Biology Final Review Answer Key

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1 Name: Date: Hour: Cell Energy (Cellular Respiration) Biology Final Review Answer Key 1. What is the equation for cellular respiration in both words and formulas? Words: Glucose plus six oxygen six carbon dioxide plus six water plus ATP Formulas: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO H ATP 2. Describe the energy transformation in the following: Cellular Respiration: _chemical energy Cellular Energy (Energy Currency) _glucose (molecule) ATP (molecule) 3. Which types of cells would tend to have the most mitochondria? Why? Muscle cells because muscle cells require and use more energy. The mitochondria make ATP (energy). The more mitochondria-the more energy 4. Fill in the following Venn diagram. Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration - Requires oxygen - Makes 36 ATP - More efficient - Make ATP - Cellular Respirati on - Does not require oxygen - Makes 2 ATP - Less efficient - Fermentation 5. Give a brief summary of cellular respiration in your own words. A process in which chemical energy (glucose) is converted into energy currency (ATP) in the mitochondria of all cells. Glucose and oxygen are converted into water and carbon dioxide. There are two types including, aerobic which requires oxygen and Anaerobic which does NOT require oxygen. 6. What is ATP and what does it do for the cell? ATP is energy currency and it powers all functions and activities of the cell.

2 7. Why is ATP sometimes compared to currency? ATP is energy that is spent or used for all cell activities similar to spending money for all of our activities. 8. How is the energy contained in food released to the cell? When the bonds are broken in glucose and then used to make ATP. 9. What is the source of energy in virtually all biological systems? Explain. The sun. Organisms either get their energy directly from the sun during photosynthesis or indirectly by eating those organisms. 10. Fill in the following: In Words Glucose plus six oxygen makes six carbon dioxide plus 6 water plus ATP Reactants C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Chemical Equation Chemical Equation C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO H ATP In Formulas Cellular Respiration (Define here) 6CO H ATP Products When does it occur? All of the time Conversion of glucose into ATP (Energy currency), Main Energy Source Sun mitochondria Plants and animals Where does it occur? In which type of organism? 11. How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related? The products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis and the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration. Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical energy and cellular respiration transforms chemical energy into USABLE energy currency in the form of ATP.

3 Body Systems and Homeostasis: 1. List the levels of organization in an organism from smallest to largest. cell tissues organ organ system organism 2. Fill in the chart for the body systems. System Major Structures Functions Circulatory Heart, blood vessels, blood, Transports nutrients, wastes, hormones and gases lymph nodes and vessels Digestive Mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines Extracts and absorbs nutrients from food; removes wastes; maintains water and chemical balances. Endocrine Hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas and many other endocrine glands Regulates body temperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction; maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems. Excretory Kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, skin, lungs Removes wastes from blood; regulates concentration of body fluids Immune White blood cells, lymph nodes and vessels, skin Defends against pathogens and disease Integumentary Skin, nails, hair Protects against injury, infection, and fluid loss; helps regulate body temperature Muscular Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue Moves limbs and trunk; moves substances through body; provides structure and support. Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Regulates behavior; maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems; controls sensory and motor functions. Reproductive Testes, penis (in males) ovaries, uterus, breasts (in females) Produces gametes and offspring Respiratory Lungs, nose, mouth, trachea Moves air into and out of lungs; controls gas exchange between blood and lungs. Skeletal Bones and joints Protects and supports the body and organs; interacts with skeletal muscles, produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

4 3. Define the following terms: a. Behavioral response A response/action that we choose to do to help our body cope with a stimulus. b. Regulatory response A response/action the body takes in order to cope with a stimulus c. Negative feedback Controls the body s responses by stopping or shutting it off when the set point is reached. 4. Exercise decreases blood ph. Why? More CO 2 made makes the blood more acidic. 5. What do humans do during exercise to lower their blood ph? Breathe faster What two systems work together to do this? Respiratory and circulatory blood glucose (mg/dl) blood glucose (mg/dl) 0 a. What is the setpoint in this graph? About 100mg/dL b. What caused the blood glucose level to drop below the setpoint around 4pm?exercise c. What hormone was released after dinner, around 8pm? Insulin

5 7. Fill in the following chart: Body Temperature Blood Sugar Blood ph Normal Set Point 98.6 F or 37 C mg/dl 7.4 Organ Systems Nervous, Endocrine, Endocrine, Digestive, Respiratory, Excretory, Involved Circulatory, Digestive, Circulatory Circulatory, Nervous Muscular, Integumentary What causes it to Eating increase? What causes it to Exercise or Not Eating Exercise decrease? Regulatory response(s) to below set point Vasoconstriction Shivering, Goosbumps, Increased Metabolism Release Glucagon Breath heavier to release CO 2 faster. The diaphragm will contract faster so the lungs expel extra CO 2 This regulatory response creates heat Regulatory Vasodilation Release insulin None response(s) to above set point Sweating This regulatory response releases heat DNA and Gene Expression 1. Define the following terms: a. Gene A section of DNA that contains instructions for making a specific protein b. Transcription The process where instruction for making a protein are transferred from DNA to mrna c. Translation The process of changing mrna into an amino acid chain

6 2. Put the following in order: 2 Free nucleotides bind to exposed bases following the Base Pair Rule. 3 New hydrogen bonds are formed. 5 The cell is ready to divide. 4 2 double helices are formed. 1 The hydrogen bonds between bases break; so the DNA double helix comes apart down the middle like a zipper. 3. Describe the products of DNA replication. Two identical DNA strands 4. The shape of a DNA molecule is a double helix. Its monomer is a nucleotide. It is made up of two strands. 5. Describe the base pair rule for both DNA and RNA. DNA RNA Adenine Thymine Adenine Uracil Cytosine Guanine Thymine Adenine Cytosine Guanine 6. The two steps of protein synthesis are #1 Transcription which occurs in the nucleus of the cell and uses mrna. This purpose of this step of protein synthesis is to make an mrna strand, the instruction for making a protein #2 Translation which occurs in the ribosome of the cell and uses trna, The purpose of this step of protein synthesis is to assemble amino acids to make a protein. 7. The molecule that carries the instructions to make a protein is called mrna. The molecule that brings amino acids to the site of translation is trna_. 8. Proteins are made up of amino acids 9. The function of a protein depends on its shape-how it bends and folds 10. Use the following to answer the questions. Normal DNA tat tgc ctg aag agc taa a. What is the amino acid chain for the normal DNA? (Hint: You will have to first find the mrna!) mrna aua acg gac uuc ucg auu isoleucine-threonine-aspartic acid-phenylalanine-serine-isoleucine 11. Why is the genetic code considered universal? All living things use the same codons to code for the 20 amino acids

7 Biochemistry 1. What is the most important element in biochemistry? Carbon 2. What elements are found in all living things? Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous 3. What types of bonds are involved in the structure of all four macromolecules? Covalent bonds 4. Define dehydration synthesis. Does it build or break down molecules? Are bonds made or broken? Is water added or removed? Removing of water to build molecules. Bonds are formed when water is removed. 5. Define hydrolysis. Does it build or break down molecules? Are bonds made or broken? Is water added or removed? Addition of water to break down molecules. Bonds are broken when water is added. 6. Fill in the following chart: Macro/Bio Molecule Monomer Function Structure (what elements does it contain. Circle the defining element if applicable) Examples Draw the Structure Protein Amino acids S.E.T.H Structure Enzyme Transport Hormone Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sometimes Sulfur Enzymes Connective Tissues Nucleic Acid Nucleotide To store hereditary information Protein Synthesis Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorous DNA RNA

8 7. What type of macromolecule is an enzyme? _Protein 8. The structure of a protein is 3 dimensional. Because of this, the chain of monomers called amino acids must bend and _fold before the protein is functional. 9. What is an enzyme? What does it do in chemical reactions? A protein that speeds up chemical reactions Cells 1. What are the major differences between plant cells and animal cells? What organelles are present in each that may not be present in the other? Describe the shape of each cell and also where the nucleus is often located. Plant cells are rectangular in shape and have a cell wall and chloroplast. Nucleus is pushed to the side by the vacuole. Animal cells are round in shape and have centrioles. Nucleus is often in the center of the cell. 2. Fill in the chart below Characteristic Bacteria Virus Type of genetic material DNA DNA or RNA Description of Structure Oval shaped, cell wall, free DNA Strange shape, has nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat Is it alive? Explain Yes, because it has the characteristics of life. No, does not have the characteristics of life. 3. How does a bacterium reproduce? How does a virus reproduce? Bacterium=Binary Fission Virus=Attaches to a host cell 4. What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell? Complete the table below to help your thinking. TYPE OF HAS A HAS HAS DNA? HAS A CELL EXAMPLES CELL NUCLEUS? YES OR NO ORGANELLES? YES OR NO YES OR NO LOCATION? MEMBRANE & CYTOPLASM? EUKARYOTE Yes Yes Yes, nucleus yes Plant and Animal PROKARYOTE NO No Yes, free floating Yes Bacteria

9 5. Answer the following using the diagrams. Figure 1 above is a animal cell because It is round in shape with a central nucleus. It does not have a cell wall or chloroplasts. Figure 2 above is a _plant cell because It is rectangular in shape. It has a cell wall and chloroplast. Nucleus off to side. It is also a/an eukaryotic_ cell It is also a/an _eukaryotic cell because it has a nucleus. because it has a nucleus. Figure 3 below is a _bacteria which is a _prokaryotic cell Figure 4 below is a _virus. It is not a cell; in fact it is not alive because it does not have a nucleus. because it does not have all seven characteristics of life.

10 6. Fill in the following chart: Type of Transport Passive High to low? Or low to high? Energy needed? Examples High to Low No Osmosis, diffusion Active Low to High Yes XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 7. Describe how substances are moved in diffusion. How does this relate to osmosis? They are moved from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Osmosis involves the movement of WATER. 8. Complete the chart: More H 2 0 in cell than outside cell Direction of water movement Water moves out of the cell Effect on cell The cell gets smaller Less H 2 0 in cell than outside cell Water moves into the cell The cell gets larger Equal amount of H 2 0 in cell and outside cell Water moves in and out of the cell at the same rate The cell appears to stay the same A little experiment Below is a description of an experiment involving live organisms and photosynthesis/respiration. The directions to the experiment are incomplete. Read the experiment and complete the table below. Photosynthesis/Respiration Experiment Purpose: Discover the affect that photosynthesis and respiration has on their environment. Background Information: 1. Photosynthesis process in which autotrophs use energy from the sun to produce their own food. 2. Respiration process in which animals and plants use oxygen in the air to release energy found in glucose.

11 3. Bromthymol blue an indicator which turns water green. Water turns to blue when CO 2 is removed from the water. Water becomes yellow as CO 2 is added to the water. Materials: 8 Mason Jars Snails Seaweed Spring Water Bromthymol Blue Procedure: Step 1. Collect all necessary materials. Step 2. Place 750 ml of spring water in each Mason jar. Step 3. Complete the experiment by treating the jars as described in the below. Table 1 Jar Number Live Organism Bromthymol Blue Placement 1 Seaweed 15 ml Near light 2 Snail 15 ml Near light 3 Seaweed and Snail 15 ml Near light 4 None 15 ml Near Light 5 Seaweed 15 ml In the Dark 6 Snail 15 ml In the Dark 7 Seaweed and Snail 15 ml In the Dark 8 None 15 ml In the Dark More on the back!

12 Results: The following observations were made over a four hour period. Table # 2 Jar Number Observation (Water Color) 1 Water turned blue 2 Water turned yellow 3 Water remains green 4 Water remains green 5 Water turns slightly yellow 6 Water turned yellow 7 Water turns yellow 8 Water remains green Use the results in table # 2 to fill in the missing column labeled Live Organisms in table # 1 above. Photosynthesis will use carbon dioxide, removing it from the water to turn the water blue. Cellular respiration will make carbon dioxide, adding it to the water to turn the water yellow. Seaweed is a plant that will undergo both photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the light and only cellular respiration in the dark. In the light, the water will turn blue because carbon dioxide is being used during photosynthesis at a faster rate than it is being used in cellular respiration. In the dark, the water will turn yellow because only cellular respiration will take carbon dioxide out of the water. The snail will undergo cellular respiration in both he light and the dark. This will make carbon dioxide, turning the water yellow. If both the plant and the snail are in the water, it will remain green in the light since both processes are taking place. The carbon dioxide made in cellular respiration will be used in photosynthesis, causing the water to remain green. In the dark, only cellular respiration will occur, causing the water to become yellow form the addition of carbon dioxide. If no living organism is in the jar, then there will be no change as cellular respiration and photosynthesis can t happen with a living organism.