Response of sweet basil to jasmonic acid application in relation to different water supplies.

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1 Biosiene Researh Researh, Artile Biosiene Researh, 7(1): 39-47, 2010 Available online at ISISnet Publishers Print ISSN: Online ISSN: Response of sweet basil to jasmoni aid appliation in relation to different water supplies. M. E. Sorial, S. M. El-Gamal* and A. A. Gendy Agriulture Botany Department, Faulty of Agriulture, Minufiya University, Egypt. *Corresponding author Pot experiments were arried out at the Faulty of Agriulture, Minoufiya University in 2008 and 2009 seasons, to investigate the effet of water stress levels 100 (w 0 ), 60 (w 1 ) and 40 (w 2 ) % of field apaity (FC) and the foliar appliation of jasmoni aid (JA) at the rates of 0.0 (JA 0 ) as a ontrol, 2.4 (JA 1 ) and 4.8 (JA 2 ) mm on growth, physiologial and biohemial aspets, as well as anatomial struture in sweet basil plants. Results showed that water stress aused a signifiant redution in height, Number of infloresene branhes, leaf area and dry weight of leaves and stems, relative water ontent and hlorophyll onentration, while the reverse effet was obtained in osmoti potential and membrane integrity ompared to the ontrol. Peroxidase and atalase ativity was dereased under water stress ondition. 40% FC dereased total sugars but inreased total amino aids and proline onentration. Moreover, 40% FC aused a highly signifiant redution in the ground tissue, total stem area and ondutive tissues. Essential oil % and major omponent (Menthol) were dereased under 40% FC ompared with the ontrol. The reverse results were true with JA appliation at the rate of 4.8 mm under water stress ondition. From the obtained results, it ould be reommended that, spraying JA at 4.8 mm under 40% FC resulted in high yield of oil with good quantity and quality in both seasons. Key words: Water stress, Sweet basil, Jasmoni aid, Peroxidase, Catalase, Essential oil, Anatomial struture Sweet basil (Oimum basilium L.) (Fam. Labitaeae) is onsidered an important mediinal and aromati plants. Its importane is mainly due to its several uses in pharmaeutial and food industries, whih its leaves ontain essential oils used for mediinal purposes (widely used in traditional mediines) (Ntezurubanza et al., 1986). Water stress is one of the main environmental fators that adversely affet plant growth, produtivity and survival. Drought auses visible injury to leaves and stomatal losure, leaf rolling and physiologial disorders. Water stress usually indues the aumulation of reative oxygen speies (ROS), whih ause oxidative damage to plants (Apel and Hirt 2004). Water stress also aelerates the deline of hlorophyll and protein ontent, negatively alter both the struture and funtion of membranes (Basisak et al., 1994 and Wang, 1999). Plant an protet itself against oxidative damage by antioxidant system inluding antioxidative enzymes and nonenzymati ompounds (Mittler, 2002). Jasmoni aid and its volatile methyl ester, methyl Jasmonate, olletively termed Jasmonates, are regarded as endogenous regulators that play important roles in regulating stress responses, plant growth and development (Creelman et al., 1997), level of endogenous Jasmonates inreases during stress onditions suh as wounding, ozone stress and water stress (Koda, 1992; Parthier et al., 1992; Creelman et al., 1997 and Kumari et al., 2003). Therefore, the urrent work was arried out to find out the onvenient rate of Jasmoni aid appliation under the drought onditions for optimum yield and quality of sweet basil plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two pot experiments were performed at 39

2 the Faulty of Agriulture, Minoufiya University, Shibin El-Kom during the two growing suessive seasons of 2008 and 2009, to investigate the effet of water stress and Jasmoni aid on growth, some physiologial and biohemial aspets, as well as anatomial struture in sweet basil plants. Sweet basil seeds (Oimum basiliaum) were obtained from The Agriultural Researh enter of Giza Egypt. The seeds were sown in the nursery at the end of Marh of both seasons. The uniform seedlings were transplanted at the end of May in pots (25 m inner diameter) ontaining 8 kg of lay loam soil eah. After transplanting, nitrogen fertilization in the form of ammonium sulphate, at the rate of 220 kg / fed. (1.76g/pot) and potassium sulphate (48% K 2 O) at the rate of 100kg/fed.(0.8g/pot) were added at two portions, the first one was added after one month from transplanting and the seond after 15 days from the first appliation. Phosphorus in the form of alium super phosphate (15.5% P 2 O 5 ) at the rate of 100 kg / fed. (0.8) g/pot were added before transplanting. After transplanting, the pots were watered immediately and pest ontrol as well as the other agriulture praties was used as neessary. Jasmoni aid was kindly obtained from Prof. Miersh at the Dept. of Plant Biohemistry, Martin Luther Univ., Germany. JA was sprayed at rates of 2.4 and 4.8 mm on the plant foliage to run off the plants. Tween 20 (0.1%) was used as a surfatant and water sprayed as ontrol treatment. JA was sprayed at two times, after 21 and 36 days from transplanting. The experiment was onduted under three levels of soil moisture (40, 60 and 100% of field apaity) with 6 repliates for eah level. The pots were weighed daily and water was added to bring bak the soil moisture ontent to field apaity. The experiment layout in split-plot design with 6 repliation inluded two fators, the main plot onsisted of three levels of water supplies [100, 60 and 40% F.C.] and the seond fator (subplot) JA [0.00, 2.4 mm and 4.8 mm]. Plant samples ware taken through the growth period at 75 days from transplanting, three plants were taken randomly from eah treatment and separated to different plant parts and the following data were reorded: Plant growth haraters: plant height (m), leaf area (m 2 ), plant dry weight of leaves and stem (g) / plant. Water relations: Relative water ontent (RWC %) was determined aording to the method of Barrs and Weatherley (1962) using the following equation: F. wt Dr. wt RWC % = 100 T. wt Dr. wt Where F. wt: fresh weight of leaves. T. wt: weight of turgid. Dr. wt: dry weight of leaves. Osmoti pressure was measured as desribed by Gosev (1960). Chemial analysis: Photosyntheti pigments were extrated and determined as mg / g Dr.wt as desribed by Witham et al. (1971). Membrane leakage was determined following the method of Leopold et al. (1981). Antioxidant enzymes ativity, peroxidase and atalase ativity was measured in fresh leaves using the methods desribed by Fehrman and Dimond (1967) and Samantary (2002), respetively. Total soluble sugars were determined by the method of Dubois et al. (1956). Proline onentration in fresh leaves was determined following the method of Bates et al. (1973). Total amino aids were determined by the method of Rosen (1957). Oil yield: essential oil % and volatile oil % were determined following the method of British Pharma Copea (1963) and essential oils were analysed using GLC by the method of Teranish (1971). Anatomial studies: samples were taken for eah treatment from the middle internode of the stem (5 th internode from the top) at 75 days after transplanting and treated with FAA and embedded in paraffin (O Brien and MeCully, 1981). Setions were mirotomed at 15 mirons and different areas were 40

3 estimated in mm 2. Statistial analysis: The olleted data for both years were statistially analysed using Co-stat Software (1985) and L.S.D. Test was alulated aording to Snedeor and Cohran (1972). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plant growth haraters: It was well notied from Table (1) that all water stress levels signifiantly redued plant height of sweet basil plants. Water stress negatively affeted the leaf area and dry weight of leaves and stem, the lowest values were reorded fewer than 40% FC whih redued by 30.7% and 33.3 %, respetively in the Seond season ompared to the ontrol plants. These results are in harmony with those reported by Ali et al. (1998) on rose plants and Faried et al. (1999) on roselle plants. Data in Table (1) showed learly that JA appliation generally dereased plant height and leaf area, whereas inreased the number of infloresene branhes and dry weight of leaves and stems. The highest JA onentration was more effetive in this respet. The indution in the number of infloresene branhes and dry weight were reorded by 100% and 25.6%, respetively when the plant treated by JA 2 + ompared to the treated plants. The same trend was observed by Ueda et al. (1995). It an be learly notied that appliation JA 2 fewer than 40% FC reorded a better results ompared to untreated plants under the same level of water stress. The redution of growth as a result of dereasing available soil moisture ontent may be attributed to the inhibiting enlargement of ell division. In addition Abd El-Razik (1996) reported that water stress depressed plant growth ould asribe to the redution of photosyntheti rate whih diretly redued dry matter aumulation. In addition, the physiologial ativities of root dereased under water stress ondition whih affets aeration onsequently both minerals and water absorption (Hammad, 2000 and Gendy & Sorial, 2002). Moreover, Hassanein et al. (2009) reported that the inhibition of plant growth due to water stress appeared to be the results of the inhibition of auxins and gibberellins biosynthesis. Water relations: Data reorded in Table (2) showed a gradual derease in RWC and osmoti potential (more negative) with inreasing drought stress. Jasmoni aid appliation generally inreased RWC and osmoti potential ompared with untreated plants. Jasmoni aid at 4.8 mm. was more effetive than JA at 2.4mM. Todorove et al. (1998) reported that plants treated with JA showed improving water balane as they had a higher water potential than untreated plants. It is possible that this effet was aused by inreasing root to shoot ratio and derease root resistane to water flow (Pedranzani et al., 2007). Chemial analysis: Photosyntheti pigments: Drought stress signifiantly inreased photosyntheti pigments (Table 2) ompared with the ontrol plants. The highest hlorophyll pigments onentration was obtained under 60% FC In this regard; Longstreth et al. (1984) reported that stressed leaves beame thiker than normal leaves leading to inrease hloroplasts per unit area. Jasmoni aid treatments reorded an inrease in hlorophyll onentration ompared with untreated plants. Jasmoni aid appliation under water stress (60% FC) reorded the highest hlorophyll onentration. Kova and Ravnikar (1994) reported that JA treatment resulted in an inrease of ative ytokinin onentration whih enhanes hlorophyll pigments. Enzymes ativity and membrane leakage: Regarding to the ativity of peroxidase and atalase ativity (Fig. 1), dereased the ativity of previous enzymes. Signifiant inrease in the ativity of these enzymes was observed by JA treatment over the ontrol or drought stress. Generally ( JA 2 ) treatment reorded the highest values followed by ( JA 1 ) treatment in peroxidase ativity. Respeting to the atalase ativity, the highest value was deteted with the appliation of JA at the rate of 4.8 mm (JA 2 ) Exogenous JA appliation led to inreases in antioxidant apaity (Bandurska et al., 2003). Evidene has showed that the expression of jasmonate responsive genes is altered under stress onditions and thus ontributes to stress tolerane in plants (Chang and Zong, 2010). 41

4 Table : 1. Interation effets of water stress and JA appliation on plant height, number of infloresene branhes, leaf area, dry matter of plant [leaves + stem] of sweet basil plants in 2008 and 2009 seasons. JA First season Seond season WS JA 0 JA 1 JA 2 Mean JA 0 JA 1 JA 2 Mean Plant height (m) 45 a 42 b 38 d 44 a 41 b b d B 38.0 C 43 a 39 b 36 d 43 a 39 b 36 d d 33d f 41.3 A 37.7 B 34.7 C Mean 41.7 A 41.3 A 39.3 B 39.3 A 38.3 B 36.0 C Number of infloresene branhes / plant d 1.0 e 7.0 b d 8.0 a de 6.7 A 3.7 B 2.0 C d 2.0 ef 8.0 b d e 9.0 a 7.0 b 5.0 d Mean 3.00 B 4.7 A 4.7 A 4.0 C 5.7 B 7.0 A Leaf area (m 2 / plant) 285 a 266 b 255 d 253 b d d 176 df 252 A 224 B 209 C 212 a 185 b b d d 138 de Mean 269 A 219 B 197 C 181 A 170 B 165 C Dry weight (leaves + stem) ( g / plant) 6.0 A 5.4 b 5.2 B 4.3 d 4.4 C 3.6 f 5.7 b e 6.1 a 5.3 b 4.6 d 6.2 a 5.4 b a e 6.3 a e Mean 4.8 B 5.3 A 5.5 A 4.4 B 4.8 A 4.9 A = 100% f. JA o = 00.0 mm = 60 % f. JA 1 = 2.40 mm = 40 % f. JA 2 = 4.80 mm Table: 2. Interation effets of water stress and JA appliation on relative water ontent, osmoti potential, hlorophyll onentration (a + b) and arotenoids, total sugars, total amino aids and proline onentration of sweet basil plants in 2009 season. JA JA 0 JA 1 JA 2 Mean JA 0 JA 1 JA 2 Mean WS Relative water ontent (%) 75.2 b 76.1 a b 45.9 d 46.5 Osmoti potential (-Mpa) 6.86 d b 9.77 b 9.96 b d 44.8 de 75.3 A 56.3 B 45.7 C 5.96 de 7.82 d 9.65 Mean C B A 7.81 C 8.44 B 9.01 A Chlorophyll (a + b) on. Carotenoids on. (mg / g Dr.wt.) (mg / g Dr.wt.) d d C d d b a A b a d b B d b Mean C B A C B A Total sugars Total amino aids (mg / g Dr.wt.) (mg / g Dr.wt.) a b d b e d C A B 9.97 d d b d b a 18.3 d a Mean A B C B 25.6 A 25.5 A Proline onentration (mg / gm Dr.wt.) 64 d b 131 b 143 a 40 d 66 d 101 Mean 69.0 C 93.0 B A = 100% f. JA o = 00.0 mm = 60 % f. JA 1 = 2.40 mm = 40 % f. JA 2 = 4.80 mm Moreover, Bandurska et al. (2003) and Mittler (2002) proved that JA exogenously applied inreased antioxidative ability of plants under water stress. Regarding to membrane leakage, it an be notied that membrane damage inreased with inreasing drought stress (Fig. 1), whereas 40% FC was 65.7 C 83.3 B A 8.0 A 5.0 B 3.0 C 201 A 172 B 143 C 5.9 A 4.5 B 3.7 C 6.96 C 8.69 A 9.79 A C A B C B A more effetive in inreasing membrane leakage moreover, JA appliation protet the membranes from damage by reduing membrane leakage (Bandurska et al., 2003) Compatible osmolytes (proline, total soluble sugars and total amino aids): Data presented in Table (2) showed that, 42

5 1.4 Peroxidase O.D/g-1 FWafter 2min W0 W1 W2 JA0 JA1 JA2 W1JA1 W1JA2 W2JA1 W2JA2 Treatments 20 Catalase µm H 2 O 2 destroyed mg-1 protein min W0 W1 W2 JA0 JA1 JA2 W1JA1 W1JA2 W2JA1 W2JA2 Treatments 100 Membrane leakage % W0 W1 W2 JA0 JA1 JA2 Treatments Figure: 1. Effet of jasmoni aid on enzymes ativity and membrane leakage of sweet basil plants grown under water stress onditions (2009). = 100% FC = 60 % FC = 40 % FC JA o = 00.0 mm JA 1 = 2.40 mm JA 2 = 4.80 mm W1JA1 W1JA2 W2JA1 W2JA2 43

6 Table: 4. Interation effets of water stress and JA appliation on anatomial struture (nm 2 ) of sweet basil plants in 2009 season. JA JA0 JA 1 JA 2 Mean JA 0 JA 1 JA 2 Mean WS Cortex Pith b 14.2 a 13.5 C b 12.1 a 11.4 A 9.5 d 5.2 e d 11.7 b B 6.1 C 7.4 d 4.7 e d 9.0 b B 5.5 C Mean 9.2 C 10.1 B 10.9 A 7.6 C 8.3 B 9.2 A Ground tissue Phloem tissue A a a 2.86 A 16.9 d 9.9 e d 20.7 b 13.2 e 18.9 B 11.7 C 2.18 d 1.34 e d 2.49 b 1.73 e 2.33 B 1.52 C Mean 16.8 C 18.5 B 20.1 A 2.03 C 2.22 B 2.45 A Xylem tissue Condutive tissue a W A b a A d 6.35 e d b B 7.63 C d 7.69 e d b B 9.15 C M ean C B A C B A Total area X. V diameter W A a b a b A d e d b B C d d b B C Mean C B A C B A = 100% f. JA o = 00.0 mm = 60 % f. JA 1 = 2.40 mm = 40 % f. JA 2 = 4.80 mm with inreasing drought stress, the onentrations of total sugars, proline and total amino aids was inreased. The highest values were reorded under 40% FC Moreover, JA appliation generally dereased total soluble sugars ompared to untreated plants and JA 1 was more effetive in inreasing total soluble sugars than JA 2. Whereas, JA inreased proline and total amino aids onentrations espeially JA 2. These results are in agreement with Walters et al. (2002) and Lee et al. (2001). Jasmoni aid appliation an promote the biosynthesis of some substanes (putrasine and proline) related to environmental stresses (Chen & Kao, 1993 and Gao et al., 2004). Oil yield and main volatile oil (linalool): Generally there was a gradual derease in essential and linalool oil perentage with inreasing drought stress. Jasmoni aid appliation at high onentration was more effetive in inreasing it. These inreases were about 42.7% and 9.2% ompared with the ontrol plants, respetively in the seond season (Table 3). These data are in harmony with those obtained with Ihimura et al. (1995) and Kim et al. (2009) who proved that methyl jasmonate appliation under drought stress prevents grain yield loss. Anatomy: High water stress aused a signifiant redution in stem total area (57.9%) ompared with the ontrol (Table 4 and Figure 2). redued the ground tissue (58.2%), xylem tissue (58.7%) and phloem tissue (47.7%). Whereas, JA 2 appliation generally inreased the pith area (19.5 %), ortex area (18.5 %), xylem vessel (13.9 %), phloem (20.7%) and ground tissue (19.6%) ompared with the ontrol plants. There was an important observation whih reorded a maximum inrease in previous parameters with JA 2 under 60 and 40% FC (Figure 2). Table: 3. Interation affets of water stress and JA appliation on essential oil yield and linalool perentages of sweet basil plants in 2009 season. JA WS JA 0 JA 1 JA 2 Mean Essential oil y ield (%) b a A d b B 0.05d d C A M ean B A Main v olatile (linalool) oil (%) 48.1 b 50.2 a 9.1 A d 16.5 b 17.1 B de d C C B M ean A = 100% f. JA o = 00.0 mm = 60 % f. JA 1 = 2.40 mm = 40 % f. JA 2 = mm 44

7 W0 W1 W2 JA2 W1 JA2 W2 JA2 Figure: 2. Cross se tions of sweet basil plants, 75 days after treatment with Jasmoni aid grown under water stress ondition in 2009 season. Generally, it an be onluded that appliation of JA showed a better performane of sweet basil plants under severe drought 40% FC This may be due to the maintenane of dry mass, higher relative water ontent whih refleted higher oil yield and best anatomial struture than untreated plants. Exposure plants to stress are often followed by growth retardation and redued fresh weight of fruit prodution. Jasmoni aid is among plant 45

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