A. Incorrect! The esophagus connects the pharynx and the stomach.

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1 Human Physiology - Problem Drill 19: Digestive Physiology and Nutrition Question No. 1 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as 1. This organ which connects the pharynx and the stomach is. Question #01 (A) Pancreas (B) Esophagus (C) Gallbladder (D) Liver (E) Transverse colon The esophagus connects the pharynx and the stomach. B. Correct! The esophagus is the muscular tube food and liquids travel through from the pharynx to the stomach. The gallbladder is located near the liver and does not connect the pharynx and stomach. The esophagus connects the pharynx and the stomach. The transverse colon connects the ascending and descending colons, not the pharynx and stomach. Remember that the esophagus is a muscular, collapsible tube that serves as a passageway for food and liquid to travel from the pharynx to the stomach. The correct answer is (B).

2 Question No. 2 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as 2. Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food that is consumed? Question #02 (A) Serosa (B) Muscularis (C) Oblique (D) Mucosa (E) Submucosa The serosa is the outer layer of the digestive tract. The muscularis is an inner layer of the digestive tract. It contains the smooth muscle. The oblique layer only refers to a band of muscle found in the stomach. This layer does not come into contact with the food consumed. D. Correct! The mucosa is the inner layer of the digestive tract and thus comes into direct contact with the food consumed. The submucosa is the layer external to the mucosa. The submucosa contains the glands, nerves, and vessels. The inner layer of the digestive tract is known as the mucosa. The mucosa is comprised primarily of epithelial cells and is in direct contact with the food consumed. The correct answer is (D).

3 Question No. 3 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as 3. Place the following components of the small intestine in the proper order beginning with the segment closest to the stomach. Question #03 1. jejunum 2. ileum 3. duodenum (A) 1,2,3 (B) 2,1,3 (C) 2,3,1 (D) 3,2,1 (E) 3,1,2 From stomach to large intestine, the correct order is duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is the first segment of the small intestine, and the ileum is the last segment. Answer The ileum is the final segment of the small intestine, not the first segment. From stomach to large intestine, the correct order is duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. E. Correct! From the stomach, the duodenum is the first segment, followed by the jejunum, and the ileum. Remember consumed food moves from the stomach to the duodenum and into the jejunum, which is the longest segment of the small intestine. From the jejunum, substances move into the final segment of the small intestine, the ileum. The correct answer is (B).

4 Question No. 4 of Which of the following structures produce bile? Question #04 (A) gallbladder (B) liver (C) pancreas (D) salivary glands (E) stomach The gallbladder stores bile. The liver produces bile. B. Correct! The liver produces bile which is then stored in the gallbladder. The liver produces bile. The salivary glands produce saliva, not bile. The liver produces bile. The liver produces bile which is then transported through a duct to the gallbladder, where it is stored. Bile is released from the gallbladder in order to help digest lipids. The correct answer is (B).

5 Question No. 5 of Where is the sigmoid colon located? Question #05 (A) Between the ascending colon and transverse colon. (B) Between the rectum and anus. (C) Between the descending colon and rectum. (D) Between the transverse colon and descending colon. (E) Between the small intestine and large intestine. The sigmoid colon is located between the descending colon and the rectum. The rectum is directly connected to the anus. C. Correct! The sigmoid colon links the descending colon to the rectal area. The sigmoid colon is located between the descending colon and the rectum. The small intestine is directly connected to the large intestine. The sigmoid colon is an S-shaped structure which connects the descending colon to the rectum. The correct answer is (C).

6 Question No. 6 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem statement and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as 6. Which enzymes perform chemical digestion of carbohydrates? Question #06 (A) amylase (B) pepsin (C) lipase (D) bile (E) gastrin A. Correct! Amylase is an enzyme which breaks down starch, a carbohydrate, to simply sugars. Pepsin digests proteins, not carbohydrates. Lipase digests fats, not carbohydrates. Bile is used to emulsify fat, not digest carbohydrates. Gastrin is a hormone secreted by the stomach. It is not an enzyme. Carbohydrates must be broken down from large, complex molecules to simple forms so they can be absorbed by the blood. Enzymes, such as amylase, help digest carbohydrates into simpler forms. Other enzymes involved with carbohydrate digestion include the disaccharases. The correct answer is (A).

7 Question No. 7 of Which structure of the digestive system generates primarily mixing movements? Question #07 (A) Esophagus (B) Large intestine (C) Stomach (D) Pancreas (E) Duodenum The esophagus uses peristalsis to move from the pharynx to the stomach. The large intestine uses mass movements to move substances through the digestive tract. C. Correct! The stomach uses mixing movements to mix food with digestive secretions. The pancreas is not involved with motility or movement of the digestive system. The duodenum uses primarily peristalsis to move food through the intestinal tract. Remember the stomach is primarily storage and mixing chamber for consumed food. Ingested food is mixed with digestive secretions, and then is later emptied into the small intestine. The correct answer is (C).

8 Question No. 8 of Fats, or lipids, contain how many kilocalories per gram? Question #08 (A) 2 kcal/g (B) 4 kcal/g (C) 6 kcal/g (D) 8 kcal/g (E) 9 kcal/g Fats contain 9 kilocalories per gram. Fats contain 9 kilocalories per gram, while proteins and carbohydrates contain 4 kilocalories per gram. Fats contain 9 kilocalories per gram. Fats contain 9 kilocalories per gram. E. Correct! Fats contain 9 kilocalories per gram. Remember that fats, or lipids, are a dense energy source. They contain over twice the kilocalories per gram (9 kilocalories per gram) as do carbohydrates or proteins (4 kilocalories per gram). The correct answer is (E).

9 Question No. 9 of Which of the following vitamins are water-soluble? Question #09 (A) Vitamin A (B) Vitamin B (C) Vitamin D (D) Vitamin E (E) Vitamin K Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin. B. Correct! Vitamin B is a water-soluble vitamin. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and remain in the body only a relatively short time. These are primarily the B and C vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E, and K. These can be stored in the fat tissue in the body for relatively long periods. Because fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body, caution must be used so toxic levels of the vitamins do not build up in the body. The correct answer is (B).

10 Question No. 10 of What percentage of the diet should be comprised of carbohydrates? Question #10 (A) 2-10 percent (B) percent (C) percent (D) percent (E) 45 percent or more Carbohydrates should account for at least 45% of the daily caloric intake. Carbohydrates should account for at least 45% of the daily caloric intake. Carbohydrates should account for at least 45% of the daily caloric intake. Carbohydrates should account for at least 45% of the daily caloric intake. E. Correct! Carbohydrate intake should be at least 45% of the day s total calories. Remember carbohydrates are the primary energy source of the body and the central nervous system. Therefore, adequate carbohydrate intake in the diet is needed for health. At least 45% of the calories each day should be in the form of carbohydrates. The percentage will vary somewhat based on a person s activity level, with athletes requiring more carbohydrates than sedentary individuals. The correct answer is (E).