Carbohydrates 1. Steven E. Massey, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Bioinformatics Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Carbohydrates 1. Steven E. Massey, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Bioinformatics Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras"

Transcription

1 Carbohydrates 1 Steven E. Massey, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Bioinformatics Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Office & Lab: NCN#343B Tel: ext stevenemassey@gmail.com

2 Carbohydrates are the most abundant type of biological molecule on earth They are used for energy storage, have a role in central metabolism and structural roles Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones Many have the formula (CH2O)n Monosaccharides have a single aldehyde or ketone unit Oligosaccharides are short chains of monosaccharides Disaccharides are double units of monosaccharides Polysaccharides are 20 or more units of monosaccharides

3 Monosaccharides are either aldehydes or ketones with 2 or more hydroxyl groups Divided into aldoses and ketoses (from aldehydes and ketones, respectively) Triose 3 carbons Tetrose 4 carbons Pentose 5 carbons Hexose 6 carbons Heptose 7 carbons All (except dihydroxyacetone) have at least one chiral center By convention, there are two enantiomers, D and L

4 Examples of monosaccharides The prefix aldoor keto- denotes whether it is an aldehyde or ketose, respectively

5 Enantiomers are mirror images of each other An easy way to remember: L stands for left (anti-clockwise) D stands for derecha (right) The order of atoms attached to the chiral carbon is dictated by the location of the hydroxyl Most naturally occurring sugars are in their D-form

6 There can be 2n stereoisomers for a molecule with n chiral centers Glyceraldehyde has 21, while glucose has 24 (16) The chiral center furthest from the carbonyl group determines the name of the molecule (D or L) For aldoses: Those in which the conformation is the same as D-glyceraldehyde are D isomers Those in which the conformation is the same as L-glyceraldehyde are L isomers

7 Pink denotes a chiral center

8

9

10 Dihydroxyacetone does not have a chiral center

11

12 Epimers are sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom (not the major chiral center) Eg. D-glucose, D-mannose and D-galactose D-mannose and D-galactose vary at the second and fourth carbon positions respectively

13 Some sugars occur naturally in their L form Eg. L-arabinose

14 Monosaccharides are commonly rings, and this conformation predominates in aqueous solution The ring structures are formed by the reaction of alcohols with aldehydes / ketones are called hemiacetals or hemiketals

15 Taking the example of glucose, the open form may form a closed form by the reaction of the terminal aldehyde group with C5-OH There are two potential configurations (anomers); α and β α means that the -OH below the level of the plane Mutarotation converts the two anomers

16 6 membered rings are called pyranoses The two anomers of glucose are called α-d-glucopyranose and β-d-glucopyranose 5 membered rings are called furanoses; these are less stable and less common for aldoses More common for ketoses eg. fructose

17 Ketohexoses also have α and β anomeric forms. The naming convention is the same as for aldohexoses; the α form -OH is below the plane, the β is above the level of the plane D-fructose readily forms a furanose ring with a hemiketal linkage β-d-fructose is the most common form of fructose

18 Haworth perspective formulas are used to show the ring structures of monosaccharides The bold lines come OUT of the page However, monosaccharides are really not planar, but instead have a chair conformation Note: Conformations can be interconverted without breaking covalent bonds Configurations can be interconverted only by breaking bonds

19

20 Hexose derivatives In addition to simple hexoses there are a variety of derivatives, where a hydroxyl group is replaced. With an amine group glucosamine, galactosamine, mannosamine The amine group is usually reacted with acetic acid, as in the case of N-acetylglucosamine. This compound is found in bacterial cell walls

21 A phosphate group eg glucose 6-phosphate The phosphate group is often used to activate the sugar, prior to further chemical reactions (eg. glycolysis)

22 Monosaccharides are reducing This means they can reduce cupric ions (Cu2+) to cuprous ions (Cu+; red in colour) Fehling s reaction is a test for the presence of reducing sugars; used for many years to test for diabetes. The amount of sugar was quantitized by making a red color on making Cu+

23 Disaccharides are formed when a hydroxyl group of one sugar reacts with the anomeric carbon of another This is called an O-glycosidic bond The formation of maltose leaves a free hemiacetal group, thus it is a reducing sugar Not all disaccharides are reducing sugars By convention, the reducing end is at the right

24 Maltose is formed from 2 D-glucoses and is found in seeds Its formula is: α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-d-glucopyranose Glc(α1->4)Glc Lactose is formed from D-glucose and D-galactose and is found in milk Gal(β1->4)Glc Sucrose is derived from glucose and fructose and is only found in plants - it is non-reducing as it does not have a free anomeric carbon, both are joined hence the symbol Its abbreviation is Glc(α1<->2β)Fru and can also be represented as Fru(β2<->1α)Glc

25 Trehalose is formed from two α D-glucoses Glc(α1<->1α)Glc Found in insects and fungi, it is also non-reducing, hence the symbol

Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush. Rana N. Talj

Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush. Rana N. Talj 2 Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush June 19 th 2013 Rana N. Talj Review: Fischer suggested a projection in which the horizontal bonds are projecting towards the viewer and the vertical ones project away from the

More information

CLASS 11th. Biomolecules

CLASS 11th. Biomolecules CLASS 11th 01. Carbohydrates These are the compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen having hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as that of water, i.e. 2 : 1. They are among the most widely distributed

More information

Long time ago, people who sacrifice their sleep, family, food, laughter, and other joys of life were called SAINTS. But now, they are called STUDENTS!

Long time ago, people who sacrifice their sleep, family, food, laughter, and other joys of life were called SAINTS. But now, they are called STUDENTS! Long time ago, people who sacrifice their sleep, family, food, laughter, and other joys of life were called SAINTS. But now, they are called STUDENTS! Monosaccharaides Q. Can hydrolysis occur at anytime

More information

CARBOHYDRATES (SUGARS)

CARBOHYDRATES (SUGARS) ARBYDRATES (SUGARS) ARBYDRATES: 1. Most Abundant Molecules on Earth: (100 MILLIN METRI TNS f 2 And 2 0 onverted To ellulose and ther Plant Products/Year) 2. FUNTINS: Diet, Energy, Structural, Signalling

More information

24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates

24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates 24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugars) are abundant in nature: They are high energy biomolecules. They provide structural rigidity for organisms (plants, crustaceans, etc.). The polymer

More information

Questions- Carbohydrates. A. The following structure is D-sorbose. (Questions 1 7) CH 2 OH C = O H C OH HO C H H C OH

Questions- Carbohydrates. A. The following structure is D-sorbose. (Questions 1 7) CH 2 OH C = O H C OH HO C H H C OH Questions- Carbohydrates A. The following structure is D-sorbose. (Questions 1 7) CH 2 C = O H C HO C H H C CH 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Which characteristic is different when comparing the open-chain forms of

More information

Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry. CHAPTER 6: Carbohydrates

Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry. CHAPTER 6: Carbohydrates Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) King Saud University College of Science, Chemistry Department CHEM 109 CHAPTER 6: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates

More information

I (CH 2 O) n or H - C - OH I

I (CH 2 O) n or H - C - OH I V. ARBYDRATE arbohydrates (glycans) have the following basic composition: I ( ) n or - - I Many carbohydrates are soluble in water. The usual chemical test for the simpler carbohydrates is heating with

More information

Carbohydrates. Chapter 12

Carbohydrates. Chapter 12 Carbohydrates Chapter 12 Educational Goals 1. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it as either aldoses or ketoses. 2. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it by

More information

Chem 263 Nov 22, Carbohydrates (also known as sugars or saccharides) See Handout

Chem 263 Nov 22, Carbohydrates (also known as sugars or saccharides) See Handout hem 263 Nov 22, 2016 arbohydrates (also known as sugars or saccharides) See andout Approximately 0.02% of the sun s energy is used on this planet for photosynthesis in which organisms convert carbon dioxide

More information

Chapter-8 Saccharide Chemistry

Chapter-8 Saccharide Chemistry Chapter-8 Saccharide Chemistry Page 217-228 Carbohydrates (Saccharides) are most abundant biological molecule, riginally produced through C 2 fixation during photosynthesis I (C 2 ) n or - C - I where

More information

Welcome to Class 7. Class 7: Outline and Objectives. Introductory Biochemistry

Welcome to Class 7. Class 7: Outline and Objectives. Introductory Biochemistry Welcome to Class 7 Introductory Biochemistry Class 7: Outline and Objectives l Monosaccharides l Aldoses, ketoses; hemiacetals; epimers l Pyranoses, furanoses l Mutarotation, anomers l Disaccharides and

More information

Carbohydrates. What are they? What do cells do with carbs? Where do carbs come from? O) n. Formula = (CH 2

Carbohydrates. What are they? What do cells do with carbs? Where do carbs come from? O) n. Formula = (CH 2 Carbohydrates What are they? Formula = (C 2 O) n where n > 3 Also called sugar Major biomolecule in body What do cells do with carbs? Oxidize them for energy Store them to oxidize later for energy Use

More information

BIOMOLECULES & SPECTROSCOPY TABLE OF CONTENTS S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. i) Carbohydrates B3. ii) Proteins & Nucleic Acids.

BIOMOLECULES & SPECTROSCOPY TABLE OF CONTENTS S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. i) Carbohydrates B3. ii) Proteins & Nucleic Acids. BIOMOLECULES & SPECTROSCOPY TABLE OF CONTENTS S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. 1. Biomolecules i) Carbohydrates B3 ii) Proteins & Nucleic Acids iii) Steroids iv) Terpenes & Cartenoids B27 B61 B65 2. Spectroscopy v)

More information

MahaAbuAjamieh. BahaaNajjar. MamoonAhram

MahaAbuAjamieh. BahaaNajjar. MamoonAhram 7 MahaAbuAjamieh BahaaNajjar MamoonAhram Carbohydrates (saccharides) can be classified into these main categories: 1. Monosaccharides, they are simplesugars (the simplest units), such as glucose, galactose

More information

Carbohydrate Chemistry

Carbohydrate Chemistry Carbohydrate Chemistry The term carbohydrate is derived from the Cn(2O)n general chemical formula Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis

More information

Carbohydrates. Learning Objective

Carbohydrates. Learning Objective , one of the four major classes of biomolecules, are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups. They function as energy stores, metabolic intermediates and important fuels for the body.

More information

Chapter 20 Carbohydrates Chapter 20

Chapter 20 Carbohydrates Chapter 20 Chapter 20 Carbohydrates Chapter 20 1 Carbohydrates Carbohydrate: A polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone, or a substance that gives these compounds on hydrolysis. Monosaccharide: A carbohydrate that

More information

BCH 4053 Spring 2001 Chapter 7 Lecture Notes

BCH 4053 Spring 2001 Chapter 7 Lecture Notes BC 4053 Spring 2001 Chapter 7 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 7 Carbohydrates 2 Carbohydrates: Nomenclature ydrates of carbon General formula (C 2 ) n (simple sugars) or C x ( 2 0) y Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

More information

Chapter 11. Learning objectives: Structure and function of monosaccharides, polysaccharide, glycoproteins lectins.

Chapter 11. Learning objectives: Structure and function of monosaccharides, polysaccharide, glycoproteins lectins. Chapter 11 Learning objectives: Structure and function of monosaccharides, polysaccharide, glycoproteins lectins. Carbohydrates Fuels Structural components Coating of cells Part of extracellular matrix

More information

Carbohydrates. Green plants turn H 2 O, CO 2, and sunlight into carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates. Green plants turn H 2 O, CO 2, and sunlight into carbohydrates. Chapter 27 Carbohydrates Green plants turn 2 O, CO 2, and sunlight into carbohydrates. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris ein, Scott Pattison, and Susan

More information

Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units (monomer) peptides and proteins (Chapter 25) nucleic acids (Chapter 26)

Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units (monomer) peptides and proteins (Chapter 25) nucleic acids (Chapter 26) Chapter 23: Carbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n (H 2 O) n Plants: photosynthesis 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O hν C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units

More information

UNIT 4. CARBOHYDRATES

UNIT 4. CARBOHYDRATES UNIT 4. CARBOHYDRATES OUTLINE 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Classification. 4.3. Monosaccharides. Classification. Stereoisomers. Cyclic structures. Reducing sugars. Sugar derivatives 4.4. Oligosaccharides. Disaccharides.

More information

Chapter 27 Carbohydrates

Chapter 27 Carbohydrates Chapter 27 Carbohydrates Green plants turn 2 O, CO 2, and sunlight into carbohydrates. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris ein, Scott Pattison, and Susan

More information

Number of Carbohydrate Units

Number of Carbohydrate Units Number of Carbohydrate Units Monosaccharides = single unit Disaccharides = two units Oligiosaccharide = 3 10 units Polysaccharide = 11+ units Bonus: Can you name the most common Mono (4), Di(3), and Poly(4)

More information

Chapter 18. Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry. Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry page 1

Chapter 18. Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry. Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry page 1 Chapter 18 Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry page 1 Introduction to Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Bioenergetics Metabolism and

More information

Introduction to Carbohydrates

Introduction to Carbohydrates Introduction to Carbohydrates 1. A six-carbon aldose has four chiral centers as follows: 2R, 3R, 4S, and 5R. A. Draw the sugar in linear and cyclic form B. Draw the form that would predominate in solution.

More information

A Getting-It-On Review and Self-Test. . Carbohydrates are

A Getting-It-On Review and Self-Test. . Carbohydrates are A Getting-It-n Review and Self-Test arbohydrates arbohydrates, one of the three principal classes of foods, contain only three elements: (1), (2), and (3). The name carbohydrate is derived from the French

More information

Carbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n (H 2 O) n. Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units (monomer)

Carbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n (H 2 O) n. Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units (monomer) Carbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n ( ) n Plants: photosynthesis hν 6 C + 6 C 6 6 + 6 Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units (monomer) Biopolymers: carbohydrates

More information

among the most important organic compounds in the living organisms;

among the most important organic compounds in the living organisms; CARBOHYDRATES Elena Rivneac PhD, Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry State University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Nicolae Testemitanu" CARBOHYDRATESare among the most

More information

Carbohydrates. Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O. C x (H 2 O) y

Carbohydrates. Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O. C x (H 2 O) y Carbohydrates Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O C x (H 2 O) y Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Simple sugar Soluble in water Precursors in synthesis triose sugars of other (C3) molecules

More information

CHAPTER 27 CARBOHYDRATES SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 27 CARBOHYDRATES SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS 27 09/17/2013 11:12:35 Page 397 APTER 27 ARBYDRATES SLUTINS T REVIEW QUESTINS 1. In general, the carbohydrate carbon oxidation state determines the carbon s metabolic energy content. The more oxidized

More information

Carbohydrates CHAPTER SUMMARY

Carbohydrates CHAPTER SUMMARY 14 2 cellulose 2 2 arbohydrates 2 amylose APTER SUMMARY 14.1 hemical Nature of arbohydrates - Polyhydroxy Aldehydes and Ketones arbohydrates are a class of organic biopolymers which consist of polyhydroxy

More information

Chemistry 110. Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell & Farrell. Ninth Edition. Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry Chapter 20 Carbohydrates

Chemistry 110. Bettelheim, Brown, Campbell & Farrell. Ninth Edition. Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry Chapter 20 Carbohydrates hemistry 110 Bettelheim, Brown, ampbell & Farrell Ninth Edition Introduction to General, rganic and Biochemistry hapter 20 arbohydrates Polyhydroxy Aldehydes & Ketones arbohydrates A A arbohydrate is a

More information

Sheet #10 Dr. Mamoun Ahram Sec 1,2,3 15/07/2014. Carbohydrates 2

Sheet #10 Dr. Mamoun Ahram Sec 1,2,3 15/07/2014. Carbohydrates 2 Carbohydrates 2 A study Guide: Kindly,refer to the slide number,look at the structures and read the sheet notes well,most of the slides content besides all what the doctor said are mentioned here,good

More information

Farah Al-Khaled. Razi Kittaneh. Mohammad Omari

Farah Al-Khaled. Razi Kittaneh. Mohammad Omari 7 Farah Al-Khaled Razi Kittaneh Mohammad Omari Dr. Mamoun Ahram In this lecture we are going to talk about modified sugars. Remember: The Fischer projection can be turned into a ring structure (which is

More information

B.sc. III Chemistry Paper b. Submited by :- Dr. Sangeeta Mehtani Associate Professor Deptt. Of Chemistry PGGCG, sec11 Chd

B.sc. III Chemistry Paper b. Submited by :- Dr. Sangeeta Mehtani Associate Professor Deptt. Of Chemistry PGGCG, sec11 Chd B.sc. III Chemistry Paper b Submited by :- Dr. Sangeeta Mehtani Associate Professor Deptt. Of Chemistry PGGCG, sec11 Chd CARBOYDRATES Carbohydrates polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones of formula

More information

!"#$%&'()*+(!,-./012-,345(

!#$%&'()*+(!,-./012-,345( (!"#$%&'()*+(!,-./012-,345( (!"#"$%&'()$*%#+,'(-(.+/&/*+,%&(01"2+34$5( 6%#+,"(!/$75#38+(92+41( CAPTER 20: Learning Objectives:! >

More information

I. Carbohydrates Overview A. Carbohydrates are a class of biomolecules which have a variety of functions. 1. energy

I. Carbohydrates Overview A. Carbohydrates are a class of biomolecules which have a variety of functions. 1. energy Chapter 22 Carbohydrates Chem 306 Roper I. Carbohydrates Overview A. Carbohydrates are a class of biomolecules which have a variety of functions. 1. energy 2. energy storage 3. structure 4. other functions!

More information

2/25/2015. Chapter 6. Carbohydrates. Outline. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates

2/25/2015. Chapter 6. Carbohydrates. Outline. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates. 6.1 Classes of Carbohydrates Lecture Presentation Chapter 6 Carbohydrates Julie Klare Fortis College Smyrna, GA Outline 6.7 Carbohydrates and Blood The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides (mono is Greek for one, sakkhari is

More information

Dr. Entedhar Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that have aldehyde (C-H=0) or ketone (C=O) moiety and comprises polyhyroxyl alcohol

Dr. Entedhar Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that have aldehyde (C-H=0) or ketone (C=O) moiety and comprises polyhyroxyl alcohol Dr. Entedhar Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that have aldehyde (C-H=0) or ketone (C=O) moiety and comprises polyhyroxyl alcohol (polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhyroxyketone); their polymers,which

More information

Review from last lecture

Review from last lecture eview from last lecture D-glucose has the structure shown below (you are responsible for its structure on the exam). It is an aldohexose ( aldo since it contains aldehyde functionality and hexose since

More information

Carbohydrates - Chemical Structure

Carbohydrates - Chemical Structure Carbohydrates - Chemical Structure Carbohydrates consist of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) with a ratio of hydrogen twice that of carbon and oxygen. Carbohydrates include sugars,

More information

A. Incorrect! No, this is not the description of this type of molecule. B. Incorrect! No, this is not the description of this type of molecule.

A. Incorrect! No, this is not the description of this type of molecule. B. Incorrect! No, this is not the description of this type of molecule. Biochemistry - Problem Drill 08: Carbohydrates No. 1 of 10 1. have one aldehyde (-CHO) or one keto (-C=O) group and many hydroxyl (-OH) groups. (A) Amino acids (B) Proteins (C) Nucleic Acids (D) Carbohydrates

More information

Carbohydrates. Chapter 18

Carbohydrates. Chapter 18 Carbohydrates Chapter 18 Biochemistry an overview Biochemistry is the study of chemical substances in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other. Biochemical substances

More information

You know from previous lectures that carbonyl react with all kinds of nucleophiles. Hydration and hemiacetal formation are typical examples.

You know from previous lectures that carbonyl react with all kinds of nucleophiles. Hydration and hemiacetal formation are typical examples. hem 263 Nov 17, 2009 D,L onfiguration of Sugars Glyceraldehyde has only one stereogenic center and therefore has two enantiomers (mirror image) forms. A D-sugar is defined as one that has configuration

More information

Chapter 22 Carbohydrates

Chapter 22 Carbohydrates Chapter 22 Carbohydrates Introduction Classification of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates have the general formula C x (H 2 O) y Carbohydrates are defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or substances that

More information

QUALITATIVE TESTS OF CARBOHYDRATE

QUALITATIVE TESTS OF CARBOHYDRATE QUALITATIVE TESTS OF CARBOHYDRATE MACROMOLECULE CARBOHYDRATES Are the key source of energy used by living things. Also serve as extracellular structural elements as in cell wall of bacteria and plant.

More information

Chapter 23: Carbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n (H 2 O) n. Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units (monomer)

Chapter 23: Carbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n (H 2 O) n. Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units (monomer) Chapter : Carbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n ( ) n Plants: photosynthesis hν C + C + Polymers: large molecules made up of repeating smaller units (monomer) Biopolymers: Monomer units:

More information

9/6/2011. Amino Acids. C α. Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups

9/6/2011. Amino Acids. C α. Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups Amino Acids Side chains (R groups) vary in: size shape charge hydrogen-bonding capacity hydrophobic character chemical reactivity C α Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups Glycine (Gly, G) Alanine (Ala, A) Valine

More information

Dr. Basima Sadiq Ahmed PhD. Clinical biochemist

Dr. Basima Sadiq Ahmed PhD. Clinical biochemist Dr. Basima Sadiq Ahmed PhD. Clinical biochemist MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE 1. major source of energy for man. e.g, glucose is used in the human body for energy production. 2. serve as reserve food

More information

BCH302 [Practical] 1

BCH302 [Practical] 1 BCH302 [Practical] 1 Carbohydrates are defined as the polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones. Most, but not all carbohydrate have a formula (CH 2 O)n (hence the name hydrate of carbon). Sugars ends

More information

Chapter 16: Carbohydrates

Chapter 16: Carbohydrates Vocabulary Aldose: a sugar that contains an aldehyde group as part of its structure Amylopectin: a form of starch; a branched chain polymer of glucose Amylose: a form of starch; a linear polymer of glucose

More information

Lecture 2 Carbohydrates

Lecture 2 Carbohydrates Lecture 2 Carbohydrates Sources of CHOs Wholegrains major dietary intake Vegetables, legumes ad fruit contain dietary fibre Milk products provide lactose essential for infants Glycogen is a storage carbohydrate,

More information

STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES

STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES Lecture: 2 OCCURRENCE AND STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES The simplest monosaccharide that possesses a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group with an asymmetric carbon atom is the aldotriose -glyceraldehyde.

More information

Classification of Carbohydrates. monosaccharide disaccharide oligosaccharide polysaccharide

Classification of Carbohydrates. monosaccharide disaccharide oligosaccharide polysaccharide Carbohydrates Classification of Carbohydrates monosaccharide disaccharide oligosaccharide polysaccharide Monosaccharide is not cleaved to a simpler carbohydrate on hydrolysis glucose, for example, is a

More information

Anomeric carbon Erythritol is achiral because of a mirror plane in the molecule and therefore, the product is optically inactive.

Anomeric carbon Erythritol is achiral because of a mirror plane in the molecule and therefore, the product is optically inactive. APTER 22 Practice Exercises 22.1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 D-Ribulose L-Ribulose D-Xyulose L-Xyulose (one pair of enantiomers) (a second pair of enantiomers) 22.3 2 Anomeric carbon Glycosidic bond 3 () Methyl -D-mannopyranoside

More information

CHAPTER 23. Carbohydrates

CHAPTER 23. Carbohydrates CAPTER 23 Carbohydrates 1 Introduction Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates have the empirical formula C 2. Carbohydrates have the general formula

More information

BCH Graduate Survey of Biochemistry

BCH Graduate Survey of Biochemistry BCH 5045 Graduate Survey of Biochemistry Instructor: Charles Guy Producer: Ron Thomas Director: Glen Graham Lecture 39 Slide sets available at: http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/teach/guyweb/bch5045/index.html

More information

Dr. Mahendra P. Bhatt (BMLT, MS-Ph.D., Post-doctorate) Associate Professor Clinical Biochemistry

Dr. Mahendra P. Bhatt (BMLT, MS-Ph.D., Post-doctorate) Associate Professor Clinical Biochemistry Dr. Mahendra P. Bhatt (BMLT, MS-Ph.D., Post-doctorate) Associate Professor Clinical Biochemistry mahendramlt@gmail.com Students will be able to describe: Biochemical organization of the cell Transport

More information

Chemistry 1120 Exam 2 Study Guide

Chemistry 1120 Exam 2 Study Guide Chemistry 1120 Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 6 6.1 Know amines are derivatives of ammonia, which is not an amine. Classify amines as primary, secondary or tertiary. Master Tutor Section 6.1 Review Section

More information

Chem 263 Apr 11, 2017

Chem 263 Apr 11, 2017 hem 263 Apr 11, 2017 arbohydrates- emiacetal Formation You know from previous lectures that carbonyl compounds react with all kinds of nucleophiles. ydration and hemiacetal formation are typical examples.

More information

Chapter 7 Overview. Carbohydrates

Chapter 7 Overview. Carbohydrates Chapter 7 Overview n Carbohydrates main ingredient for energy production Most abundant biomolecule in nature Direct link between solar energy & chemical energy Glucose our main energy source Carbohydrates

More information

IntroducKon to Carbohydrates

IntroducKon to Carbohydrates Carbohidratos IntroducKon to Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugars) are abundant in nature: They are high energy biomolecules. They provide structural rigidity for organisms (plants, crustaceans, etc.).

More information

Chapter 23 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids. Carbohydrates

Chapter 23 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids. Carbohydrates Chapter 23 Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Synthesized by plants using sunlight to convert CO 2 and H 2 O to glucose and O 2. Polymers include starch and cellulose. Starch is storage unit

More information

IntroducKon to Carbohydrates

IntroducKon to Carbohydrates Carbohidratos IntroducKon to Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugars) are abundant in nature: They are high energy biomolecules. They provide structural rigidity for organisms (plants, crustaceans, etc.).

More information

Biochemistry: Macromolecules

Biochemistry: Macromolecules 1 Biology: Macromolecules 2 Carbohydrates Carbohydrate organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Meaning: hydrated carbon ratio of h:0 is 2:1 (same as in water) Source: plants

More information

Carbohydrates - General Description

Carbohydrates - General Description arbohydrates - General Description A. Polyhydroxy Aldehydes or Ketones ARBN AIN B. Serve a variety of functions ARBN AIN ARBN AIN 1. Energy storage (Glucose, Glycogen, Starch) 2. Structural Support (ellulose,

More information

Chapter 24: Carbohydrates

Chapter 24: Carbohydrates Chapter 24: Carbohydrates [Sections: 24.1 24.10] 1. Carbohydrates definition naturally occuring compounds derived from carbon, oxygen and hydrogen the net molecular formula comes from each carbon having

More information

Chemistry 107 Exam 3 Study Guide

Chemistry 107 Exam 3 Study Guide Chapter 7 Chemistry 107 Exam 3 Study Guide 7.1 Recognize the aldehyde, ketone and hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups found in carbohydrates. Differentiate between mono-, di-, and polysaccharides. Master

More information

Name LastName Student ID

Name LastName Student ID Name LastName Student ID 1) (12 points) Imidazopyridine derivatives such as 1-deaza-9H-purines (like 1) and 3- deaza-9h-purines (like 2) represent privileged structures in medicinal chemistry and they

More information

Part I => CARBS and LIPIDS. 1.2 Monosaccharides 1.2a Stereochemistry 1.2b Derivatives

Part I => CARBS and LIPIDS. 1.2 Monosaccharides 1.2a Stereochemistry 1.2b Derivatives Part I => CARBS and LIPIDS 1.2 Monosaccharides 1.2a Stereochemistry 1.2b Derivatives Section 1.2a: Stereochemistry Synopsis 1.2a monosaccharide (greek) sugar - Monosaccharides are carbonyl polyols (or

More information

Chemistry 1050 Exam 3 Study Guide

Chemistry 1050 Exam 3 Study Guide Chapter 12 Chemistry 1050 Exam 3 Study Guide 12.1 a) Identify alkenes, alkynes and aromatics as unsaturated hydrocarbons. Determine the number of hydrogen atoms needed to complete an alkene structure.

More information

CLASS 12th. Biomolecules

CLASS 12th. Biomolecules CLASS 12th Biomolecules 01. Introduction Biomolecules may be defined as complex lifeless chemical substances which form the basis of life. i.e. they not only build up living system (creatures) but are

More information

Carbohydrates: structure and Function. Important. 436 Notes Original slides. 438 notes Extra information

Carbohydrates: structure and Function. Important. 436 Notes Original slides. 438 notes Extra information Carbohydrates: structure and Function Important. 436 Notes Original slides. 438 notes Extra information Objectives: To understand: 1- The structure of carbohydrates of physiological significance. 2- The

More information

Organic Chemistry III

Organic Chemistry III rganic Chemistry III (Yuki Goto, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab.) rganic chemistry of biomolecules rganic chemistry of radicals 6/6 (Wed) 6/13 (Wed) 6/20 (Wed) 6/27 (Wed) 7/4 (Wed) Examples of biomolecules?

More information

CHAPTER 7 Carbohydrates and Glycobiology. Key topics about carbohydrates

CHAPTER 7 Carbohydrates and Glycobiology. Key topics about carbohydrates CHAPTER 7 Carbohydrates and Glycobiology Key topics about carbohydrates Structures and names of monosaccharides Open-chain and ring forms of monosaccharides Structures and properties of disaccharides Biological

More information

Pharmacognosy- 1 PHG 222. Prof. Dr. Amani S. Awaad

Pharmacognosy- 1 PHG 222. Prof. Dr. Amani S. Awaad Pharmacognosy- 1 PHG 222 Prof. Dr. Amani S. Awaad Professor of Pharmacognosy Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj. KSA. Email: amaniawaad@hotmail.com

More information

2.2: Sugars and Polysaccharides François Baneyx Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington

2.2: Sugars and Polysaccharides François Baneyx Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington 2.2: Sugars and Polysaccharides François Baneyx Department of hemical Engineering, University of Washington baneyx@u.washington.edu arbohydrates or saccharides are abundant compounds that play regulatory

More information

Chemistry B11 Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates

Chemistry B11 Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates Chapters 13 Esters, amides and carbohydrates Esters: esters are derived from carboxylic acids (the hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group of carboxylic acid is replaced by an alkyl group). The functional

More information

HW #9: 21.36, 21.52, 21.54, 21.56, 21.62, 21.68, 21.70, 21.76, 21.82, 21.88, 21.94, Carbohydrates

HW #9: 21.36, 21.52, 21.54, 21.56, 21.62, 21.68, 21.70, 21.76, 21.82, 21.88, 21.94, Carbohydrates Chemistry 131 Lectures 16 & 17: Carbohydrates Chapter 21 in McMurry, Ballantine, et. al. 7 th edition 05/24/18, 05/25/18 W #9: 21.36, 21.52, 21.54, 21.56, 21.62, 21.68, 21.70, 21.76, 21.82, 21.88, 21.94,

More information

Module-04: Food carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides

Module-04: Food carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides Paper No. 01 Paper Title: Food Chemistry Module-04: Food carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides Monosaccharides The simplest form of carbohydrates is the monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are

More information

Carbohydrates. b. What do you notice about the orientation of the OH and H groups in glucose? Are they in the axial or equatorial position?

Carbohydrates. b. What do you notice about the orientation of the OH and H groups in glucose? Are they in the axial or equatorial position? 1. The 3D structure of glucose and galactose are shown. Carbohydrates D-glucose D-galactose a. Is the axial or equatorial position more stable in the chair conformation? b. What do you notice about the

More information

Chapter 7 Carbohydrates

Chapter 7 Carbohydrates Chapter 7 Carbohydrates Definition of Carbohydrates carbohydrate: hydrate of carbon ; C n ( 2 ) m Examples: glucose (C 6 12 6 or C 6 ( 2 ) 6 ), sucrose (C 12 22 11 or C 12 ( 2 ) 11 ) saccharide: simple

More information

Biochemistry: A Short Course

Biochemistry: A Short Course Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 10 Carbohydrates 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 10 Outline Monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones that contain two or

More information

Carbohydrates. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer,

Carbohydrates. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, Carbohydrates Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017-2018 Resource This lecture Campbell and Farrell s Biochemistry, Chapter 16 What are they? Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones Saccharide is another

More information

Structural Polysaccharides

Structural Polysaccharides Carbohydrates & ATP Carbohydrates include both sugars and polymers of sugars. The simplest carbohydrates are the monosaccharides, or simple sugars; these are the monomers from which more complex carbohydrates

More information

Definition of a Carbohydrate

Definition of a Carbohydrate * Atoms held together by covalent bonds Definition of a Carbohydrate * Organic macromolecules * Consist of C, H, & O atoms * Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H : O Functions Performed by Carbohydrates Used

More information

For questions 1-4, match the carbohydrate with its size/functional group name:

For questions 1-4, match the carbohydrate with its size/functional group name: Chemistry 11 Fall 2009 Examination #5 ANSWER KEY For the first portion of this exam, select the best answer choice for the questions below and mark the answers on your scantron. Then answer the free response

More information

Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (also called saccharides) are molecular compounds made from just three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) and disaccharides (e.g. sucrose)

More information

Ch13. Sugars. What biology does with monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides. version 1.0

Ch13. Sugars. What biology does with monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides. version 1.0 Ch13 Sugars What biology does with monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides. version 1.0 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2015 Ch13 Sugars Haworth Structures Saccharides can form rings. That creates a

More information

Chemistry 106 Lecture Notes Examination 5 Materials. *Hydrated Carbons.

Chemistry 106 Lecture Notes Examination 5 Materials. *Hydrated Carbons. hemistry 106 Lecture Notes Examination 5 Materials hapter 23: arbohydrates & Nucleic Acids arbohydrates Definition: *ompounds made of,, &. Example: *ydrated arbons. Glucose: 6 12 6 an be written as 6(

More information

For more info visit

For more info visit Carbohydrates Classification of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides: Polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis to give simpler carbohydrates.examples: Glucose, Fructose,

More information

Carbohydrate Structure

Carbohydrate Structure IN THE NAME OF GOD Carbohydrate Structure Disaccharides Simple Carbs Sucrose (glucose & fructose) Cookies, candy, cake, soft drinks Maltose (glucose & glucose) Beans Lactose (glucose & galactose) Yogurt,

More information

Sheet #9 Dr. Mamoun Ahram

Sheet #9 Dr. Mamoun Ahram 1 Carbohydrates Life is defined by its chemistry and every single class of molecules contributes to the defining features of it.today we are going to talk about carbohydrates a class of macromolecules-

More information

Biochemistry lecturer Bio- chemical Eng. Zahraa Abdulhussein Mousa. Bio.Eng Zahraa A.A. Mousa

Biochemistry lecturer Bio- chemical Eng. Zahraa Abdulhussein Mousa. Bio.Eng Zahraa A.A. Mousa Biochemistry lecturer Bio- chemical Eng. Zahraa Abdulhussein Mousa Overview Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature Wide range of functions e.g., a significant fraction of the energy

More information

Carbohydrates are a large group of organic compounds occurring in and including,, and. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as (2:1).

Carbohydrates are a large group of organic compounds occurring in and including,, and. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as (2:1). Carbohydrates are a large group of organic compounds occurring in and and including,, and. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as (2:1). Why we study carbohydrates 1) carbohydrates are the

More information

Carbohydrates Learning Objectives

Carbohydrates Learning Objectives 16-1 16-2 16-3 Carbohydrates Learning bjectives 1. What Are the Structures and the Stereochemistry of Monosaccharides? 2. ow Do Monosaccharides React? 3. What are Disaccharides? 4. What Are Some Important

More information

Carbohydrates 26 SUCROSE

Carbohydrates 26 SUCROSE 26 arbohydrates SURSE 26.3 IRALITY F MNSAARIDES 2 (R)-glyceraldehyde 25 [α] D = + 13.5 o 2 Fischer projection carbonyl group at top carbonyl near top 2 2 2 2 Fischer projection D-galactose 2 2 Fischer

More information

BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT 2 Part 4 ACTIVITY #4 (Chapter 5) CARBOHYDRATES

BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT 2 Part 4 ACTIVITY #4 (Chapter 5) CARBOHYDRATES AP BIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT 2 Part 4 ACTIVITY #4 (Chapter 5) NAME DATE PERIOD CARBOHYDRATES GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: Polymers of simple sugars Classified according to number of simple sugars Sugars 3

More information