Chapter 19. Openstax: Chapter 18. Blood

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1 Chapter 19 Blood Openstax: Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Learning Outcomes After completing Chapter 19, you will be able to: 1. Describe the components and major functions of blood and list the physical characteristics of blood. 2. Describe the composition and functions of plasma. 3. List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells, describe the structure and functions of hemoglobin, describe erythropoiesis and how are red blood cell components recycled. 4. List and describe the types of white blood cells based on their structures and functions. 5. Describe the structure, function, and production of platelets. 6. Discuss the mechanisms of hemostasis after an injury. 7. Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities. Learning Outcome 1: Describe the components and major functions of blood, and list the physical characteristics of blood. Martini: 19-1 Blood functions and characteristics, pg. 653 Openstax: 18.1 Functions & Characteristics of Blood, pg. 738? The study of blood, blood-forming tissues and disorders associated with them is called 1. What type of tissue is blood? 1a. The extracellular matrix in blood is called 2. List the general functions of blood 1

2 2a. Describe each general function of blood: Transportation: Defense (protection): -against: -against: Maintenance of Homeostasis: 3. Describe basic physical characteristics of blood 3a. blood temperature is about 3b. Compare blood s viscosity versus water: 3c. Blood ph is between? Blood s ph is a) slightly acidic b) slightly basic c) neutral 3d. Blood volume: how much blood volume do? Adult males have? liters of blood Adult females have? liters of blood What causes the difference in blood volume between males and females? Primarily reflects differences in 2

3 4. Components of Blood 4a. Blood has components: The term whole blood refers to 4b. What is plasma? 4c. What are formed elements of blood? List the blood cells: List the cell fragments of blood: 3. Components of Blood: Centrifuged blood sample Martini: See Fig Openstax: Fig. 18.2? What is the buffy coat? 3

4 4d. What is hematocrit? Another name for hematocrit is I. What is the normal hematocrite range in: Adult males? Adult females? Average: Average: II. The sex difference in hematocrit is mainly caused by the fact that: 4e. What is anemia? Disorder of blood characterized by 4f. What is polycythemia? Disorder of blood characterized by Learning Outcome 2: Describe the composition and functions of plasma. Martini: 19-2 Plasma, pg. 656 Openstax: 18.1 Blood Plasma, pg Plasma makes up about % of the volume of whole blood. Range: 2. Normal color of plasma: 3. List the main components of plasma: 4. Describe each main component of plasma: 4a. Water 4ai. component of plasma 4aii. Plasma is about % water 4b. Plasma Proteins 4bi. Plasma proteins make about % of plasma volume 4bii. List the 3 most abundant plasma proteins: 4

5 Albumin A. Makes up about % of plasma proteins. Clinical levels: B. Name the organ that synthesizes (makes) albumin: dl = deciliter C. List functions of albumin: -Major contributor to: Liver -Transports: Diaphragm Stomach Globulins A. Globulins make up % of plasma proteins. Clinical levels: B. List important plasma globulins: C. Most globulins are made at Fibrinogen A. Fibrinogen accounts roughly % of plasma proteins. Clinical levels: B. Function of fibrinogen? C. Name the organ that synthesizes (makes) fibrinogen: 4c. Other solutes (1%) found in plasma: REVIEW Fig. 19-1, Martini, pg (This picture is posted in Eagle Online under Lecture Notes, Ch 19 folder) 5

6 MORE REVIEW: a) List the three formed elements of blood: b) Label the formed elements of blood in the picture to the right: Learning Outcome 3: List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells, describe the structure and functions of hemoglobin, describe erythropoiesis and how are red blood cell components recycled. Martini: 19-3 Red Blood Cells, pg. 657 Openstax: 18.3 Erythrocytes, pg What is another name for red blood cells (RBCs)? 2. RBCs are: 3. Abundance of RBCs 3a. Adult males: 1 microliter (µl) of whole blood contains about million RBCs. 3b. Adult females: 1 microliter (µl) of whole blood contains about million RBCs. 4. Describe the functions of a RBCs: Transport to tissues AND remove from tissues. 6

7 5. Shape and Structure of RBCs 5a. Shape: -Thin: -Thicker Average RBC diameter: µm = micrometer Martini, Fig Openstax: Fig b. The RBC shape (as biconcave disc) has three important effects on its function: 5bi. 5bii. Martini: Fig (d) 5biii. 5c. Does a mature human RBC have nucleus & most organelles? A) Yes B) No 5d. Can RBCs divide? A) Yes B) No 5e. RBCs normally live less than days in circulation. 7

8 5f. Name the oxygen-carrying protein inside RBCs that causes their red color: 1 RBC contains about million hemoglobins Hemoglobin (Hb) Martini, pg. 659 Openstax, pg What is hemoglobin? 1a. a large molecule composed of 1b. Hemoglobin is responsible for the RBC s ability to transport 2. Normal hemoglobin ranges: 2a. in males: g/dl 2b. in females: g/dl 1 RBC has about 280 million Hbs g/dl = grams per deciliter 3. Hemoglobin (Hb) Structure: 3a. Each Hb molecule has polypeptides chains: alpha (α) chains and beta (β) chains Openstaxi: Fig b. Each Hb chain contains heme molecule. How many heme molecules does one (1) hemoglobin contain? heme molecules 3c. Each heme has an ion. Each iron ion binds:? 1(one) Hemoglobin contains iron ions.and each iron binds oxygen molecule (O2) Therefore, 1 (one) hemoglobin transports oxygen molecules. 8

9 ? 4. Oxyhemoglobin vs. Deoxyhemoglobin 4a. In the lungs, hemoglobin picks up oxygen (O2) which binds to forming 4b. Blood that contains RBCs filled with oxyhemoglobin is red Bright red blood is transported in: a) arteries b) veins 4c. A hemoglobin molecule whose irons have no oxygen bound is called: 4d. Blood that contains RBCs filled with deoxyhemoglobin is red 4e. Hemoglobin also transports carbon dioxide (CO2): 4f. Describe Sickle Cell Anemia: RBC Production, Martini, pg During the first eight weeks of development, blood cells form 2. From the second to fifth month of development, blood cells form 3. In adults, the only site of blood cells formation is: Red bone marrow is found in 4. RBC formation is called 9

10 5. Stages in RBC Maturation: Stem cells in red bone marrow Martini, Fig Openstax, Fig Regulation of Erythropoiesis 6a. For erythropoiesis to proceed normally, the red bone marrow needs: 6b. Name the hormone that controls directly the production rate of RBCs: 6c. Where is erythropoietin made and released from? MAINLY from the but it is also released in small amounts from the 6d. List other hormones that stimulate indirectly the production of RBCs: 10

11 6e. What causes release of erythropoietin from kidneys and liver? 6ei. Low 6eii. List physiological conditions that cause hypoxia in the body: 6f. What is blood doping? 6fi. List the dangers of blood doping: READ: RBC formation and Turnover, Martini: pg (also posted in EO2) Fill in the blanks to each question about your reading assignment: 1. A RBC lives for about days. 2. Describe how RBCs get damaged as they are close to 120 days: 3. Do RBCs have a repair mechanism (can they repair damages to them?)? 4. About % of circulating RBCs are replaced each day and in the process approximately million new RBCs enter the bloodstream each second! 5. Name the organs and tissues where old and damaged RBCs are removed: 11

12 6. Name the cell that removes damaged RBCs: Review: What type of cells are macrophages? 7. What is hemolysis? 8. What is hematuria? 7. Once macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, engulf old and damaged RBCs, each part of the hemoglobin molecule has different fates. Describe what occurs to each component of hemoglobin as it is degraded by macrophages: Globular Proteins (alpha chains & beta chains): -are broken apart into -what occurs to the amino acids produced? β1 chain β2 chain The iron ion (Fe +2 ) in the heme portion of hemoglobin: -may be stored in the cell -released into the, where it binds to, a plasma protein. α1 chain Hemoglobin α2 chain The non-iron portion of heme: -is degraded into a waste molecule called, an organic compound with green color. -Biliverdin is then converted to, an orange-yellow pigment, and released into the Bilirubin binds to and is transported to the liver for excretion in If bilirubin levels increase in blood, yellowish of the skin and sclera of the eyes occurs, a condition known as -EXCRETION OF BILIRUBIN: Bacteria in the large intestine convert bilirubin to urobilins and stercobilins. Feces are yellow-brown or brown due to the presence of urobilins and stercobilins in varying proportions. The kidneys excrete urobilins, causing in urine its yellow color!? REVIEW Questions (do them on your own) 1. Jim develops a blockage in his renal arteries that restricts blood flow to the kidneys. What effect will this have on his hematocrite? 12

13 2. How would the hematocrite change after an individual suffered a significant blood lost? 3. Name the MOST common (abundant) formed element of blood: Learning Outcome 4: List and describe the types of white blood cells based on their structures and functions. Martini: 19-5 White Blood Cells, pg. 666 Openstax: 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets, pg List another name for WBCs: Where are WBCs made in the body? Martini: Table 19-3 Openstax: Fig List functions of WBCs: 3. Do WBCs have nuclei, organelles? a. Yes b. No 3a. Can WBCs divide? a. Yes b. No 4. What is the normal WBC count in men and women? 4a. What is leukocytosis? 4b. What is leukopenia? 5. How long do WBCs live in circulation? 13

14 6. List the 5 types of WBCs (which ones are granulocytes and which ones are agranulocytes?) Martini: Table 19-3 Openstax: Fig Table 1 (next page): to be completed in lab **Use Your Textbook to complete the table on next page 14

15 TABLE 1. Characteristics and Functions of White Blood Cells (WBC) White Blood Cell Quantity Appearance of nucleus & granules or cytoplasm Granulocytes 1. Neutrophil Another name for neutrophils: Range: Differential count: Specific Functions Site of production 2. Eosinophil Range: Differential count: 3. Basophil Range: Differential count: Agranulocytes 1.Monocyte 2.Lymphocyte Range: Differential count: Range: Differential count: REVIEW QUESTIONS ABOUT WBCS: 1. Which WBC type increases in blood with a parasitic worm infection? 2. The first WBC to arrive at the site of an injury is 3. Which WBC releases histamine and heparin? What is the function of histamine? 15

16 What is the function of heparin? 4. Which WBC would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut? 5. List three WBC that can phagocytize pathogens. What is phagocytosis? 6. When monocytes move out of the bloodstream and arrive to tissues, they are called 7. Cellular debris, wastes, and what type of WBC form together the pus associated with infected wounds? 8. Name the three types of lymphocytes: WBC Circulation and Movement Martini, pg. 667 Openstax, pg While RBCs spend their days circulating in blood vessels, WBCs A. 2. Describe the emigration of WBCs from a blood capillary to injured/infected tissues: Openstax: Fig B. C. 16 Neutrophil releases chemicals that break apart pathogens 16

17 Martini: 19-6 Platelets, pg. 674 Openstax: Platelets, pg List another name given to platelets: 2. A platelet is NOT BIOL 2402 Chapter 19 Martini 10 th OS 2013 Learning Outcome 5: Describe the structure, function, and production of platelets. 3. Platelets are made and released from Red bone Marrow at Spongy Bone 4. Platelet count in blood: 5. How long do platelets live in circulation? days. 5a. Platelets are mainly removed in 6. List functions of platelets: 7. Disorders of Platelets 17

18 7a. Thrombocytopenia: 7b. Thrombocytosis: Learning Outcome 6: Discuss the mechanisms of hemostasis after an injury. Martini: 19-7 Hemostasis, pg. 675 Openstax: 18.5 Hemostasis, pg What is hemostasis? 2. Hemostasis consists of 3 phases: A. B. C. 2a. Vascular Phase 2ai. of broken blood vessels near injury reducing blood lost 2aii. 2aiii. Endothelial cells lining the inside of the blood vessel Wall release Martini, Fig b. Platelet Phase Openstax, Fig bi. Platelets adhere to 18

19 2bii. Platelet plug releases chemicals promoting 2biii. Platelet plug helps 2c. Coagulation (blood clotting) Phase 2ci. Last but 2cii. Main goal of coagulation phase: 2ciii. Blood clot forms as a result of: 2civ. Clotting factors are secreted MAINLY by 2cv. The clotting cascade requires ions Martini, Fig Openstax, Fig The liver needs Vitamin to synthesize (make) several clotting factors. 19

20 3. Clot Retraction & Fibrinolysis 3a. Clot Retraction: 3b. Fibrinolysis is: -The gradual -Inactive plasma protein plasminogen becomes active : What is the function of plasmin? REVIEW: hemostasis has three phases: Learning Outcome 7: Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities. Martini: 19-4 The ABO Blood types & Rh Factor, pg. 664 Openstax: 18.6 Blood Typing, pg What is an antigen? 2. RBCs have at least 3. The three (3) most important surface antigens on RBCs plasma membrane are: 4. Your blood type is determined by: 20

21 5. Based on RBC surface antigens, there are four blood types: Type blood BIOL 2402 Chapter 19 Martini 10 th OS 2013 Fun Fact: In USA, the most common blood types are O (47%) and A (41%). Type of blood a Type A blood person can receive: Type blood Type of blood a Type B blood person can receive: Type blood Type of blood a Type AB blood person can receive: Type blood Type of blood a Type O blood person can receive:? People with this type of blood are called universal recipients : People with this type of blood are called universal donors : What is agglutination? 21

22 6. Rh Positive (Rh + ) indicates: 6a. The absence of this antigen is indicated as: 6b. When the complete blood type is recorded: For example: READ: -Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, Martini pg Openstax pg Use your notes AND textbook to answer chapter assessment questions at the end Ch 19 in yourap Textbook. -Visit Mastering A&P to do different activities to assess your Ch 19 knowledge. Test Your Knowledge 1. Name the protein found inside RBCs that gives RBCs their red color. Also list the normal range of this protein (in grams per 100 ml of blood) for women and men. 2. Name the fluid portion of whole blood: 3. The major ACTIVE protein that forms a blood clot is? a. plasmin b. fibrin c. plasminogen d. albumin e. fibrinogen 4. Which of the formed elements of blood ARE NOT cells? 22

23 5. There are 5 types of white blood cells, classified according to the presence or absence of granules: three WBCS are granulocytes and two are agranulocytes. Granulocytes: Why are granulocytes called Granulocytes? List all granulocytes. Agranulocytes: Why are agranulocytes called Agranulocytes? List all agranulocytes. Color the granulocytes according to the staining pattern of their granules: Neutrophil: granules stain light purple. Eosinophil: granules stain deep red. Basophil: granules stain deep blue. 6. How are granulocytes similar to agranulocytes? How do they differ? 7. Which organ is responsible for the synthesis of most (90%) plasma proteins? 8. Describe the physiological mechanism that dissolves blood clots. 23

24 9. Place the most appropriate number in the blank provided. Hematopoiesis 1. Macrophage Basophil 2. Antibodies Monocyte 3. Universal donor Eosinophil 4. Clotting Thrombocytes 5. Dilates blood vessels Type O blood 6. Destroys parasites Lymphocytes 7. Red bone marrow 10. At least 55% of normal blood is composed of a. WBCs b. Plasma c. Metabolic wastes d. thrombocytes 11. RBCs do not have this characteristic: a. a large nucleus b. hemoglobin in the cytoplasm c. the ability to carry carbon dioxide d. a biconcave disc shape 12. Which statement is true about hemoglobin? a. give WBC granules their color b. carries oxygen and carbon dioxide at the same time c. commonly found in plasma d. is removed from the body as urea 13. A lack of this chemical reduces RBC formation: a. leukotriene b. vitamin K c. erythropoietin d. prothrombin 24

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