Success with weaned pigs

Transcription

1 Our approach to nursery pig nutrition Success with weaned pigs 2 Right pigs Age and health Right environment Clean, dry, draft free Right diets Daily care (chores) Feed, water, air Components of a successful nursery nutrition program 1. Match dietary nutrient levels and ingredients with weight and age of the nursery pig; 2. Maximize feed intake as quickly as possible to overcome the post wean lag associated with pigs being in an energy deficient state and to maintain a healthy intestine; and 3. Appropriately adjust pigs (based on age, weight, health status, etc.) to lower cost diets (usually grain soybean meal diets) as quickly as possible after weaning to reduce total feed cost. 1

2 Digestive Development 4 Plant proteins Fat Milk and specialtybased ingredients Week of Age d 2 d 10 d 21 d 24 Villus scan of jejunum intestinal morphology (Pigs weaned on d 21) Cera et al., 1998 Villus scan of jejunum intestinal morphology d 21 d 28 d 28 Not weaned Weaned on day 21 Cera et al.,

3 Soybean Meal Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Transient hypersensitivity Disorders of digestive movement Inflammatory responses in the intestinal mucosa Villi are sloughed resulting in reduced absorptive capacity Increased susceptibility to Endotoxins Bacterial infection Effect of Protein Source on Intestinal Morphology Soybean meal Milk Proteins Li et al., 1989 Two Options for Using Soybean Meal in Starter Diets No early exposure Initial diet(s) do not contain SBM No Inflammatory responses in the intestinal mucosa SBM added in later diets Early, limited exposure Initial diets contain some SBM SBM levels are gradually increased 3

4 Influence of Protein Source on ADG Period After Weaning Friesen et al., 1993 Therefore: Initial diets should contain levels of soybean meal protein that acclimate the pig s digestive system to less complex diets Depends on trypsin levels in SBM Specialty diets 8 to 12% of the diet Phase 1 15 to 18% of the diet Phase 2 20 to 25% of the diet Phase 3 Can be all soy protein Fats The baby pig does an excellent job of digesting and utilizing fat from sow s milk. For first few weeks after weaning, pig has limited ability to effectively use fat to improve ADG and F/G. Several reasons for problem: Lower fat digestibility (chain length of fat) Low fatty acid binding protein Low carnitine acyl transferase 4

5 Added Fat Levels for Starter Diets Phase Phase I Phase II Phase III Percent 3 to 6 0 to 6 0 to 6 Reason Lubricant for Pellet quality Performance, dust control Performance, dust control Nursery Allocation Switching from mother s milk to a corn-soy diet in a 3 week period Key considerations Number of pigs on feed line Compartment size of feed truck Barn fill time 14 Multiple diets matched to the changing needs of the pig < 11 lb Specialty diet 15 < 15 lb High specialty protein and lactose sources; low soybean meal < 5 lb/pig 15 to 24 lb 24 to 50 lb Reduced specialty protein and lactose sources; moderate soybean meal lb/pig No specialty protein and lactose sources; soybean meal as main protein source lb/pig 5

6 Diet Cost vs Percentage Feed Cost Example phase feeding recommendations, lb/pig 17 Pig Weaning Weight, lb Diet Phase Phase 2 10 to 15 lb/pig Phase 3 40 to 45 lb/pig Keys to Get Weanling Pigs Off to a Good Start 18 Protein Sources and Levels Amino Acid Levels Carbohydrate Sources and Levels 6

7 Ingredient usage in diets Phase 1 Fed from weaning to 15 lb BW Commonly fed in pelleted form High lactose level (17 to 25%) Dried whey, whey permeate, lactose Limit the soybean meal level 7 to 15% with quality control being critical Other protein sources to meet amino acid needs: spray dried animal plasma, whey protein concentrate, intestinal peptides, fish meal, spray dried blood cells/meal, amino acids, poultry meal, or further processed soy products. 19 Ingredient usage in diets Phase 2 Fed from 15 to 25 lb BW Fed in pelleted or meal form Lower lactose level (7 to 10%) Dried whey, whey permeate, lactose Increased soybean meal level 20 to 25% with quality control being critical Lower levels of other protein sources to meet amino acid needs: amino acids, fish meal, poultry meal, further processed soy products, intestinal peptides, or spray dried blood cells/meal. 20 Ingredient usage in diets Phase 3 Fed from 25 to 50 lb Simple grain soybean meal diet with similar ingredients to finishing diets. Does not included specialty protein or lactose sources (too expensive) The lowest cost diet in the nursery feeding program. However, because consumption is the greatest, it usually accounts for over 50% of the total nursery feed cost. 21 7

8 Amino acid and lactose recommendations 22 Type of diet Body weight, lb Assumed daily feed intake, g Assumed daily gain, g Dietary ME, Mcal/kg Phase 1 < Phase 2 15 to Phase 3 25 to SID lysine, % Total lysine Amino acid:lysine ratio Threonine Methionine Methionine + cysteine Tryptophan Isoleucine Valine Lactose, % Mineral recommendations 23 Type of diet Body weight, lb Phase 1 < 15 Phase 2 15 to 25 Phase 3 25 to 50 Calcium, % Phosphorus, total, % Phosphorus, available, % Phosphorus, digestible, % Sodium, % (total, not added) a Chloride, % (total, not added) a Copper, ppm b Iodine, ppm Iron, ppm Manganese, ppm Selenium, ppm Zinc, ppm b a Salt usually added at 0.25 to 0.35% to provide major portion of Na and Cl. b Levels of 125 to 250 ppm Cu from copper sulfate or tri basic copper chloride in Phases 3. SID lysine level for 15 to 30 lb pigs 24 ADG, g Quadratic < Lysine, % Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Gaines et al.,

9 SID lysine level for 15 to 30 lb pigs 25 Feed/gain Linear < 0.01 Quadratic < Lysine, % Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Gaines et al., 2003 SID lysine level for 15 to 30 lb pigs 26 g/kg gain to 19 g/kg of gain Lysine, % Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Gaines et al., 2003 Experiment 2: L Lys HCl vs. SBM Lys Source P = 0.48 Lys P < ; Linear P < L-Lys HCl SBM 9

10 SID lysine level for 24 to 60 lb pigs 5 experiments with 3,628 pigs 28 Kendall et al., 2008 SID lysine level for 24 to 60 lb pigs 5 experiments with 3,628 pigs 29 Kendall et al., 2008 SID lysine level for 24 to 60 lb pigs 5 experiments with 3,628 pigs 30 Kendall et al.,

11 Lysine requirement of nursery pigs Weight, kg g/kg gain Gaines et al., to Nemechek et al., to Dean et al., to Lenehan et al., to Schneider et al., to Kendall et al., to experiments = 19 g/kg gain 31 Estimated SID threonine:lysine ratios from experiments from 2000 to Thr:lys ratio Weight, kg 13 experiments Estimated SID TSAA:lysine ratios from experiments from 2000 to TSAA:lys ratio Weight, kg 9 experiments 11

12 SID Trp:Lys requirement for pigs from 11 to 20 kg ADG, kg SID Trp:lys ratio Goncalves et al., Effect of valine:lysine ratio on ADG from 7 to 12 kg ADG, g Probability, P < Linear = < Quadratic = SEM = Valine:lysine ratio, % Nemechek et al., Effect of valine:lysine ratio on ADFI from 7 to 12 kg 36 Probability, P < Linear = < Quadratic = 0.01 SEM = ADFI, g Valine:lysine ratio, % Nemechek et al.,

13 37 Recommended SID valine:lysine ratio for pigs with NRC vs Brazilian/EU nutrient values Influence of SID Isoleucine level on growth performance from 80 to 120 kg 38 ADG, g Corn blood cells diet Exp ADG, g Corn SBM diet Exp SID isoleucine, % SID isoleucine, % Dean et al., 2005 SID isoleucine:lysine ratio for finishing pigs 39 Blood cells > 60% Parr et al., 2003 Kerr et al., 2004 Fu et al., 2005 a,b Fu et al., 2006 a,b,c Dean et al., 2005 No blood cells < 52% Barea et al., 2009b Lindemann et al., 2010 Norgaard & Fernandez, 2009 Dean et al., 2005 Nemechek et al.,

14 Nonessential amino acids 40 Low CP, high synthetic amino acid diets Glycine and other nonessentials required - Kendall, et al., 2004; Powell et al., 2009 a,b; Southern et al., 2010 Maximum total lysine:total CP ratio to provide a minimum CP level in the diet - < 7.1% (Ratliff et al., 2005) - < 7.3% (Nemechek et al., 2011) Protein sources: Spray dried animal plasma Whey protein concentrate Intestinal peptide products Byproducts of heparin production - DPS 50, PEP2+, PEP 50 and PEP NS Egg protein products Fish meal Spray dried blood meal Crystalline Amino Acids Further processed soy proteins Fermented soy products, soy concentrates, etc 41 Ability to stimulate feed intake Lactose sources: Edible grade dried whey Lactose Whey permeate Other dried whey sources 42 Ability to stimulate feed intake Lactose replacements Sucrose Dextrose 14

15 Whey Quality Excessive heat can denature whey proteins Mineral concentrations can vary during processing (<9%) Pigs scour Other items to consider Antibiotic responses are excellent in nursery ZnO to 25 lb, then Cu Superdose phytase in all phases Test any other additives Particle size of grain As fine as possible in pellets 600 microns in meal Feeder adjustment (50% pan coverage)

16 Effects of Calcium Level in Nursery Pigs Diets 1 STTD Ca, 2 %: P-Value STTD P, %: SEM Linear Quad BW, lb d d d 0 to 22 ADG, lb ADFI, lb F/G Gonzales-Vega et al., 2015 (University of Illinois) 2 Standard Total Tract Digestibility (not analyzed mineral level) 4 th part: SUCRAM field efficacy 32 treatments with SUCRAM : more than 4500 piglets Parameter Evolution Occurrence FCR 2.6% 78% (negative) ADFI +2.7% 69%(positive) ADG +4.6% 69%(positive) ROI 5 to 1 85% (positive) Confirmation of digestibility/feed utilisation optimization (FCR) Improvement of intake similar to feed conversion Higher weight gain due to an improvement of: Intake and Feed conversion 47 Positive Return On Investment in most of the cases TB 135 ADG Phase 1 & 2 lb % 11% % 7.0% % 10% 6.6% 7.9% 5.6% Means statistically different than negative control, P<0.05. Means statistically different than negative control, P<0.001 Control Evosure Evosure improved ADG in all 8 trials On average, Evosure (0.70) resulted in 7.0% greater ADG than negative control (0.66)

17 F:G Phase 1 & % Feed intake data were not recorded 9.3% 3.6% 2.4% 7.2% 5.0% 3.9% 5.2% Control Means statistically different than negative control, P<0.05. Means statistically different than negative control, P<0.001 Evosure Evosure improved feed efficiency in all 7 trials On average, Evosure (1.18) resulted in 5.2% improved F:G vs. the negative control (1.24) End BW Phase 1 & 2 lb % % 4.0% 3.4% 4.7% 2.4% 4.9% 2.5% 3.5% Control Evosure Means statistically different than negative control, P<0.05. Means statistically different than negative control, P<0.001 Evosure improved end BW in all 8 trials On average, Evosure (23.4) resulted in 3.5% greater end BW than negative control (22.6) Success with weaned pigs 51 Right pigs Age and health Right environment Clean, dry, draft free Right diets Daily care (chores) Feed, water, air 17

18 Set the barn up properly before the pigs arrive 52 Placement to 36 hours Pigs need to find water and feed - Water height adjustment, cup water, and dripping - Always have feed in feeder - Feed on mats if needed Environmental temperature - Make pigs comfortable Get room ready and leave them alone! Improper Drinker Height 53 Proper Drinker Setup 54 18

19 Proper Feeder Setup 55 Improper Feeder Setup 56 Percentage of Pigs that have Not Eaten by Time after Weaning 57 Adapted from Bruinix et al.,

20 Assist pigs and teach feeding behavior 36 to 72 hours Identify starve out pigs Help starve out pigs find feed - Hand feed a few pellets - Make a gruel and use a syringe to dose pigs - Hospital pens 36, 48, and 60 hours after weaning Timing and implementation is critical for success 58 Assist pigs and teach feeding behavior 59 Method 1: Hand feeding Method 2: Gruel pan Pull pen with gruel Graduation pen Nursery pig summary 60 Newly weaned pigs are in energy deficient state. Maximize feed intake by utilizing high quality specialty protein and lactose sources immediately post weaning. Switch pigs to low cost diets as quickly as possible after weaning. Recent changes: Moderate SID lysine in first phase and increase in later phases. Use of superdose phytase. 20

21 Thank you! K-STATE RESEARCH and EXTENSION 21