Macromolecules. SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules.
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1 Macromolecules SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules.
2 FOUR MAJOR BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids
3 1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids. Structure of Carbohydrates: Composed of hexagonal rings made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Form long chains Examples of Carbohydrates: Glucose, cellulose, sugars, flour, milk, etc Hexagonal Ring = Carb!!
4 1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids. Structure of Lipids: Composed of triglycerides that look like the letter E Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Examples of Lipids: Oils, butter, membranes E Shape = Lipid!!
5 1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids. Structure of Proteins: Composed of amino acids Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Examples of Proteins: Meats, steroids, enzymes Chain = Protein!!
6 1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids. Structure of Nucleic Acids: Composed of nucleotides that consist of one nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group Examples of Nucleic Acids: RNA, DNA Three parts in these shapes = Protein!!
7 1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids. Remember! Monomer is a building block. Polymer is building blocks put together. Ex: An amino acid is the monomer and the protein is the polymer.
8 2. Students will describe the primary functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids in organisms. FUNCTIONS Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Main source of energy Compose cell walls in plants Insulate and cushion body Steroid production Waterproofing Storage of energy Make up cellular membranes Structure Found in cell membranes Transferring of genetic information Contain info to make proteins
9 Enzymes SC.912.L Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as ph and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity.
10 1. Students will explain how enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the reaction s activation energy. Enzymes: special proteins that speed up the rate of a reaction An enzyme is a CATALYST (a substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction) The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to begin.
11 2. Students will identify and/or describe the effect of environmental factors on enzyme activity. Factors that affect enzymes: Concentration ph Temperature Each enzyme can speed up reactions at certain concentration levels, ph levels, and temperature. When an enzyme is exposed to higher or lower levels or temperature, it will be deactivated or denatured and will no longer work to speed up the reaction.
12 2. Students will identify and/or describe the effect of environmental factors on enzyme activity.
13 Properties of Water SC.912.L Discuss the special properties of water that contribute to Earth s sustainability as an environment for life: cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent.
14 1. Students will explain the properties of water at a conceptual level. Hydrogen Bonding: involves a weak interaction where a hydrogen atom bonds with an oxygen atom Because of hydrogen bonding, water is a polar molecule. Polarity: the positive (hydrogen end) attracts the negative (oxygen end) of a nearby water molecule
15 1. Students will explain the properties of water at a conceptual level. Cohesion: water sticks to water; the hydrogen bonds create surface tension This allows water droplets to form and insects and leaves to rest on the surface of the water.
16 1. Students will explain the properties of water at a conceptual level. Adhesion: water sticks to other surfaces This allows water to move up straws and stems of plants
17 1. Students will explain the properties of water at a conceptual level. Temperature Moderation: water has the ability to heat up and cool down slowly because it takes a lot of energy to do so. This is why the water is cooler than the sand on a hot day at the beach.
18 1. Students will explain the properties of water at a conceptual level. Expansion Upon Freezing: as water goes from liquid to solid, it become less dense, the molecules form a crystalline structure when they freeze This is why ice floats in water!
19 1. Students will explain the properties of water at a conceptual level. Universal Solvent: many substances are able to dissolve in water due to its structure
20 2. Students will explain how the properties make water essential for life on Earth. Think! How do these properties of water allow life on Earth to be possible? Record on your outline and be ready to share out!
21 Scientific Method SC.912.N.1.1
22 1. Student will design and/or evaluate a scientific investigation using evidence of scientific thinking and/or problem solving.
23 Photosynthesis SC.912.L.18.7 Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis.
24 1. Students will identify the reactants, products, and the basic functions of photosynthesis. Plant cells capture energy from the sun and convert it into food (carbohydrates in the form of glucose aka sugar). Plant cells then convert the carbs into energy during cellular respiration. The ultimate source of energy for all living things is the Sun. Reactants = Carbon dioxide, water, and light energy Products = Glucose and oxygen OCCURS IN CHLOROPLASTS!
25 Cellular Respiration SC.912.L.18.8 Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of cellular respiration.
26 1. Students will identify the reactants, products, and the basic functions of cellular respiration. Food molecules are converted to energy. There are three stages to cellular respiration: glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and electron transport chain. Reactants = Glucose and oxygen Products = Carbon dioxide, water, energy OCCURS IN MITOCHONDRIA
27 2. Students will compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. Aerobic Respiration: Requires the presence of oxygen Release of energy from the breakdown of glucose (or other organic compound) In the presence of oxygen Energy release is used to make ATP, which provides energy for bodily processes Takes place in almost all living things Step two (Krebs Cycle) and step three (ETC) of cellular respiration are aerobic processes
28 2. Students will compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs in the absence of oxygen Breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen with the production of a small amount of energy Produces less energy than aerobic respiration Often called fermentation Seen as an adaptation for organisms that live in an environment that lack oxygen Step one (glycolysis) of cellular respiration is considered anaerobic, from there if oxygen is not present the organism will proceed with fermentation in place of Krebs and ETC
29 2. Students will compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. Fermentation: When cells are not provided with oxygen in a timely manner, this process occurs to continue producing ATP until oxygen is available again Glucose is broken down There are two types of fermentation: Lactic Acid Fermentation (muscle cells): Glucose Lactic Acid + ATP Alcoholic Fermentation (plant cells): Glucose CO 2 + Alcohol + 2ATP
30 Interrelated Nature of Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis SC.912.L.18.9 Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
31 1. Students will explain how the products of photosynthesis are used as reactants for cellular respiration and vice versa.
32
33 1. Students will explain how the products of photosynthesis are used as reactance for cellular respiration and vice versa. Photosynthesis STORES energy in organic compound Cellular Respiration RELEASES energy from organic compounds
34 ATP SC.912.L Connect the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to energy transfers within a cell.
35 1. Students will connect the role of ATP to energy transfers within the cell. ATP: a molecule that stores and releases the energy in its bonds when the cell needs it Removing a phosphate group (P) allows energy to be released for chemical reactions to occur in the cell When the cell has energy, energy is stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP
36 1. Students will connect the role of ATP to energy transfers within the cell. Photosynthesis STORES energy in ATP Cellular Respiration RELEASES energy from ATP
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