A Single Neuron from the Brain

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1 Nervous Tissue A Single Neuron from the Brain Dendrites Cell Body Axon Nerve cells, called neurons, transmit signals throughout our bodies. These signals tell our bodies what to do. Dendrites transmit signals to the rest of the neuron. Axons, which are bundled together into nerves, transmit the signal to a muscle cell or another effector cell that carries out a body response.

2 Goblet cells are found in mucous membranes of the intestines and respiratory tract. When irritated by a stimuli, they will secrete mucous. These cells are unusual in that the nucleus is at the base of the cell. osteocyte Bone is made by two main types of cells: Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts. Osteoblasts build bone by secreting the bone tissue and are eventually imbedded in the tissue and called osteocytes. Osteoclasts break down bone for remodeling and repair. They are active in healing broken bones. Osteoclasts reabsorb bone, so that new bone can be produced by osteoblasts.

3 Types of Specialized Cells: Blood Cells function. For example, pancreatic cells produce insulin. Your blood is made up of many different types of cells. Plasma is a straw colored fluid in which the blood cells float and travel in. The Red Blood Cells are a specialized type of cell that helps to transport nutrients and wastes throughout your body. White Blood Cells are specialized to help fight infections and foreign invaders. Platelets are plasma proteins that form a seal, a scab, around wounds to slow bleeding and begin the healing process. These cells travel through the circulatory system, which acts as your body s transportation system, like roads in a city. The components of blood are made up of 1. A liquid plasma 2. Red Bloods Cells and carry nutrients (food and oxygen) and wastes (carbon dioxide) 3. White Blood Cells that fight foreign invaders 4. Platelets that helps the clotting process Red and White Blood Cells

4 Types of Specialized Cells: Muscle Cells function. For example, pancreatic cells produce. Muscle cells are specialized types of cell that helps to generate force to produce a type of movement. Muscle tissue are found everywhere in your body, both under the skin and deep within the body. They are responsible for both voluntary and involuntary motion. There are three types of muscle tissue. Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscle are 1. Attached to bones 2. Under the microscope, have alternating light and dark bands, known as striations 3. Large, have many nuclei, long and slender shaped 4. Mostly controlled directly by the central nervous system Examples: Muscle Fibers in leg Movement: Voluntary movement like typing Smooth Muscle Smooth Muscle are 1. Usually NOT under voluntary control 2. Spindle shaped with one nucleus and not striated 3. Found in hollow structures 4. Can move without nervous stimulation (not under direct control of central nervous system Examples: Stomach, Intestines, Movement: Involuntary movement -- control direction of blood in Blood Vessels, Cardiac Muscle Cardiac Muscle are 1. A mixture of Smooth and Skeletal Muscle 2. Smaller striations than Skeletal Muscle 3. Under involuntary control like Smooth Muscle 4. Only found in the heart Examples: Heart Movement: Involuntary movement pumping blood

5 Types of Specialized Cells: Skin Tissue --Epidermis function. For example, pancreatic cells produce. The largest organ or component in the integumentary system is your skin; it contains sensory receptors which transmits information to the nervous system as well as a barrio against the outside environment. The skin is made up of two layers the epidermis and the dermis. Epidermis The epidermis is the outer layer of the skin which is divided into an outer layer of dead cells and an inner layer of living cells. The inner layer of living cells divide rapidly and move up towards the outside of the skin, pushing the older cells to the surface (outside). The outer layer of the skin is tough, flexible, and waterproof which is shed or washed away every 4-5 weeks. There are no blood vessels in the epidermis (which is why you don t always bleed when you scratch yourself).the epidermis also contains melanin, a dark brown pigment that helps protect the skin from sun damage by absorbing the UV rays from the sun. The inner layer is the dermis, which has blood vessels, glands, nerve endings, sensory receptors, smooth muscle, and hair follicles. This portion of the skin interacts with other body systems to help maintain homeostasis (an internal balance). In this layer, you also have sweat glands and sebaceous glands. Sweat glands produce sweat to help maintain body temperature. Sweat also helps regulate water, salt, and other compounds in the body. Sebaceous glands produce an oily secretion called sebum. Sebum spreads around the surface of the skin, creating a flexible and waterproof exterior.

6 Types of Specialized Cells: Epithelium function. For example, pancreatic cells produce. The Epithelium is a type of tissue that lines the surfaces and cavities inside the body. They can be divided into two groups simple epithelium and stratified epithelium. Simple squamous o lines lungs and major cavities in body (like blood vessels) Simple cuboidal o secretes or absorptive tissue like kidney tubules, glands like the pancrease, and female ovary Simple columnar o lines the stomach and intestines Transitional o can be distended or stretched (found in urinary bladder) Stratified squamous o outermost layer of skin, esophagus, inner lining of mouth Stratified cuboidal o protects areas such as sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary gland Pseudostratified columnar o lines some of respiratory tract and some male reproductive tract

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