Chapter 04 Lecture Outline
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1 Chapter 04 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1
2 Organization and Regulation of Body Systems 2
3 Points to ponder What is a tissue? Organ? Organ system? What are the 4 main types of tissue? What do these tissues look like, how do they function, and where are they found? What is the integumentary system? How can you prevent skin cancer? What is homeostasis and how is it maintained? 3
4 4.1 Types of Tissues What is a tissue? A collection of cells of the same type that perform a common function There are 4 major tissue types in the body. 1. Connective 2. Muscular 3. Nervous 4. Epithelial 4
5 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports 1. Connective tissue It binds and supports parts of the body. It has specialized cells, ground substance, and protein fibers. Ground substance is noncellular and ranges from solid to fluid. Ground substance and protein fibers together make up the matrix of the tissue. There are 3 main types of connective tissue: A. fibrous, B. supportive, and C. fluid. 5
6 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports 3 main types of connective tissue A. Fibrous B. Supportive C. Fluid Types of Connective Tissue Fibrous connective tissue Supportive connective tissue Fluid connective tissue Loose Fibers create loose, open framework Dense Fibers are densely packed Cartilage Solid yet flexible matrix Bone Solid and rigid matrix Blood Contained in blood vessels Lymph Contained in Lymphatic vessels Figure 4.4 Types of connective tissue. 6
7 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports A. Fibrous connective tissue There are 2 types: dense and loose, but both contain fibroblast cells with a matrix of collagen and elastic fibers. Loose fibrous tissue is found supporting epithelium and many internal organs. Adipose tissue is a special, loose fibrous tissue where fat is stored. 7
8 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports What does loose fibrous connective tissue look like? elastic fiber collagen fiber fibroblast Loose fibrous tissue Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Adipose cell: stores fat Ed Reschke Stem cell: divides to produce other types of cells Collagen fiber: unbranched, strong but flexible Ground substance: fills spaces between cells and fibers Elastic fiber: branched and stretchable Fibroblast: divides to produce other types of cells Reticular fiber: branched, thin, and forms network Blood vessel White blood cell: engulfs pathogens or produces antibodies Figures 4.1 and 4.2 Connective tissues (components and knee). 8
9 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports B. Supportive connective tissue: Cartilage Cells are in chambers called lacunae. Matrix is solid but flexible. 9
10 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports B. Supportive connective tissue: Cartilage 3 types are distinguished by types of fibers. 1. Hyaline cartilage fine collagen fibers Location: Nose, ends of long bones, and fetal skeleton 2. Elastic cartilage more elastic fibers than cartilage fibers Location: Outer ear 3. Fibrocartilage strong collagen fibers Location: Disks between vertebrae 10
11 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports B. Supportive connective tissue: Bone Cells are in chambers called lacunae. Solid and rigid matrix is made of collagen and calcium salts. 11
12 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports B. Supportive connective tissue: Bone 2 types are distinguished by types of fibers. 1. Compact made of repeating circular units called osteons which contain the hard matrix, living cells, and blood vessels Location: Shafts of long bones 2. Spongy an open latticework with irregular spaces Location: Ends of long bones 12
13 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports What do bone and cartilage look like? Ed Reschke matrix Hyaline cartilage cell within a lacuna Figure 4.2 Connective tissues in the knee. 13
14 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports C. Fluid connective tissue: Blood Made of a fluid matrix called plasma and cellular components that are called formed elements 3 formed elements: 1. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) cells that carry oxygen 2. White blood cells (leukocytes) cells that fight infection 3. Platelets (thrombocytes) pieces of cells that clot blood 14
15 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports C. Fluid connective tissue: Blood White blood cells platelets red blood cell plasma (surrounds formed elements) Figure 4.3 The formed elements of blood. 15
16 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports C. Fluid connective tissue: Lymph Matrix is a fluid called lymph. White blood cells congregate in lymph nodes. 16
17 4.3 Muscular Tissue Moves the Body 2. Muscle tissue It allows for movement in the body. It is made of muscle fibers/cells and protein fibers called actin and myosin. There are 3 types of muscle tissue in humans: A. skeletal, B. smooth, and C. cardiac. 17
18 4.3 Muscular Tissue Moves the Body A. Muscle tissue - Skeletal Appearance: long, cylindrical cells, multiple nuclei, striated fibers Location: attached to bone for movement Nature: voluntary movement Figure 4.5a. The three types of muscle tissue. 18
19 4.3 Muscular Tissue Moves the Body B. Muscle tissue - Smooth Appearance: spindle-shaped cell with one nucleus, lacks striations Location: walls of hollow organs and vessels Nature: involuntary movement Figure 4.5b. The three types of muscle tissue. 19
20 4.3 Muscular Tissue Moves the Body C. Muscle tissue Cardiac Appearance: branched cells with a single nucleus, striations with darker striations called intercalated disks between cells Location: heart Nature: involuntary movement Figure 4.5c. The three types of muscle tissue. 20
21 4.4 Nervous Tissue Communicates 3. Nervous tissue It allows for communication between cells through sensory input, integration of data, and motor output. It is made of 2 major cell types: A. neurons and B. neuroglia. 21
22 4.4 Nervous Tissue Communicates A. Nervous tissue - neurons They are made of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. Neuron dendrite cell body nucleus Dendrites carry information toward the cell body. Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte myelin sheath axon Microglia Axons carry information away from the cell body. Capillary dendrite nucleus cell body axon Figure 4.6. A neuron and examples of supporting neuroglia cells. Micrograph of neuron Ed Reschke 22
23 4.4 Nervous Tissue Communicates A. Nervous tissue - neuroglia They are a collection of cells that support and nourish neurons. Neuron dendrite cell body nucleus They outnumber neurons 9:1. Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte Microglia Examples are oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. Capillary myelin sheath axon dendrite nucleus cell body Figure 4.6. A neuron and examples of supporting neuroglia cells. Micrograph of neuron Ed Reschke 23
24 4.5 Epithelial Tissue Protects 4. Epithelial tissue It is a group of cells that forms a tight, continuous network. It lines body cavities, covers body surfaces, and is found in glands. Cells are anchored by a basement membrane on one side and free on the other side. It is named after the appearance of cell layers and the shape of the cells. There is transitional epithelium that changes in appearance in response to tension. 24
25 4.5 Epithelial Tissue Protects How do we name epithelial tissue? Number of cell layers Simple (one layer of cells) Pseudostratified (appears to have multiple layers but only has one layer) Stratified (more than one layer of cells) Simple Figure 4.7a. Shapes of epithelial cells. 25
26 4.5 Epithelial Tissue Protects How do we name epithelial tissue? Shape of cell Cuboidal (cube-shaped) Columnar (column-shaped) Squamous (flattened) Figure 4.7b. Shapes of epithelial cells. Pseudostratified columnar 26
27 4.5 Epithelial Tissue Protects What does epithelial tissue look like? Simple squamous Lining of lungs, Blood vessels protects Simple cuboidal lining kidney tubules, various glands absorbs molecules basement membrane basement membrane Ed Reschke Simple columnar lining of small intestine, oviducts absorbs nutrients Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar lining of trachea sweeps impurities towards that Stratified squamous lining of nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal, vagina protects cilia goblet cell secretes mucus goblet cell secretes mucus basement membrane basement membrane basement membrane Figure 4.8. The basic types of epithelial cells. Ed Reschke 27
28 4.6 Integumentary System The integumentary system It includes the skin and accessory organs such as hair, nails, and glands. The skin has 2 main regions called the epidermis and the dermis. Under the skin there is a subcutaneous layer between the dermis and internal structures where fat is stored. It is important for maintaining homeostasis. 28
29 4.6 Integumentary System What are the functions of the integumentary system? 1. It protects the body from physical trauma, invasion by pathogens, and water loss. 2. It helps regulate body temperature. 3. It allows us to be aware of our surroundings through sensory receptors. 4. It synthesizes chemicals such as melanin and vitamin D. 29
30 4.6 Integumentary System There are 2 regions of the skin Epidermis Dermis hair shaft sweat pore stem cells Epidermis sensory receptor capillaries oil gland arrector pili muscle free nerve endings hair follicle hair root sweat gland artery vein nerve Dermis Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) adipose tissue Figure 4.9. Anatomy of human skin. 30
31 4.6 Integumentary System The epidermis It is the thin, outermost layer of the skin. It is made of epithelial tissue. Cells in the uppermost layers are dead and become filled with keratin, thus acting as a waterproof barrier. Langerhans cells are a type of white blood cells that help fight pathogens. Melanocytes produce melanin that lend to skin color and protection from UV light. Some cells convert cholesterol to vitamin D. 31
32 4.6 Integumentary System The dermis It is the thick, inner layer of the skin. It is made of dense fibrous connective tissue. It contains elastic and collagen fibers. It contains blood vessels, many sensory receptors, and glands. 32
33 4.6 Integumentary System Where are skin cells keratinized? Figure A light micrograph of human skin. 33
34 4.6 Integumentary System What you need to know about skin cancer? 2 of the 3 types that arise in the epidermis Basal cell carcinoma is the most common yet least deadly form of skin cancer. Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer but is the least common. 34
35 4.6 Integumentary System What you need to know about skin cancer? What can you do to help prevent this? Stay out of the sun between 10 A.M. and 3 P.M. Wear protective clothing (tight weave, treated sunglasses, wide-brimmed hat). Use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 that protects from UV-A and UV-B rays. Do not use tanning beds. 35
36 4.6 Integumentary System What might skin cancer look like? Figure Cancers of the skin. 36
37 4.6 Integumentary System What are the accessory organs of the skin and why are they important? They include nails, hair, and glands. Nails are derived from the epidermis and offer a protective covering. Hair follicles are derived from the dermis, but hair grows from epidermal cells. Oil glands are associated with hair and produce sebum that lubricates the hair and skin and retards bacterial growth. Sweat glands are derived from the dermis and help to regulate body temperature. 37
38 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes Moving from tissue to organs and organ systems An organ is 2 or more tissue types working towards a particular function. An organ system is a combination of organs that work together to carry out a particular function. 38
39 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What are the organ systems of the human body? Integumentary systems protects body. provides temperature Homeostasis synthesizes vitamin D. receives sensory input Organ:Skin. Cardiovascular systems transport system for nutrients, waste provides temperature, ph, and fluid homeostasis Organ: Heart Figure Organ systems of the body. Lymphatic and Immune systems defends against infectious diseases provides fluid homeostasis assists in absorption and transport of fats Organs: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system ingests, digests, and exchanges gases at processes food both lungs and tissues absorbs nutrients and assists in ph eliminates waste homeostasis involved in fluid Organs: Lungs homeostasis Organs: Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas excretes metabolic wastes provides ph and fluids homeostasis Organs: Kidneys, urinary bladder 39
40 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What are the organ systems of the human body? Skeletal system provides support and protection assists in movement stores minerals produces blood cells Organs: Bones Muscular system assists in movement and posture produces heat Organs: Muscles Figure Organ systems of the body. Nervous system receives, processes, and stores sensory input provides motor output coordinates organ systems Organs: Brain, spinal cord Endocrine system produces hormones. cordinate organ systems regulates metabolism and stress responce involved fluid and ph homeostasis Organs: Testes, ovaries, adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, thyroid, pineal gland Reproductive system produces and transports gametes nurtures and gives birth to offspring in females Organs: Testes, penis, ovaries, uterus, vagina 40
41 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What are the body cavities? Thoracic cavity: contains heart, lungs, and esophagus Cranial cavity: Contains brain Vertebral cavity: contains spinal cord diaphragm Dorsal cavity plurae pericardium peritoneum Thoracic cavity: Contains esophagus, heart, and lungs Abdominal cavity: contains digestive and other organs Pelvic cavity: contains reproductive and other organs Ventral cavity Abdominal cavity: Contains stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and intestines b. Pelvic cavity: contains reproductive and other organs a. Figure Body cavities of humans. 41
42 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What about the body membranes that line the cavities? Mucous membranes line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems Serous membranes line the lungs, heart, and abdominal cavity and cover the internal organs; named after their location Pleura: lungs Peritoneum: abdominal cavity and organs Pericardium: heart 42
43 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What about the body membranes that line the cavities? Synovial membranes line the cavities of freely movable joints Meninges cover the brain and spinal cord 43
44 4.8 Homeostasis What is homeostasis? It is the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment in the body. The nervous and endocrine systems are key in maintaining homeostasis. Changes from the normal tolerance limits result in illness or even death. 44
45 4.8 Homeostasis All systems are important in maintaining homeostasis Endocrine System All systems of the body contribute to maintain homeostasis. These systems in particular are especially note worthy. Endocrine glands secrete hormones, which also regulate and coordinate the activities of other systems. Works more slowly than the nervous system. Nervous System Regulates and coordinates the activities of all the other systems. It responds quickly to internal and external stimuli. Respiratory System Supplies blood with oxygen for tissue cells and rids blood of carbon dioxide. Helps regulate the acid base balance of the blood. Cardiovascular System Urinary System Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissue cells and transports wastes away from cells. Also transports hormones secreted by the endocrine glands. Excretes nitrogenous and other wastes. Regulates water salt balance of the blood. Helps regulate the acid base balance of the blood. Digestive System Lymphatic System Figure Homeostasis by the organ systems of the human body. Supplies blood with nutrients and water for tissue cells. Rids the body of nondigestible remains. Muscular System Produces heat that maintains body temperature. Protects and supports internal organs. Helps maintain blood volume by collecting excess tissue fluid and returning it via lymphatic vessels to the cardio vascular veins. Defends against disease. Integumentary System Helps maintain body temperature and protects internal organs. 45
46 4.8 Homeostasis What are the mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis? Negative feedback the output of the system resolves or corrects the original stimulus Positive feedback brings about an increasing change in the same direction as the original stimulus 46
47 4.8 Homeostasis Negative feedback The primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis The output of the system dampens the original stimulus Has 2 components sensor control center sends data to control center Sensor stimulus Control center Homeostasis directs response to stimulus Effect negative feedback and return to normal Figure Negative feedback mechanisms. 47
48 4.8 Homeostasis An example of negative feedback: Body temperature Control center sends data to control center 98.6 F set point directs response to stimulus Sensor Effect Blood vessels dilate; sweat glands secrete. stimulus negative feedback and return to normal temperature Normal body temperature negative feedback and return to normal stimulus Effect Blood vessels constrict; sweat glands are inactive; shivering may occur. Sensor Figure Body temperature homeostasis. directs response to stimulus Control center 98.6 F set point sends data to control center 48
49 4.8 Homeostasis Positive feedback A mechanism for increasing the change of the internal environment in one direction An example is the secretion of oxytocin during birth to continually increase uterine contractions Can be harmful such as when a fever is too high and continues to rise 49
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