Vitamins. Vitamins (continued) Lipid-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, K) Vitamins Serve Important Roles in Function of Body

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1 Vitamins Drugs for Nutritional Disorders Organic substances are needed in small amounts Promote growth Maintain health Vitamins Human cells cannot produce vitamins Exception: vitamin D Vitamins or provitamins must be supplied in diet Deficiency will result in disease Vitamins Serve Important Roles in Function of Body Vitamin B complex: coenzymes essential to metabolic processes Vitamin A: precursor of retinol needed for normal vision Vitamin D: regulates calcium metabolism Vitamin K: needed to produce prothrombin Lipid-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, K) Must be ingested with lipids to be absorbed in small intestine Excess stored in liver and adipose tissue Can be removed from storage areas and used as needed Excessive intake can lead to dangerously high levels Water-Soluble Vitamins (C, B Complex) Absorbed with water in digestive tract Easily dissolved in blood and body fluids 1

2 Water-Soluble Vitamins (C, B Complex) Excess cannot be stored Excreted in urine Must be ingested daily Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) Minimum amount of a vitamin needed to prevent symptoms of deficiency Need for vitamins and minerals varies among individuals Supplements should never substitute for healthy diet Vitamin Pharmacotherapy Symptoms of Deficiency Indicated for certain conditions Poor nutritional intake Pregnancy Chronic-disease states Usually nonspecific; occur over prolonged period Often result of certain factors Poverty, fad diets Chronic alcohol or drug abuse Prolonged parenteral feeding Clients often present with multiple deficiencies Deficiencies in Lipid-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A (retinol) Obtained from foods containing carotenes Vitamin D D2 (ergocalciferol) from dairy products D3 from ultraviolet light Deficiencies in Lipid-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin E (tocopherols) Found in plant-seed oils, whole-grain cereals, eggs, certain organ meats Primary antioxidant Vitamin K mixture of several chemicals K1 obtained from plant sources K2 obtained from microbial flora in colon Needed for clotting 2

3 Deficiencies in Water-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy Thiamine (B1) deficiency can cause beriberi Niacin (B3) deficiency can cause pellagra Deficiencies in Water-Soluble Vitamins Cyanocobalamin (B12) deficiency can cause pernicious or megaloblastic anemia Deficiencies of riboflavin (B2), folic acid (B9), pyridoxine (B6) Indicate need for pharmacotherapy with water-soluble vitamins Minerals Inorganic substances Very small amounts needed to maintain normal metabolism Constitute 4% of body weight Can be obtained from normal diet Excess minerals can be toxic Drug Therapy with Fat-Soluble Vitamins Assess for chronic overdose of vitamins Consider socioeconomic status and culture of client Recommend foods that treat deficiency Recommend foods that are affordable for and liked by client Water-Soluble Vitamin Therapy Thiamine administered for hospitalized clients with severe liver disease Niacin and pyridoxine may cause severe flushing Expected reaction for client; no permanent harm Assess women of childbearing age for folic acid deficiency Prior to attempting or during pregnancy Water-Soluble Vitamin Therapy Recommend multivitamin to avoid overdose Caution clients with history of kidney stones against using vitamin C Advise clients taking vitamin C to increase fluid intake Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body Must be replenished daily 3

4 Macromineral Therapy For mineral deficiencies or eclampsia Large doses can cause lifethreatening adverse effects Encourage well-balanced diet Eliminates or reduces need for supplements Calcium Supplements and Vit D Therapy Calcium supplements used for clients with hypocalcemia Deficiencies of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, or dietary calcium. Vit D allows for increased absorption of calcium. (Source is our skin and proper exposure to light). Figure 31.2 (a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH); (b) calcitonin action Signs of Calcium Deficit Muscle twithcing tremor and cramping. Numbness and tingling of extremities, convulsions Figure 31.2 (a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH); (b) calcitonin action Figure 31.3 Pathway for vitamin D activation and action 4

5 Osteomalacia (rickets) Softening of the bone in kids. Caused by lack of Vit D and calcium in diet Can be secondary to kidney failure Or inability to absorb calcium from intestines. Milk is fortified with vitamin D. Osteoporosis Loss of calcium from the bones 1.5 million fractures annually. Risk factors Postmenopause ETOH or Caffeine consumption Anorexia nervosa Smoking Physical inactivity Low testosterone level Lack of Vit D or calcium in diet. Drugs : cortico-s, anticonvulsants, immunosuppresants Figure 31.4 Calcium metabolism in the osteoporosis: (a) normal calcium intake; (b) low calcium intake Calcium Supplements Normal Calcium Range meq/l mg/dL Take calcium at least 1hr apart from glucocorticoids, tetracycline and thyroid hormone Thiazide diuretics increase the risk of ^Ca+ Vitamin D: Calcitriol Uses: Impaired kidney function, hypoparthyroidism Effects: promotes intestinal absorption of calcium Reduces bone resorption Side Effects Hypercalcemia, hypermagnesium Muscle weakness increased fatigue depressed DTR s Signs of Hypocalcemia Chvostek s sign Trousseau s sign Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes laryngospasm 5

6 Figure A, Positive Chvostek s sign. B, Positive Trousseau s sign. Figure A, Positive Chvostek s sign. B, Positive Trousseau s sign. How does phosphorus and calcium relate? Inverse relationship. Macromineral Therapy If calcium prescribed Inform health-care provider of use of glucocorticoids, thiazide diuretics, tetracyclines Avoid zinc-rich foods, which impair calcium absorption Macromineral Therapy If phosphorus prescribed Inform health-care provider if on sodiumor potassium-restricted diet Immediately report seizure activity; stop drug Avoid antacids If client is taking magnesium sulfate, immediately report Changes in consciousness, deep tendon reflexes Thirst, confusion Macrominerals Seven major (macro) minerals Calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorous Potassium, sodium, sulfur Must be obtained daily from dietary sources in amounts of 100 mg or greater Nine trace (micro) minerals Include iron, iodine, fluorine, and zinc Required daily amount is 20 mg or less 6

7 Undernutrition Undernutrition Many causes Low dietary intake Malabsorption disorders Fad diets Wasting disorders such as cancer or AIDS Reasons for low dietary intake vary Poverty, depression, difficulty eating Nutritional consultation is appropriate Enteral Nutrition Classification of Enteral Products Provided orally or through feeding tube Means of meeting client s nutritional needs Oligomeric (Vivonex, T.E.N., Peptamen) Polymeric most common type (Compeat, Sustacal, Ensure) Modular given to supplement single nutrient (Casec, Polycose, Microlipid, MCT Oil) Specialized given for special disease states (Amin-Aid, Hepatic-Aid II, Pulmocare) Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) Also known as hyperalimentation Means of supplying nutrition to clients Peripheral vein (short term) Central vein (long term) Administered through infusion pump for precise monitoring 7

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