The DIGESTIVE System
|
|
- Scott Dawson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The DIGESTIVE System
2 Digestion The breaking down of food by both mechanical and chemical means Mechanical Digestion - various movements of the alimentary canal that aid in chemical digestion Grinding of teeth to soften food Churning of food by smooth muscles to mix with digestive enzymes Chemical Digestion - series of catabolic reactions that break down large molecules into smaller molecules
3 Absorption The passage of digested food from the alimentary canal into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems for distribution to body cells
4 Defecation (Excretion) The elimination of indigestible substances from the alimentary canal
5 Ingestion Taking food into the body (EATING)
6 Movement (Propulsion) Passage of food along the alimentary canal
7 Types of Digestion Chemical digestion is the chemical breakdown of larger nutrient molecules to smaller ones which can be absorbed and used by the body. Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces.
8 Gastrointestinal Tract (Alimentary Canal) A continuous tube running through the ventral body cavity extending from the mouth to the anus Organs of the Alimentary Canal mouth - pharynx - esophagus stomach - small intestine - large intestine Accessory Organs teeth salivary glands gallbladder - tongue - liver - pancreas
9 Structures of the Digestive System
10 Mouth (Oral or Buccal Cavity) Cheeks Lips (Labia) Vestibule Hard Palate Soft Palate Uvula Tongue Papillae Lingual Frenulum
11 Oral Cavity
12
13 Pharynx Also called the throat Serves as a passageway for food and air Also helps in the formation of words
14 Esophagus Muscular tube located posterior to the trachea About 10 inches long Does not participate in digestive processes - simply a transport corridor Food is pushed through the esophagus by peristaltic action Forces food down into the stomach Esophageal hiatus - opening in the diaphragm for the esophagus
15 Lining of the Esophagus
16 Stomach J-shaped enlargement of the digestive tract located just below the diaphragm Superior portion - continuation of the esophagus Inferior portion empties into the duodenum Position and size of the stomach varies from individual to individual
17 Histology of the Stomach Composed of the same four tissue types as the other structures of the alimentary canal Mucosa: inner layer lined with epithelium attached to connective tissue protects tissues of the canal and carries on secretion and absorption. Submucosa: loose connective tissue housing blood and lymph vessels and nerves nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal. Muscularis: muscular layer (made up of skeletal and smooth muscle) propels food through the canal. Serosa: composed of visceral peritoneum protects underlying tissues and secretes serous fluid to keep the canal from sticking to other tissues in the abdominal cavity. When the stomach is empty the mucosa lie in large folds called rugae Mucosa contains millions of tiny openings called gastric pits that open into gastric glands Secretes digestive enzymes and a fluid called gastric juice (2-3 liter per day)
18 Histology of the Stomach
19 Small Intestine The next part of the alimentary canal Divided into three sections the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. In the duodenum, chemical digestion is completed. The majority of nutrients are absorbed in the jejunum and ileum.
20 Large Intestine The last part of the alimentary canal Responsible for the absorption of water, compaction of feces, and the production of Vitamin K
21 Accessory Organs The accessory organs include the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and salivary glands which will be discussed in more detail later on in this unit.
22 Salivary Glands Paired accessory structures that lie outside the oral cavity Secrete their contents (saliva) into ducts that empty into the mouth Parotid Glands - underneath the ears Submandibular Glands - under the mandible Sublingual Glands - under the tongue
23 Salivary Glands
24 Saliva Fluid secreted by the salivary glands 99.5% water.5% solutes chlorides -bicarbonates - sodium potassium - phosphates - urea uric acid - globulin -mucin serum albumin Salivary amylase - digestive enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth Lysozyme - destroys bacteria in the mouth
25 Digestion in the Mouth Mechanical Digestion Chewing (Mastication) Tongue manipulates the food Teeth grind up the food and mix it with saliva The result of mechanical digestion is a soft flexible mass of food called a bolus Chemical Digestion Salivary amylase initiates the breakdown of carbohydrates Only chemical digestion in the mouth
26 Teeth Accessory structures of the digestive system Deciduous teeth (baby teeth) - 20 Permanent teeth - 32 Incisors (8) - 4 on top, 4 on bottom chisel shaped - front of mouth Canines (4) - 2 on top, 2 on bottom sharp pointed tearing teeth Premolars (8) - 4 on top, 4 on bottom Molars (12) - 6 on top, 6 on bottom broad, flat, crushing teeth
27 Teeth
28 Portions of the Tooth Crown - exposed portion of the tooth above the gum line Neck - constricted junction line in the tooth between the crown and the root Root - one to three projections of the tooth that are embedded in the sockets of the alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillae
29 Portions of the Tooth
30 Composition of Teeth Enamel - outermost portion of the tooth, protects the tooth from wear and tear the hardest substance in the body Dentin - calcified connective tissue that gives the tooth its basic shape and rigidity Pulp Cavity - large cavity enclosed by the dentin that is filled with pulp Cementum - a bone-like substance that covers the dentin of the root
31 Tooth Structures
32 Root Canal
33 Periodontal Ligament An area of dense fibrous connective tissue attached to the socket walls and the cemental surface of the roots of the teeth Anchors teeth in position Serves as a shock absorber when chewing
34
35 Swallowing (Deglutition) Moving food from the mouth to the stomach Voluntary Stage - bolus is moved through the mouth into the oropharynx Pharyngeal Stage - involuntary passage of the bolus through the pharynx and into the esophagus Esophageal Stage - involuntary passage of the bolus through the esophagus and into the stomach
36 Swallowing
37 Deglutition
38 Digestive Processes Mastication chewing Maceration muscular waves in the stomach which mix food with gastric juice to form a liquid paste called chyme. Segmentation Short, small mixing movements of the alimentary canal.
39 Digestive Processes Peristalsis wave-like smooth muscle contractions which help to propel food and wastes along the alimentary canal. Haustral Churning movement of wastes along the large intestine by the contraction of the pouches or the haustra.
40 Features of the Stomach Cardiac Region where the stomach is connected to the esophagus. Fundus the rounded, superior area of the stomach that acts as a temporary storage for food. Body the large, central portion of the stomach below the fundus.
41 Features of the Stomach Pylorus the narrow, inferior region of the stomach. Rugae the folds in the stomach that allow for stretching of the stomach with the intake of food. Pyloric Sphincter the one-way valve located between the stomach and the duodenum.
42 Structures of the Stomach
43 Stomach Structures
44 Secretory Cells of the Gastric Glands Chief Cells Digestive enzymes Pepsinogen activated by HCl and converted to Pepsin Parietal Cells HCl Intrinsic Factor (absorption of Vitamin B12) Goblet Cells Secrete mucus to protect the stomach mucosa from the acidic environment
45 Gastric Gland
46 Gastric Gland
47 Mechanical Digestion in the Stomach Several minutes after food enters, the stomach generates mixing waves that churns the food inside - maceration Food mixes with gastric juices and is converted into a thin liquid called chyme
48 Chemical Digestion in the Stomach Cephalic Phase - reflexes initiated by sensory receptors in the head sight smell taste thought of food Gastric Phase - sensory receptors in the alimentary canal and stomach initiate nervous and hormonal chemical digestive processes Intestinal Phase - secretion of stomach enzymes that removes nutrients from food
49 Absorption in the Stomach The stomach does not participate in the absorption of food molecules into the blood However, some substances can be absorbed through the stomach wall Water Weak glucose concentrations Electrolytes Certain drugs (aspirin) Alcohol
50 Pancreas Oblong gland that lies posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach Connected by ducts to the duodenum Composed of clusters of glandular epithelial cells Two main types of Pancreatic Cells: Pancreatic Islets-Islets of Langerhans (1%) Hormones: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin Acini Cells (99%) Digestive pancreatic enzymes
51 Pancreas
52 Pancreatic Juice Alkaline mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes from the acini cells Pancreatic digestive enzymes: Pancreatic amylase carbohydrate digestion Pancreatic lipase fat digestion Chymotrypsin-Trypsin-Carboxypeptidase protein digestion Nucleases nucleic acid digestion Regulated by the intestinal hormones secretin and cholecystokinin
53 Liver Located just under the diaphragm on the right side of the body Largest organ of the abdominal-pelvic cavity Weighs about 1.4 kgs (3 lbs) Called the chemical factory of the body Completely covered by the peritoneum and a dense layer of connective tissue beneath the peritoneum
54 Liver Wedged beneath the lower right rib cage and occupying much of the upper right quadrant of the abdomen Largest organ in the human body Weighs between 2.6 and 3.5 pounds and measures about 8 inches across (smaller in women and larger in men) Most complex organ in the body in terms of function
55 Liver Functions of the liver can be divided into three primary categories: Metabolism Filtration of blood Secretion
56 Liver Functions of the liver can be divided into three primary categories: Metabolism breakdown of nutrients and drugs brought to the liver in blood coming from the intestinal tract transported by the blood from the liver to other tissues OR stored in the liver for future use Example: glycogen (remains in the liver until it is summoned and released to supply energy needs) Filtration of blood Secretion
57 Liver Functions of the liver can be divided into three primary categories: Metabolism Filtration of blood 1,450 milliliters of blood circulate through the liver every minute Liver not only extracts wastes and toxic matter from the blood but also regulates overall blood volume. The extensive network of blood vessels within the lobes of the liver can hold about 10 percent of the body s blood volume The volume of blood it stores is determined primarily by the pressure of blood entering and leaving the organ, with low pressures triggering the release of stored blood and vice versa Secretion
58 Liver Functions of the liver can be divided into three primary categories: Metabolism Filtration of blood Secretion Each day the liver secretes roughly one quart of bile Contains bile salts that facilitate the digestion of fats Bile also plays a central role in waste removal, picking up waste products from the blood and transporting them through a series of ducts for excretion through the intestine. Jaundice a yellowing of the eyes and skin, often occurring in newborns arises as a result of overproduction of bile, blockage of bile movement through the liver s duct system, or leakage of bilirubin (the pigment of bile) into the bloodstream
59 Anatomy of the Liver Right Lobe - largest lobe of the liver Located on the lateral-right side of the body Caudate Lobe - posterior portion of right lobe Quadrate Lobe - inferior portion of right lobe Left Lobe - smaller, medial lobe of the liver Falciform Ligament - separates the right and left lobes of the liver and anchors it to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall
60 Liver and Pancreas
61 Lobules of the Liver Smaller functional units of the liver Hepatocytes in the lobules produce and secrete a yellowish, brownish, or olive green liquid called bile (1 quart daily) Composed of bile salts and pigments, lecithin, and several ions ph of Excretory product and digestive secretion Assists in the breakdown of fat molecules (emulsification) Principle bile pigment is bilirubin
62 Functions of the Liver Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins Removal of drugs and hormones Excretion of bile Synthesis of bile salts Storage of vitamins, minerals, and food molecules Phagocytosis of old worn out red and white blood cells Activation of Vitamin D
63 The Gallbladder A pear shaped sac about 7-10 cm long Located on the inferior surface of the liver Stores and concentrates bile until it is needed by the small intestine for the emulsification of fat
64 Gallbladder
65 Bile Pathway
66 The Small Intestine Duodenum - the beginning of the small intestine where it attaches to the stomach First 6 inches Jejunum - the portion of the small intestine right after the duodenum Normally about 8 ft. long Ileum - the final portion of the small intestine About 12 ft. long Ileocecal valve
67 The Small Intestine
68 Wall of Duodenum
69 Villi in Duodenum
70 Chemical Digestion of the Small Intestine Complex series of chemical events that results in the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins Result of the collective effort of pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal juice which contain digestive enzymes Results in absorption - passage of digested nutrients into the blood or lymph
71 Mechanisms to Increase Absorption by the Small Intestines Folds in the intestinal walls of the mucosa layer of tissue (Plicae Circulares) Villi arrangement of tissue of mucosa layer Lacteals - blood capillaries and lymphatic vessels associated with each villi Microvilli arrangement of epithelial cells of the mucosa
72 Plicae Circulares
73 Villi of Small Intestine
74 Villi with Lacteal
75 Lining of Ileum
76 Absorption in the Small Intestine 90% of absorption takes place within the small intestine Remaining 10% occurs in the stomach and large intestine Absorption of nutrients occurs through the villi by means of: diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis active transport
77 Small Intestine Absorption
78 Nutrient Absorption
79 Additional Components of the Small Intestine Intestinal Juice - slightly alkaline secretion (ph 7.6) secreted by intestinal glands rapidly absorbed by the villi and provides a mechanism for absorption of substances in chyme Peyer s Patches - lymphatic glands of the small intestine Brunner s Glands - mucus secreting glands of the small intestine
80 Mechanical Digestion of the Small Intestine Segmentation - localized contraction of muscles of the small intestine in areas containing food Rate of about contractions/minute Sloshing of chyme back and forth within the intestinal lumen Peristalsis - rhythmical contraction of muscles of the small intestines that propels chyme through the intestinal tract
81 The Large Intestine About 1.5 m (5 ft) in length Cecum - beginning of the large intestine Vermiform appendix Colon - large tube-like portion of large intestine Ascending colon Descending colon Rectum Anal Canal Anus - Transverse colon - Sigmoid colon
82 Large Intestine Structures
83 Functions of the Large Intestine Completion of absorption Reabsorption of water Manufacture of certain vitamins Formation of feces Expulsion of feces from the body
84 Histology of the Large Intestine Walls of the large intestine contain no villi or permanent circular folds in the mucosa layer Epithelial tissue layer contain numerous goblet cells (secretes mucus) Lubricates the colonic contents as it passes through the large intestine
85 Haustra - series of characteristic pouch like structures that run the entire length of the colon Taenia Coli - bands of smooth muscle that are arranged longitudinally along the length of the colon Anal Columns - parallel ridges of mucosa in the anal canal which reduces friction with feces during defecation
86 Large Intestine Histology
87 Large Intestine Histology
88 Mechanical Digestion in the Large Intestine Haustral Churning - the relaxation and contraction of the individual segments of the colon Peristalsis - rhythmical contraction of the colon that moves the contents along through the length of the colon Mass Peristalsis - a strong peristaltic wave that begins about the middle of the transverse colon and drives the colonic contents into the rectum
89 Chemical Digestion in the Large Intestine Last stage of digestion Due to bacterial action in the large intestine Bacteria ferment any remaining carbohydrates and release hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane gas Also converts any remaining proteins into amino acids Absorbs any remaining water and electrolytes
90 Feces Formation in the Large Intestine By the time chyme has remained in the large intestine for 3-10 hours it has become a solid or semi-solid and is known as feces Consists of water, inorganic salts, sloughed off epithelial cells, products from bacterial decomposition, and indigestible parts of food
91 Defecation The emptying of the rectum Diarrhea frequent defecation of liquid feces Constipation infrequent or difficult defecation Flatus Expulsion of methane gas from the colon Hemorrhoids Enlarged veins in the lining of the anal canal
92 Digestive System Diseases and Homeostatic Imbalances
93 Appendicitis Inflammation of the vermiform appendix Can be caused by an obstruction of the lumen of the appendix by fecal material, a foreign body, stenosis, kinking of the organ, or carcinoma
94 Appendicitis Symptoms Abdominal pain that: occurs suddenly, often waking a person at night gets worse in a matter of hours begins near the belly button and then moves lower and to the right McBurney s Point Rebound tenderness gets worse when moving around, taking deep breaths, coughing, or sneezing
95 Cirrhosis of the Liver Distorted or scarred liver tissue due to chronic inflammation Commonly caused by hepatitis, chemical exposure, parasites, and alcoholism Symptoms include: jaundice, bleeding, edema, and increased sensitivity to drugs and chemicals
96 Cirrhosis of the Liver
97 Tumors of the Digestive System Can occur in all areas of the digestive system Can be malignant or benign Colorectal Cancer 3rd most common cause of cancer for both males and females Overall mortality rate is over 60% Factors contributing to colorectal cancer include genetic predisposition, diet high in fat, protein, insufficient dietary fiber, and low calcium and selenium in the diet
98 Gall Stones Crystallization of bile in the gallbladder Can block the bile duct causing intense pain Usually treated with gall stone dissolving drugs, lithotripsy, or surgery
99 Gall Stones
100 Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver Can be caused by viruses, drugs, and certain chemicals including steroids and alcohol Many different types of Hepatitis including: Hepatitis A (Infectious Hepatitis) Hepatitis B (Serum Hepatitis) Hepatitis C
101 Hepatitis A Infectious hepatitis Caused by Hepatitis A virus Usually spread when a person ingests fecal matter even in microscopic amounts from contact with objects, food, or drinks contaminated by the feces, or stool, of an infected person Can range in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a severe illness lasting several months Generally a mild disease of children and young adults Usually improves without treatment Does not become chronic Characterized by anorexia, malaise, jaundice, nausea, diarrhea, fever, and chills
102 Hepatitis B Can be acute or chronic (see Hepatitis C for explanation) Caused by the Hepatitis B virus Spread when blood, semen, or other infected body fluid enters the body of a person who is not infected ( more infectious than HIV) Birth (spread from an infected mother to her baby during birth) Sex with an infected partner (primary cause of Hep B in the U.S) Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment Sharing items such as razors or toothbrushes with an infected person Direct contact with the blood or open sores of an infected person Exposure to blood from needlesticks or other sharp instruments NOT spread by sharing eating utensils, breastfeeding, hugging, kissing, holding hands, coughing, or sneezing But CAN be spread in rare cases to babies when they have received food prechewed by an infected person Many people with chronic Hepatitis B virus infection do not know they are infected since they do not feel or look sick they still can spread the virus to others and are at risk of serious health problems themselves
103 Hepatitis C Can be acute or chronic Caused by the Hepatitis C virus Spread primarily through contact with the blood of an infected person Sharing needles, syringes, or other equipment to inject drugs Needlestick injuries in health care settings Being born to a mother who has Hepatitis C Sharing personal care items that may have come in contact with another person s blood, such as razors or toothbrushes (uncommon) Having sexual contact with a person infected with the Hepatitis C virus (uncommon) NOT spread by sharing eating utensils, breastfeeding, hugging, kissing, holding hands, coughing, or sneezing or through food or water Acute short-term illness that occurs within the first 6 months after someone is exposed to the Hepatitis C virus For most people, acute infection leads to chronic infection Chronic long-term illness that occurs when the Hepatitis C virus remains in a person s body can last a lifetime and lead to serious liver problems, including cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) or liver cancer
104
105
106 Obesity Clinically classified as obese if: > 30% of projected body weight as determined height and frame size doesn t factor in Body Composition Currently over 50% of U.S. population is clinically classified as obese 14% of all male cancers linked to obesity 20% of all female cancers linked to obesity
107 U.S. surgeon general has said Obesity is the second most serious threat to the health of Americans A serious risk factor for: Heart Disease - Diabetes Hypertension - Cancers Respiratory Disorders Endocrine Disorders Gastrointestinal Disorders Urinary and Reproductive System Disorders
108 Hemorrhoids Enlarged veins in the lining of the anal canal Common problem, can be painful, but usually not serious Too much pressure on the veins in the pelvic and rectal area causes hemorrhoids Pregnancy Straining Constipation Being overweight Symptoms of both internal and external hemorrhoids include: Bleeding during bowel movements Itching Rectal pain
109 Dysentery Severe infection of the intestinal wall Leads to severe diarrhea with mucus or blood in the feces Untreated dysentery can be life-threatening, especially if the infected person cannot replace lost fluids fast enough Two main causes: Shigella (bacterium) shilgellosis Entamoeba histolytica (amoeba) Tends to be associated with the Tropics
110 Peptic Ulcers Crater like lesions that develop in the gastrointestinal tract Gastric Ulcers ---> Stomach Duodenal Ulcers ---> Duodenum Commonly caused by hypersecretion of gastric juices and acids Contributing factors include: stress, cigarette smoking, certain foods, some medications, and bacterial infections
111 Peptic Ulcers
112 Celiac Disease Autoimmune disorder that results in damage to the lining of the small intestine when foods with gluten are eaten Damage to the intestine makes it hard for the body to absorb nutrients, especially fat, calcium, iron, and folate Classic symptom: diarrhea other symptoms include bloating, gas, fatigue, low blood count (anemia), and osteoporosis. Many people have no symptoms. Celiac disease affects 1% of healthy, average Americans
113 Celiac Disease
114 Crohn's Disease A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive tract A type of IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) Symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, anemia, and fatigue Some people may be symptom free most of their lives, while others can have severe chronic symptoms that never go away Internal tissues may develop shallow, crater-like areas or deeper sores and a cobblestone pattern Caused by a trigger of the body's immune system to produce an unhealthy inflammatory reaction in the digestive tract Ongoing research has uncovered specific genes linked to ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease
115 Crohn s Disease
116 Irritable Bowel Syndrome IBS isn t classified as a true disease functional disorder the digestive system looks normal but doesn't work as it should symptoms don t have an identifiable cause Symptoms: crampy pain bloating, gas mucus in the stool Diarrhea constipation Almost always exacerbated by stress Depending upon the main symptom, IBS patients are classified as constipation-predominant, diarrhea-predominant, or painpredominant
117 IBS vs IBD IBD (Inflammatory bowel disease) is a broad term that refers to chronic swelling (inflammation) of the intestines. IBD comes in the form of: Crohn s disease ulcerative colitis indeterminate colitis IBS does not cause inflammation, ulcers or other damage to the bowel
The Digestive System. Chapter 25
The Digestive System Chapter 25 Introduction Structure of the digestive system A tube that extends from mouth to anus Accessory organs are attached Functions include Ingestion Movement Digestion Absorption
More informationTwo main groups Alimentary canal continuous coiled hollow tube Accessory digestive organs
Digestion Breakdown of ingested food Absorption of nutrients into the blood Metabolism Production of cellular energy (ATP) Constructive and degradative cellular activities Two main groups Alimentary canal
More informationDigestive System 7/15/2015. Outline Digestive System. Digestive System
Digestive System Biology 105 Lecture 18 Chapter 15 Outline Digestive System I. Functions II. Layers of the GI tract III. Major parts: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
More informationIncludes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Chapter 14 The Digestive System and Nutrition Digestive System Brings Nutrients Into the Body The digestive system includes Gastrointestinal (GI) tract (hollow tube) Lumen: space within this tube Includes
More information- Digestion occurs during periods of low activity - Produces more energy than it uses. - Mucosa
Introduction Digestive System Chapter 29 Provides processes to break down molecules into a state easily used by cells - A disassembly line: Starts at the mouth and ends at the anus Digestive functions
More information- Digestion occurs during periods of low activity - Produces more energy than it uses. 3 Copyright 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction Digestive System Chapter 29 Provides processes to break down molecules into a state easily used by cells - A disassembly line: Starts at the mouth and ends at the anus Digestive functions
More informationThe Digestive System. Chapter 16. Introduction. Overview of Digestive System. Histological Organization. Movement and Mixing of Digestive Materials
The Digestive System Chapter 16 Introduction Structure of the digestive system A tube that extends from mouth to anus Accessory organs are attached Functions include Ingestion Movement Digestion Absorption
More informationDIGESTIVE SYSTEM ALIMENTARY CANAL / GI TRACT & ACCESSORY ORGANS. Mar 16 10:34 PM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ALIMENTARY CANAL / GI TRACT & ACCESSORY ORGANS Mar 16 10:34 PM 1 I. Digestive System Functions > Ingestion the taking in of food > Propulsion movement caused by force > Digestion breakdown
More informationExercise. Digestive System. Digestive system function. 1. Define the following terms: a. Chemical digestionb. Mechanical digestionc.
Exercise 7 The Digestive System NAME: DATE: INSTRUCTOR: SECTION: Digestive system function 1. Define the following terms: a. Chemical digestionb. Mechanical digestionc. Ingestiond. Digestione. Absorptionf.
More informationORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OBJECTIVES: 1. List and describe the major activities of the digestive system. 2. Identify and give the functions of the organs in and along the digestive tract. MAJOR ACTIVITIES
More information3/16/2016. Food--mixture of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
Food--mixture of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids Food being broken down into small molecules Takes place in the alimentary canal Complete digestive system 4 layers of tissue (in book) Lumen 1) MECHANICAL/PHYSICAL--
More informationBio 104 Digestive System
13 Lecture Outline: Digestive System Hole s HAP [Chapters 17 & 18] General Characteristics of the Alimentary Canal A. Functions 1. Ingestion 2. Mechanical digestion 3. Chemical digestion 4. Propulsion
More informationDigestive System. Unit 6.11 (6 th Edition) Chapter 7.11 (7 th Edition)
Digestive System Unit 6.11 (6 th Edition) Chapter 7.11 (7 th Edition) 1 Learning Objectives Identify the major organs of the digestive system. Explain the locations and functions of three organs in the
More informationAn overview of the digestive system. mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus
An overview of the digestive system mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus Why GIT? What are the main steps in the digestive process? Ingestion intake of food via the
More informationI. The Alimentary Canal (GI track)
A. About 9 meters long B. Passes through the ventral cavity. C.Movements of the Tube 1. Mixing movements- smooth muscles contract rhythmically. 2. Propelling movements- a wavelike motion called peristalsis.
More informationDigestive System. In one end and out the other.
Digestive System In one end and out the other. Overview Every cell in the body needs nourishment, yet most cells cannot leave their position in the body and travel to a food source, so the food must be
More informationChapter 9. The digestive system. Glossary. Louise McErlean
Chapter 9 The digestive system Louise McErlean Glossary Absorption Process whereby the products of digestion move into the blood or lymph fluid. Acini glands Produce pancreatic juice. Amylase Carbohydrate
More informationKRISHNA TEJA PHARMACY COLLEGE HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Dr.B.Jyothi
KRISHNA TEJA PHARMACY COLLEGE HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Dr.B.Jyothi Prof, Dept. Of Pharmacology KTPC The Digestive System Food undergoes six major processes: 1. Ingestion : process
More informationconsists of: Muscular, hollow tube (= digestive tract ) + Various accessory organs
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM consists of: Muscular, hollow tube (= digestive tract ) + Various accessory organs FUNCTION Individual parts function in: ingestion mechanical digestion chemical and enzymatic digestion
More informationThe Digestive System and Body Metabolism
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Digestive System and Body Metabolism 14PART C Accessory Digestive Organs Teeth Salivary glands
More informationThe Digestive System. Prepares food for use by all body cells.
The Digestive System Prepares food for use by all body cells. Digestion The chemical breakdown of complex biological molecules into their component parts. Lipids to fatty acids Proteins to individual amino
More informationThe Digestive System. Chapter
The Digestive System Chapter 15.1 Functions: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food *absorption of nutrients Consists of alimentary canal and accessory organs Wall of the Alimentary Canal 15.2 Characteristics
More information1. Three Main Functions. Chapter 19: 2. Two Groups of digestive organs. 2. Two Groups of digestive organs 6/1/2015. The Wall of the Digestive Tract
1. Three Main Functions Chapter 19: General Structure and Function of the Digestive System Digestion-breakdown of food into small particles for transport to blood Absorption- into bloodstream to take to
More informationDIGESTIVE SYSTEM CLASS NOTES. tube along with several
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CLASS NOTES Digestion Breakdown of food and the of nutrients in the bloodstream. Metabolism Production of for and cellular activities. The digestive system is composed of the canal which
More informationThe Digestive System and Body Metabolism
14 PART C The Digestive System and Body Metabolism PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB
More informationPrinciples of Anatomy and Physiology
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14 th Edition CHAPTER 24 The Digestive System Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to Identify the anatomical components of the digestive system as well as their
More informationHuman Biology. Digestive System
Human Biology Digestive System Digestion - Defined Prepares food for use by all body cells The physical and/or chemical breakdown of food Did you know: the average person eats more than 500kg of food per
More informationThe Digestive System
The Digestive System Identify the Structure and Function. Mesentery of the Large Intestine The mesentery functions to connect the visceral organs to the abdominal wall. Identify the Structure. Nasal Cavity
More informationChapter 26 The Digestive System
Chapter 26 The Digestive System Digestive System Gastroenterology is the study of the stomach and intestine. Digestion Catabolism Absorption Anabolism The actions of the digestive system are controlled
More informationGeneral functions of digestive system. Ch. 15 The Digestive System. General histology of the wall of the digestive tract. Overview of digestive organs
Overall idea: obtain nutrients from food (for energy and raw materials for synthesis), and defecate the leftover waste 2 types of organs involved: 1. Parts of the digestive tract (= a long muscular tube
More informationDigestive System Lecture Notes Read Ch 14; review questions start on page 477 S/A # 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 35
The PRINCIPLE structure of the digestive system is the Alimentary Canal (Gastrointestinal Tract) = hollow tube much like a hallway in a home. I. Functions of the Digestive System a. Ingestion: Putting
More informationDigestive System. Digestive System. Digestion is the process of reducing food to small molecules that can be absorbed into the body.
Digestive System Digestion is the process of reducing food to small molecules that can be absorbed into the body. 2 Types of Digestion Mechanical digestion physical breakdown of food into small particles
More information1. Three Main Functions. Chapter 19: 2. Two Groups of digestive organs. 2. Two Groups of digestive organs. 1. The Teeth 5/18/2015
1. Three Main Functions Chapter 19: General Structure and Function of the Digestive System Digestion-breakdown of food into small particles for transport to blood Absorption- into bloodstream to take to
More informationSoft palate elevates, closing off the nasopharynx. Hard palate Tongue Bolus Epiglottis. Glottis Larynx moves up and forward.
The Cephalic Phase Chemical and mechanical digestion begins in the mouth Saliva is an exocrine secretion Salivary secretion is under autonomic control Softens and lubricates food Chemical digestion: salivary
More informationNURSE-UP DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AKA G.I. SYSTEM
NURSE-UP DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AKA G.I. SYSTEM The digestive system is used for breaking down food into nutrients which then pass into the circulatory system and are taken to where they are needed in the body.
More informationChapter 14: The Digestive System
Chapter 14: The Digestive System Digestive system consists of Muscular tube (digestive tract) alimentary canal Accessory organs teeth, tongue, glandular organs 6 essential activities 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
More informationThe Digestive System 1
The Digestive System 1 Digestion Processing of food Types Mechanical (physical) Chew Tear Grind Mash Mix Chemical Catabolic reactions Enzymatic hydrolysis Carbohydrate Protein Lipid 2 Digestion Phases
More informationLab 5 Digestion and Hormones of Digestion. 7/16/2015 MDufilho 1
Lab 5 Digestion and Hormones of Digestion 1 Figure 23.1 Alimentary canal and related accessory digestive organs. Mouth (oral cavity) Tongue* Parotid gland Sublingual gland Submandibular gland Salivary
More informationANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE COURSE - SESSION 13 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE COURSE - SESSION 13 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system also known as the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract consists of a series of hollow organs joined in a
More informationMCAT Biology Problem Drill 20: The Digestive System
MCAT Biology Problem Drill 20: The Digestive System Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. During the oral phase of swallowing,. Question #01 A. Initially, the food bolus is moved to the back of the tongue and
More informationDigestive System CHAPTER 14
Digestive System CHAPTER 14 Digestive System http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_marie b_ehap_8/activities/chapter14/act14a.ht ml Functions of Digestion Ingestion - intake of food Propulsion a. Peristalsis
More informationTopic 6: Human Physiology
Topic 6: Human Physiology 6.1 Digestion and Absorption D.1 Human Nutrition D.2 Digestion Essential Understandings: The structure of the digestive system allows it to move, digest, and absorb food. A balanced
More informationDigestive System. Digestive Processes. The Digestive System. Digestion Mechanical & chemical breakdown of food into a form that can be used by cells
The Digestive System Digestive System Digestion Mechanical & chemical breakdown of food into a form that can be used by cells Mechanical breaks large pieces into smaller pieces Chemical breaks food into
More informationThe Digestive System and Body Metabolism Premedical Biology
The Digestive System and Body Metabolism Premedical Biology Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Digestive System and Body Digestion Metabolism Breakdown of ingested
More informationDigestive System. How your body obtains nutrients. Wednesday, March 2, 16
Digestive System How your body obtains nutrients Vocabulary Ingestion: food enters the system Physical and enzymatic breakdown begins Digestion: Further breakdown Chemical/enzymatic Vocabulary Absorption:
More informationThe Digestive System. What is the advantage of a one-way gut? If you swallow something, is it really inside you?
The Digestive System What is the advantage of a one-way gut?! If you swallow something, is it really inside you? Functions and Processes of the Digestive System: Move nutrients, water, electrolytes from
More informationThe Human Body: Digestive System
Directions: Fill in the blanks. 1. Digestive System Is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus Carries out digestion which is the process of breaking down food
More informationThe Digestive System
The Digestive System s Big Book of Handouts Digestion and nutrition Specific Learning outcomes B11-2-01: Identify major structures and functions of the human digestive system from a diagram, model, or
More informationThe Digestive System. Basic process of digestion. Mouth and Teeth 10/30/2016
The Digestive System Basic process of digestion 1. Ingestion: animal eats food. 2. Digestion: animal body breaks food down. Mechanical digestion: chewing (mastication). Chemical digestion: enzymes and
More informationEnergy, Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Phosphorylation Hydrolysis Energy, Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chapter 2 (selections) What is Energy? Energy is the capacity to do work Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Chemical Bond Energy Like a rechargeable
More informationBELLWORK DEFINE: PERISTALSIS CHYME RUGAE Remember the structures of the digestive system 1
BELLWORK DEFINE: PERISTALSIS CHYME RUGAE 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 1 STANDARD 8) Outline basic concepts of normal structure and function of all body systems, and explain how
More informationLesson Overview The Digestive System
30.3 THINK ABOUT IT The only system in the body that food actually enters is the digestive system. So how does food get to the rest of the body after the process of digestion? Functions of the Digestive
More informationAnatomy & Physiology Digestive System
Anatomy & Physiology Digestive System I. Nutrition A. chemical substance that is needed by the body for normal growth, maintenance & repair. Two categories 1. needed in large amounts. Carbohydrates, Lipids
More informatione. Undigested material is compacted and stored until the colon is full. When the colon is full, a signal to empty it is sent by sensors in the walls
Digestive System 1. General a. Animals obtain energy by breaking food molecules into smaller pieces. b. The basic fuel molecules are amino acids, lipids and sugars c. Digestion is the chemical breakdown
More informationChapter 16. Lecture and Animation Outline
Chapter 16 Lecture and Animation Outline To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please Note: Once you have
More informationChapter 16 Adapted from: Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Chapter 16 Adapted from: Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc http://anatronica.com/anatronica-flashabdominal-cavity.html GI (gastrointestinal) tract = alimentary canal Ingestion Taking in food through
More informationTHE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Composed of two parts: 1. 2. There are 4 main parts of digestion: 1. Ingestion: 2. Digestion: a. Mechanical Digestion: Example: b. Chemical Digestion: Example: 3. Absorption: 4. Egestion:
More informationLearning Targets. The Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract. Also known as the alimentary canal. Hollow series of organs that food passes through
Digestion the multistep process of breaking down food into molecules the body can use Learning Targets Describe the path food takes through the digestive system. Identify the major organs of the digestive
More informationNutrition and the Digestive System
C H A P T E R 16 Nutrition and the Digestive System OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. List and describe the five basic activities of the digestive process. 2. List the four
More informationPPL2O Human Digestion The human digestive system is a complex process that consists of breaking down large organic masses into smaller particles that
PPL2O Human Digestion The human digestive system is a complex process that consists of breaking down large organic masses into smaller particles that the body can absorb and use. The breakdown of the nutrients
More informationBiology 12 - The Digestive System - Chapter Notes
Biology 12 - The Digestive System - Chapter Notes In a nutshell... The body uses a variety of small molecules (amino acids, fatty acids, glucose) for its metabolic needs. Food is mechanically and chemically
More informationDigestive System. What happens to the donut you ate for breakfast this morning?
Digestive System What happens to the donut you ate for breakfast this morning? Free Tutoring and Extra Credit!!! Digestive System: Is the basic process of breaking down the food you eat into individual
More informationThe Digestive System and Body Metabolism
14 PART B The Digestive System and Body Metabolism PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB
More informationDigestive System Processes
Unit 7 Digestive System Processes ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Processes of the Digestive System Ingestion- getting food into the mouth Propulsion- moving foods through the digestive system
More informationGASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Topographic Anatomy of the Abdomen Surface Landmarks Xiphoid process T9/T10 Inferior costal margin L2/L3 Iliac Crest L4 level ASIS L5/S1 level Pubic symphysis level of greater trochanter
More informationThe Digestive System Laboratory
The Digestive System Laboratory 1 The Digestive Tract The alimentary canal is a continuous tube stretching from the mouth to the anus. Liver Gallbladder Small intestine Anus Parotid, sublingual, and submaxillary
More informationObjective 4- Digestion
Objective 4- Digestion 1. Describe why cells require nutrients Supply energy for metabolism (cell activities), matter for synthesis of new materials, cell reproduction, secretion and to regulate cell processes
More informationIngestion Digestion- Absorption- Elimination
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1 FUNCTIONS Organization GI tract==mouth anus Accessory organs Salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder Major Functions: Ingestion-mouth, teeth, tongue Digestion- chemical and mechanical
More information* Produces various chemicals to break. down the food. * Filters out harmful substances * Gets rid of solid wastes
* * Produces various chemicals to break down the food * Filters out harmful substances * Gets rid of solid wastes * *Mouth *Pharynx *Oesophagus *Stomach *Small and large intestines * *Changes the physical
More informationNutrition. Autotrophs. plants, some protists & bacteria producers
Nutrition Autotrophs plants, some protists & bacteria producers Nutrition Heterotrophs animals, fungi, some protists & bacteria consumers Animal Nutrition Most obtain food by ingestion take in their food
More informationDigestion, Absorption, and Transport
Digestion Digestion, Absorption, and Transport Chapter 3 Breaking down foods into nutrients Prepare for absorption Challenges of digestion Accessing Nutrients digestion Getting nutrients through the body
More informationThe stomach is formed of three parts: -
The stomach is formed of three parts: - (a) CARDIAC STOMACH: - It receives the oesophagus through Cardiac aperture guarded by a cardiac sphincter which prevents regurgitation of food. (b) FUNDIC PART:
More informationThe Digestive System
The Digestive System Combining Forms Append/o appendix Hepat/o liver Appendic/o appendix Lingu/o tongue Col/o colon Myc/o fungus Dent/o teeth Odont/o teeth Enter/o intestine Or/o mouth Esophag/o esophagus
More informationDigestive Lecture Test Questions Set 4
Digestive Lecture Test Questions Set 4 1. Which of the following is not associated directly with the small intestine: a. villi b. circular folds c. microvilli d. haustrae e. secretin 2. The largest (longest)
More informationSphincters heartburn diaphragm The Stomach gastric glands pepsin, chyme The Small Intestine 1-Digestion Is Completed in the Small Intestine duodenum
Sphincters are muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves. The tubes close when the sphincters contract and they open when the sphincters relax. When food or saliva is swallowed, the sphincter relaxes
More informationGlencoe Health. Lesson 3 The Digestive System
Glencoe Health Lesson 3 The Digestive System Health espotlight Video BIG IDEA The digestive system provides nutrients and energy for your body through the digestion of food. New Vocabulary mastication
More informationESSENTIAL QUESTION. What are the structures of the digestive system? THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ESSENTIAL QUESTION What are the structures of the digestive system? THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, AKA. ALIMENTARY CANAL digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract (GI Tract). A 30 ft. tube from
More informationDigestive System. Why do we need to eat? Growth Maintenance (repair tissue) Energy
Digestive System Why do we need to eat? Growth Maintenance (repair tissue) Energy Nutrients Nutrient = chemical that must be obtained by an organism from it s environment in order to survive; nutrients
More informationThe Digestive System Overview of the Digestive Tract Overview of the Digestive Tract Overview of the Digestive Tract Overview of the Digestive Tract
16 The Digestive System Overview of the Digestive Tract The Digestive System Consists of the muscular digestive tract assisted by various accessory organs Digestive functions include: Ingestion Mechanical
More informationDigestion and Absorption. Food:
Digestion and Absorption Food: Food is a basic requirement of all living beings. Food provides energy for different activities in the body. Food also provides organic materials for growth and repair. Carbohydrates,
More information(A) Diarrhea. (B) Stomach cramps. (C) Dehydration due to excess fluid loss. (D) A, B, and C are correct. (E) Only answer B is correct.
Human Anatomy - Problem Drill 21: The Digestive System Question No. 1 of 10 1. A 26-year-old male is treated in the emergency department for severe gastrointestinal disturbance. Which of the following
More informationName: Date: Class: Unit 7 Outline: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Name: Date: Class: Unit 7 Outline: The Digestive System and Nutrition The Digestive System: Mouth and Pharynx The Digestive System and Body Metabolism Breakdown of ingested Absorption of nutrients into
More informationDIGESTION SBI 3C: NOVEMBER 2010
DIGESTION SBI 3C: NOVEMBER 2010 DIAGRAM OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Mouth Esophagus Liver Gallbladder Large Intestine Appendix Stomach Pancreas Small Intestine Rectum Anus STAGES OF DIGESTION: 1. INGESTION Taking
More informationB4 NUTRITION 4.3 Animal Nutrition
B4 NUTRITION 4.3 Animal Nutrition 1. State the term balanced diet & describe how balanced diet is related to age, sex & activity of an individual. Balanced diet: A diet that contains all the main nutrients
More informationAnatomy & Physiology Digestive System
Anatomy & Physiology Digestive System I. Nutrition A. Nutrient chemical substance that is needed by the body for normal growth, maintenance & repair. Two categories 1. Macronutrient needed in large amounts.
More informationAnatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function
Chapter 25 Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function Second Edition Kenneth S. Saladin (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Structures and Location A. Location from mouth through thoracic
More informationThis lab activity is aligned with Visible Body s Human Anatomy Atlas app. Learn more at visiblebody.com/professors
1 This lab activity is aligned with Visible Body s Human Anatomy Atlas app. Learn more at visiblebody.com/professors 2 A. Digestive System Overview To Start: Go to the Views menu and scroll down to the
More informationWeek 12 - Outline. Outline. Digestive System I Major Organs. Overview of Digestive System
Outline Week 12 - Digestive System I Major Organs Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Digestive Tract Function GI Tract Structure Regulation of the
More informationChapter 8: Digestion. Structure and Functions of Digestive Organs Macronutrients Digestive Enzymes
Chapter 8: Digestion Structure and Functions of Digestive Organs Macronutrients Digestive Enzymes What organisms need Digestion? Heterotrophs - rely on ingestion of organic molecules for production of
More informationHarvesting energy from food. Digestion: A Closer Look. Where digestion begins. Salivary Glands 4/17/13. Or how food gets from
Harvesting energy from food Or how food gets from to and body structures Cheese protein (a polymer of amino acids in a specific sequence) Breakdown of protein by human digestive system Amino acid monomer
More informationChapter 15 Digestion and Nutrition
Chapter 15 Digestion and Nutrition Digestive System: Digestion refers to the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods so that nutrients can be absorbed by cells. The digestive system consists of the
More informationUNIT 2: From Food to Fuel: How the Human Body Utilizes Food
UNIT 2: From Food to Fuel: How the Human Body Utilizes Food Introduction to the Digestive System PART ONE Systems of the Body The Digestive System Also referred to as alimentary system, the gut, gastrointestinal
More informationThe Wiltshire School of Beauty and Holistic Therapy
The Wiltshire School of Beauty and Holistic Therapy Certificate of Merit in Anatomy and Physiology W: www.wsbht.co.uk E: holistics@wsbht.co.uk T: 07824 337333 Certificate of Merit in Anatomy and Physiology
More informationBiology 20: Digestive System Did you get it? Questions and Answers
Biology 20: Digestive System Did you get it? Questions and Answers Mouth 1. What is the purpose of chewing? a. break food into smaller pieces so there is a greater SA for chemicals to work on. 2. Salivary
More informationChapter 21 NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
Chapter 21 NUTRITION AND DIGESTION Stages of Food Processing 1. Ingestion: The act of eating. Usually involves placing food in mouth or oral cavity. 2. Digestion: Macromolecules in food (fats, proteins,
More informationBELLWORK DEFINE: PERISTALSIS CHYME RUGAE Remember the structures of the digestive system 1
BELLWORK DEFINE: PERISTALSIS CHYME RUGAE 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 1 STANDARD 8) Outline basic concepts of normal structure and function of all body systems, and explain how
More informationLecture 2 Digestive System &Nutrition Lecture 3 1. Introduction 2. Digestive System 3. Nutrition Basics
Lecture 2 Digestive System &Nutrition 1 Lecture 3 1. Introduction 2. Digestive System 3. Nutrition Basics 2 1 Introduction Some Ecology 3 Mr. Sun 4 2 Nuclear Fusion 5 Light energy from Sun radiates across
More informationThe Digestive System
The Digestive System Key words Pharynx oesophagus stomach intestine epiglottis gall bladder Pancreas peristalsis liver enzyme rectum sphincter Pyloric duodenum jejunum ileum bile lipase Amylase trypsin
More informationPHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Student Name CHAPTER 26 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM D igestion is the process of breaking down complex nutrients into simpler units suitable for absorption. It involves two major processes: mechanical
More informationChapter 23: The Digestive System
Chapter 23: The Digestive System I. OVERVIEW Consists of alimentary canal and accessory organs. GIT (gastrointestinal tract) and teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas. (A) Digestive
More information