach As swallowing begins: Reflex triggered by bolus in pharynx Epiglottis covers glottis Esophogeal sphincter is relaxed 4
5 Tongue Pharynx Glottis Larynx Trachea To lungs Bolus of food Epiglottis up Esophageal sphincter contracted Esophagus To stomach As bolus passes down esophagus, sphincter contracts, glottis reopens Peristalsis Relaxed muscles Contracted muscles Sphincter relaxed DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH Stomach stores food and secretes gastric juice, which converts a meal to acid chyme Gastric juice has a low ph of about 2, which kills bacteria and denatures proteins Gastric juice is made up of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin Stomach Pepsinogen Chief cell HCl 1 H + Cl Parietal cell Production of gastric juice 1 Pepsinogen and HCl introduced into lumen. Pepsinogen Pepsin 2 1 (active HCl enzyme) Chief cell 1 H 2 + Cl Parietal cell Production of gastric juice Pepsinogen and HCl introduced into lumen. HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin. Pepsinogen 2 HCl Chief cell 1 H + Cl 3 Pepsin (active enzyme) Parietal cell Production of gastric juice Pepsinogen and HCl introduced into lumen. HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin. Pepsin activates more pepsinogen, starting a chain reaction. 5
6 DIGESTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE Longest section of alimentary canal It is the major organ of digestion (duodenum) and absorption (jejunum and ileum) The first portion of the small intestine is the duodenum, where chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself PANCREATIC SECRETIONS The pancreas produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin that are activated in the lumen of the duodenum BILE PRODUCTION BY THE LIVER In the small intestine, bile aids in digestion and absorption of fats Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder Bile also destroys nonfunctional red blood cells ABSORPTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE Villi and microvilli increase surface area FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE The hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart The liver regulates nutrient distribution, interconverts many organic molecules, and detoxifies many organic molecules FATS ENTER LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Water-soluble chylomicrons are transported into a lacteal 6
7 MAJOR FUNCTION OF THE COLON IS TO RECOVER WATER LARGE INTESTINE The cecum aids in the fermentation of plant material ELIMINATION The colon houses bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli) that live on unabsorbed organic material; some produce vitamins Feces, including undigested material and bacteria, become more solid as they move through the colon Feces are stored in the rectum until they can be eliminated through the anus Two sphincters between the rectum and anus control bowel movements DENTAL ADAPTATIONS Variation in dentition reflects diet The success of mammals is due in part to their specialized dentition Nonmammalian vertebrates have less specialized teeth, though exceptions exist 7
8 STOMACH AND INTESTINAL ADAPTATIONS Many carnivores have large, expandable stomachs Herbivores and omnivores generally have longer alimentary canals Cecum are large in herbivores GUT FLORA MUTUALISTIC ADAPTATIONS Many herbivores have fermentation chambers, where mutualistic microorganisms digest cellulose ELABORATE ADAPTATIONS FOR AN HERBIVOROUS DIET HAVE EVOLVED IN RUMINANTS GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS 8
9 9
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