Create by Mrs. Herman 2013

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1 Create by Mrs. Herman 2013

2 Levels of Organization

3 ATOMS Smallest part of matter NON-living

4 Molecules 2 or more bonded atoms Form compounds NON-living

5 Organelles Tiny organs Made of macromolecules Nucleus, ribosomes

6 Cell Made of organelles Basic unit of life Different types of cells have different functions LIVING

7 Tissue A lot of the same kind cell working together Living

8 Organs Tissues that work together Living Heart, Brain, Lungs Kidney

9 Organ Systems Organs that work together Living Skeletal Muscular Circulatory

10 Organism Entire living things(organisms) Usually made of systems May be a single cell Living

11 Cell Tissue Organ Cells are organized in tissues. Different tissues working together to perform a particular job are called organ. Groups of organs that work together to complete a series of tasks are called a system. Many systems working together make up an organism. System Organism

13 What is homeostasis? Homeostasis (Greek for staying the same ) is a process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment. All of your body's systems work together maintain homeostasis inside of your body.

14 Skeletal System What are the parts of the skeletal system? Bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments. What is the function? give us shape and support Enables us to move protect our internal organs Store calcium, minerals and fat Produce blood cells c776141&t=Skeletal-System

15 Joints and ligaments Joints are the place where two bones meet. Ligaments are the tissue that connect bones to other bones.

16 Skeletal System and Homeostasis Bones supply calcium to nerves, muscles and heart Skeletal system helps you move which can move you away from unpleasant stimuli or dangerous situations.

17 Muscular System Made up of muscles and tendons (along with nerve cells to control them) There are over 700 muscles in your body

18 Muscular System What is a muscle? Made of strong tissue that can contract in an orderly way. Function: Attached to bones to provide movement, support and balance Protect your body Helps body maintain a constant temperature.

19 What is a tendon? A strong tissue that connects muscles to bones. Helps stabilize joints. Also helps the body keep it s posture and shape

20 Voluntary vs. Involuntary muscles Voluntary - muscles that you can control. Some examples include your muscles to move your arm or legs.

21 Voluntary vs. Involuntary muscles Involuntary muscles don't need the brain to send them messages. Some examples are: the muscles in your heart, the muscles in your digestive system which move food down to your stomach and The tiny muscles at the bottom of the hairs on your arms which make your hairs stand up when you are cold, or suddenly feel scared.

22 Types of muscles Cardiac involuntary muscle that is found only in the heart Skeletal voluntary muscles that attach to bone. Smooth involuntary muscles that help move material through the body such as food in the stomach or controls the movement of blood through vessels.

23 Muscular System and Homeostasis Muscle contractions help to keep your body warm Heart muscles contract more often during exercise to get more oxygen to your cells and release carbon dioxide.

24 Respiratory System o Parts of the Respiratory System include: Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli o Function: to bring oxygen into the body and get rid of carbon dioxide.

25 Maintaining Homeostasis The muscular system (diaphragm) interacts with the respiratory system (lungs) by changing the pressure in the lungs so you can breathe.

26 Circulatory System Also called your Cardiovascular System Made up of the heart, blood and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

27 What is the function of the Circulatory System? Your body's delivery system. Blood moving from the heart, delivers oxygen and nutrients to every part of the body. On the return trip, the blood picks up waste products so that your body can get rid of them

28 Homeostasis? Transporting materials around the body Regulating body temperature (pink skin) Defense blood carries white blood cells (WBC)

29 Function of Blood Connects the circulatory system with all other body systems. It transports substances throughout the body, Helps protect against infection Helps regulate your body s temperature.

30 Parts of Blood Red Blood Cells carry oxygen. White Blood Cells fight infections. Platelets help you stop bleeding. Plasma yellow liquid that carries nutrients, hormones and proteins.

31 The Heart

32 Digestive System

33 Digestive System Parts include: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, various glands and others. Function: to turn the food you eat into useful energy for your body. 4 steps of the digestive system Ingestion the act of eating or putting food in your mouth Digestion the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small particles and molecules that your body can absorb. Absorption nutrients and water are taken in by cells Elimination removal of undigested food and other waste from the body

34 Digestive System & Homeostasis provides nutrients (fuel/energy) for all other body systems.

35 Excretory System Function collects and eliminates wastes from the body and regulates the level of fluid in the body. Several different body systems make up the excretory system.

36 Parts of the Excretory System Urinary System processes, transports, collects and removes liquid waste. Respiratory System removes carbon dioxide and water vapor Integumentary System (skin) secretes excess salt and water through the sweat glands. Digestive System removes unused, solid waste

37 Homeostasis and the Excretory System Filters waste out of blood (kidney) Removal of waste from digestive system Helps regulate fluid levels in the body.

38 Organs of the Urinary System kidney ureter urethra bladder

39 Integumentary System Parts include the skin, hair, fingernails, oil, and sweat glands. Function is to provide protection. protects your body from disease by providing a barrier to viruses and bacteria. protects your body from physical damage by offering a thick barrier that both contains your internal organs and stops large objects, like a rock from entering your body. protects your body from dehydration, overheating, or freezing. The layer of skin can sweat and help your body cool or surround a layer of fat that keeps warmer temperatures inside.

40 The Integumentary System

41 BACTERIA 41

42 Characteristics of Bacteria Did you know that billions of tiny organisms too small to be seen surround you? These organisms, called bacteria are microscopic prokaryotes. You might recall that a prokaryote is a unicellular organism that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria live in almost every habitat on Earth, including the air, glaciers, the ocean floor and in soil. A teaspoon of soil can contain between 100 million and 1 billion bacteria. Bacteria also live in or on almost every organism, both living and dead. Hundreds of species of bacteria live on your skin. In fact, your body contains more bacterial cells than human cells! The bacteria in your body outnumber human cells by 10 to 1! From textbook page

43 BACTERIA Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environments. They are found almost everywhere: -water -soil -air -food -skin -inside the body -on most objects 43

44 How do bacteria get in the body? Air Droplets containing microbes fly into the air when people sneeze or cough. The microbes they contain get into other people if breathed in. Chicken pox, colds, flu, measles and tuberculosis are spread like this. Animals Animals may carry harmful microbes. The microbes can get into a person who is scratched or bitten by such an animal. Malaria is a tropical disease spread by a tiny fly called a mosquito. Food Food can have harmful microbes in and on it. The microbes get into the body when the food is eaten, causing food poisoning. Thorough cooking kills most microbes, but they can survive under-cooking. Careless handling of food increases the risk from harmful microbes. Touch Microbes can be passed from one person to another when people touch each other, or when they touch something an infected person has handled. Athlete's foot is spread like this. Bacteria on the skin can be killed by antiseptics, and bacteria on surfaces can be killed by disinfectants. Washing your hands reduces the chance of spreading microbes. Water Water can have harmful microbes in it. The microbes get into the body when the water is swallowed. Cholera is a disease caused by a bacterium that spreads like this. Thorough boiling or adding chlorine to the water can reduce the chance of spreading microbes in this way 44

45 3 Shapes of Bacteria Rod-shaped Round or Sphere-shaped Spiral-shaped 45

46 Harmful Bacteria Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas) 46

47 Harmful Bacteria Bacteria can also cause infections such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, meningitis and strep throat. Eating food that is contaminated by some bacteria can cause food poisoning. 47

48 Helpful Bacteria Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay Most are used to make antibiotics Some bacteria help make insulin Used to make industrial chemicals 48

49 Helpful Bacteria E.coli on small intestines 49

Helpful Bacteria Used to treat sewage Organic waste

the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce

foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour

50 Helpful Bacteria Used to treat sewage Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria, used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce odors, sludge, pollution, or unsightly mess. foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk 50

51 Mrs. Herman 2012

52 What is a virus? A strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a layer of protein that can infect and replicate in a host cell. Samples of viruses include the common cold, the flu, chicken pox, mumps, measles, polio, HIV, rabies

53 What are characteristics of viruses? Contain no organelles Have a variety of shapes Smaller than bacteria NOT considered a living thing

54 Samples

55 Virus Replication

56 Immune and Lymphatic System

57 Parts of the Immune System The immune system is made up of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs.

58 Function of the Immune System The immune system defends the body against pathogens every day. A pathogens is something that causes disease like bacteria, viruses or harmful chemicals.

59 The Immune System and homeostasis The immune system works to maintain homeostasis by protecting against invaders.

60 Lymphatic System The Lymphatic System is part of the immune system and helps destroy pathogens that enter the body.

61 Functions of the Lymphatic System absorbs some of the tissue fluid that collects around cells. absorbs fats from the digestive system and transports them to the circulatory system. filters dead cells, viruses, bacteria, and other unneeded particles from tissue fluid and then returns the tissue fluid to the circulatory system. helps fight off illness and infections and includes structures in which white blood cells develop.

62 Parts of the Lymphatic System Lymph Lymph Vessels Lymph Nodes Bone Marrow Thymus Spleen Tonsils

63 Lymphatic System and Homeostasis regulating fluid buildup around cells. supports the circulatory system by cleaning fluids and replacing them in the bloodstream. supports overall health by helping fight infection.

64 The Nervous System is the part of an organism that gathers, processes and responds to information. The Nervous System

65 Parts of the Nervous System Brain Spinal cord Nerve cells (neurons) Nerve tissues/ bundles (ganglia)

66 Function of the Nervous System Gathering Information Responding to Stimuli Maintaining Homeostasis in the body

67 Maintaining Homeostasis Receiving information from your environment and responding to it. The nervous system signals other systems such as the digestive, endocrine, and the circulatory system

68 Nervous System The Central Nervous System the brain the spinal cord The Peripheral Nervous System Somatic system controls the skeletal muscles Autonomic system controls smooth and cardiac muscles

69 H ow i t wo rks Neurons nerve cells are the basic functioning unit of the nervous system

70 A dendrite receives information from another neuron or from another cell in your body. The cell body processes that information The axon sends information out to another neuron or cell in your body.

71 The Brain the Control Center Function- It receives information, processes it and sends out a response. It also stores information as memories.

3 parts 3 functions Cerebrum controls memory, language and thought. Cerebellum coordinates voluntary muscle movement and regulates balance and posture.

72 3 parts 3 functions Cerebrum controls memory, language and thought. Cerebellum coordinates voluntary muscle movement and regulates balance and posture. (stores information about those movements about riding a bicycle or tying a shoe) Brain stem controls involuntary functions. (sneezing, swallowing and coughing)

Nervous System. Functions Controls all body s functions Senses and recognizes information from inside and outside of the body

Nervous System. Functions Controls all body s functions Senses and recognizes information from inside and outside of the body Human Body Systems Nervous System Functions Controls all body s functions Senses and recognizes information from inside and outside of the body Nervous System Main Parts Brain Nerves Spinal cord What it