Nutrition in Heterotrophs

Transcription

1 Nutrition in Heterotrophs Required Nutrients Water Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Minerals Vitamins

2 Water Makes up ~90% of some animals Makes up a major portion of many body parts Humans require at least 1 L / day

3 Carbohydrates Main source of energy High in bulk fiber Refined carbohydrates do not supply need Obesity American consumption ~2 lb refined sugar/week

4 Lipids Parts of membranes Energy reserves Essential fatty acids (olive oil, canola oil) Saturated fats Roughly 40% of American diet

5 Proteins Consist of amino acids hooked together aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa- 20 amino acids 8 essential amino acids Animal protein contains all 20 amino acids Vegetables do not contain required balance of amino acids for humans

6 a vegetable does not provide complete protein Complementarities can supply all essential amino acids. Beans supply lysine corn supply methionine Vegetarian diet Fig. 41.4

7 Minerals 17 essential minerals Inorganic substances: Iron, iodine, zinc, calcium, sulfur, potassium, chloride, magnesium, etc. Required for growth, metabolism, survival Deficiencies stunted growth or weak

8 Vitamins 13 essential vitamins Complex organic compounds Play metabolic role cofactors and coenzymes Animals cannot synthesize themselves

9 Water Soluble vitamins Vitamins Taken in excess eliminated in urine generally do no harm C B complex (B 1, B 2, B 6, B 12, niacin) Fat Soluble vitamins Taken in excess stored in fatty tissues can cause serious health problems A D E K

10 Water Soluble Vitamins Need Source Too Little Too Much C collagen synth., inhibits free radicals, builds bone, & teeth Fruits and vegetables Scurvy, poor healing, impaired immunity diarrhea, digestive upsets B complex Coenzyme action meat, green leafy vegetables, whole grains Varies None in most Niacin - skin flushing B6 impaired coordination B 12 nervous function, coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism Meat, dairy, yeast vegan diet - limited Anemia, impaired nerve function non toxic

11 Fat Soluble Vitamins A D E K Need Source Too little Too much Vision, bone, teeth Bone growth; mineralization Ca absorption counters free radicals, maintains cell membranes Blood clotting, ATP formation Beta caroteneyellow or green leafy vegetables Formed in skin, fortified milk, yolks Whole grains, dark-green leafy vegetables, vegetable oil Enterobacteria, Leafy vegetables night blindness, dry skin, poor immunity bone deformities (Rickets) anemia, nerve damage skin changes, vomiting, bone & liver damage retarded growth, kidney damage muscle weakness, fatigue, headaches, nausea Hemorrhage jaundice, liver damage, anemia

12 Simple Digestive Processes 1. Intracellular Digestion Amoeba Paramecium

13 Phagocytosis

14 Simple Digestive Processes 2. Extracellular Digestion carbohydrates simple sugar proteins amino acids lipids glycerol & fatty acids

15 Digestive Systems 1. Incomplete digestive system - Gastrovascular Cavity Hydra

16 Tentacles Mouth Phagocytosis Intracellular Digestion Gastrovascular Cavity Extracellular Digestion

17 Incomplete Digestive System Planaria

18 2. Complete Digestive System a tube within a tube construction Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Crop/gizzard Stomach Intestine Anus Annelids Segmented Worms

19 Complete Digestive System Mollusks Roundworms

20 Digestive System Functions 1. Mechanical Processing breakdown, mixing, and food movement 2. Secretion release of digestive enzymes that aid digestion 3. Digestion breakdown of food particles 4. Absorption passage of digested nutrients and fluid from the tube (extracellular space) into the body s cells 5. Elimination explusion of undigested materials

21 Bird Specializations Arthropods

22 Bird Specializations Gizzard Stomach Chordates - birds

23 Ruminant Specializations

24 Vertebrate Mouth Specializations

25 Teeth Specialization Incisors Canines Molars Carnivore

26 Herbivore: Teeth Specialization Incisors Molars Rodent Gnawing Grazing

27 Single-celled organisms Circulatory Systems O 2 & Food CO 2 & Waste

28 Circulatory Systems Rapidly transports substances to and from cells May carry gases, food, chemical messages, waste material and living cells Interstitial fluid bathes tissues Heart muscular blood vessel that acts as a pump

29 1. Open Circulatory Systems

30 Open Circulatory System Snails

31 Open Circulatory System Land Arthropods

32 2. Closed Circulatory System

33 1 ventricle 1 atrium Fish 2 chambered heart

34 Amphibians 3-chambered heart 1 ventricle 2 atria

35 2 ventricles 2 atria Atrium thin-walled; receives blood from body; pumps to ventricle Ventricle muscular wall; forces blood into major arteries Birds and Mammals 4-chambered heart

36 Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + energy Respiration in Water and Air aquatic environments terrestrial environments

37 Animal Gas Exchange Protists direct diffusion of gases

38 Gas Exchange surface exchange vascular exchange

39 Gas Exchange surface/vascular exchange Earthworms

40 Gas Exchange - Gills

41 Gas Exchange - Lungs

42 Gas Exchange - Trachea Terrestrial Insects

43 Gills Fish

44 Gill Filament

45 Countercurrent Exchange

46 Gas Exchange Lungs Amphibians

47 Gas Exchange Birds

48 Air Flow 34% efficient, no air mixing

49 Gas Exchange Human