Figure Nutrition: omnivore, herbivore, carnivore
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1 Figure 41.1 Nutrition: omnivore, herbivore, carnivore
2 Essential Nutrients: Amino acids Fatty acids Vitamins Minerals Figure 41.2 Complete vs incomplete Omnivore vs herbivore (vegetarian)
3 Table 41.1
4 Table 41.2
5 Figure 41.3 Salt lick essential minerals
6 Figure 41.4 Richard Smithells Effects of vitamin supplementation and neural tube defects RESULTS Group Vitamin supplements (experimental group) No vitamin supplements (control group) Number of infants/fetuses studied Infants/fetuses with a neural tube defect 1 (0.7%) 12 (5.9%)
7 Figure 41.5 Food processing: Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion (enzymatic hydrolysis) Nutrient molecules enter body cells Undigested material 1 Ingestion 2 Digestion 3 Absorption 4 Elimination
8 Figure 41.6a 4 Main Feeding Mechanisms Suspension Feeders and Filter Feeders Baleen
9 Figure 41.6b 4 Main Feeding Mechanisms Substrate Feeders Caterpillar Feces
10 Figure 41.6c 4 Main Feeding Mechanisms Fluid Feeders
11 Figure 41.6d 4 Main Feeding Mechanisms Bulk Feeders
12 Figure 41.7 Extracellular digestion Mouth Tentacles Food 1 Digestive enzymes released 2 Food particles broken down Epidermis Gastrodermis 3 Food particles engulfed and digested
13 Figure 41.8 Esophagus Pharynx Crop Gizzard Intestine Anus Mouth (a) Earthworm Foregut Esophagus Midgut Hindgut Rectum Anus Esophagus Crop Stomach Gizzard Intestine Mouth Crop Mouth (b) Grasshopper Gastric cecae (c) Bird Anus
14 Figure 41.9 Tongue Oral cavity Salivary glands Pharynx Esophagus Mouth Esophagus Salivary glands Liver Sphincter Gallbladder Stomach Gallbladder Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus Sphincter Stomach Duodenum of small intestine Liver Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus Schematic diagram
15 Figure Carnivore Herbivore Omnivore Key Incisors Canines Premolars Molars
16 10 m Figure Esophagus Sphincter Stomach Sphincter Gastric pits on interior surface of stomach Gastric gland Small intestine Epithelium Pepsinogen Chief cell 1 2 HCl 3 Pepsin Folds of epithelial tissue Mucous cell H Cl Chief cell Parietal cell Parietal cell
17 Figure 41.19a 1 Liver GI Hormones Food Stomach Gallbladder Gastric juices Gastrin Pancreas Duodenum of small intestine Key Stimulation Inhibition
18 Figure 41.19b GI Hormones 2 Bile Chyme CCK HCO 3, enzymes Key Stimulation Inhibition Secretin CCK
19 Figure 41.19c GI Hormones 3 Secretin and CCK Gastric juices Key Stimulation Inhibition
20 Figure Food 3 Liver Bile Stomach Gallbladder Gastric juices Gastrin Pancreas CCK Chyme HCO 3, enzymes Secretin and CCK Gastric juices Duodenum of small intestine Key Stimulation Inhibition Secretin CCK
21 Figure 41.13a Vein carrying blood to liver Muscle layers Intestinal wall Key Nutrient absorption Villi Large circular folds
22 Figure 41.13b Villi Microvilli (brush border) at apical (lumenal) surface Lumen Epithelial cells Blood capillaries Epithelial cells Basal surface Lacteal Lymph vessel Key Nutrient absorption
23 Figure LUMEN Triglycerides OF SMALL INTESTINE Epithelial cell Fatty acids Triglycerides Monoglycerides Phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins Chylomicron Lacteal
24 Figure Ascending portion of colon Small intestine Cecum Appendix
25 Figure Small intestine Small intestine Stomach Cecum Carnivore Colon (large intestine) Herbivore
26 Figure Rumen 2 Reticulum Esophagus Intestine 4 Abomasum 3 Omasum
27 Figure Transport of glucose into body cells and storage of glucose as glycogen Homeostasis: mg glucose/ 100 ml blood Stimulus: Blood glucose level rises after eating. Pancreas secretes insulin. Breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into blood Stimulus: Blood glucose level drops below set point. Pancreas secretes glucagon.
28 Figure Satiety center Leptin PYY Ghrelin Insulin
29 Figure 41.UN01 Veins to heart Hepatic portal vein Lymphatic system Liver Mouth Esophagus Stomach Lipids Absorbed food (except lipids) Absorbed water Secretions from salivary glands Secretions from gastric glands Small intestine Secretions from liver Secretions from pancreas Large intestine Anus Rectum
30 Figure 41.UN02
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