Citrus Fertilization for Cold-Tolerant Varieties. Tom Obreza

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1 Citrus Fertilization for Cold-Tolerant Varieties Tom Obreza

2 SL 253 issued January Sixth iteration of Florida citrus nutrient management recommendations. First issued in 1954.

3

4 Considerations using SL 253 in north FL/south GA Factor Commercial FL citrus industry North FL/South GA Soil Fruit production Climate Sandy topsoil, lack of clay, low organic matter, varying drainage. Production dominated by juice oranges, with some fresh fruit. Longer growing season, fewer freezes of shorter duration. Similar soils, but may encounter clay in root zone and higher OM. Fresh fruit production mandarins, navels, etc. Shorter growing season, more frequent freezes of longer duration, lower temps.

5 Soil considerations

6

7 Candler (Ridge) Myakka (SW Flatwoods) Riviera (SE Flatwoods)

8 Alpin Suwannee Co. Leon Blanton Tifton Taylor Co. Jefferson Co. Jefferson Co.

9 Soil considerations in nutrient management ph (5.5 to 6.5) Organic matter (nutrient-holding capacity) Sand/Silt/Clay texture (water-holding capacity) Greater than 2% OM and/or loamy texture in root zone: Use lower end of recommended nitrogen fertilization range. Less than 1% OM with sandy texture: Use higher end of recommended nitrogen fertilization range.

10 Nitrogen Young trees (first 3 years) Phosphorus, Magnesium Apply according to soil test. Potassium Apply K 2 O equal to N rate. Calcium Lime if needed. Micronutrients Apply only if soil was not previously cultivated.

11

12 Bearing trees Nutrients removed in harvested crop

13 Bearing trees - Nitrogen

14

15 Bearing trees Phosphorus Based on soil and leaf tissue tests Potassium Apply K 2 O equal to N rate; monitor with leaf analysis.

16 Bearing trees Calcium Monitor ph Magnesium Monitor soil tests and leaf analysis. Micronutrients

17 Fresh fruit production considerations

18 The most important management practices affecting fruit quality are irrigation and N-P-K nutrition. Table 3.4. Increasing levels of nutrients within recommended ranges result in the responses shown, whereas excess nutrition can reduce fruit yield and quality (Koo, 1988). Key to symbols: Increase (+), Decrease ( ), No change (o), No information (?). Measurement Juice quality Macronutrient element Micronutrient element N P K Ca Mg Mn Zn Cu Fe B Irrigation Juice content + + o o o o o o o o + Soluble solids (SS) + o o + o o o + o Acid (A) + + o o o o o o o SS/A ratio + o + o o o o o Juice color (red) + o??????? o Juice color (yellow) + o??????? + Solids/box + o o + o o o + o Solids/acre o + o o o o o + External fruit quality Peel blemishes Storage decay Size o + o + o o o o o + Weight o + o + o o o o o + Green fruit o o o o o o + Peel thickness + + o o o o o o Wind scar + o??????? + Russet o? o o o o o o o Creasing + +??????? o Plugging o??????? Scab + o o??????? + Stem-end rot o??????? Green mold o o??????? + Sour rot o o o??????? o

19 Nitrogen effects (grapefruit)

20 Potassium deficiency

21 Phosphorus deficiency

22 Fertilization for fresh fruit quality Use minimum N rate required to achieve desired yield. Fertilize for optimum K nutrition. Soil applications can be supplemented with foliar applications to increase fruit size. Monitor P nutrition with leaf and soil analysis.

23 Climate considerations

24 Climate affects fertilization timing Good tree health and nutrition will help trees withstand freezing temperatures. Pushing trees (south FL) vs. inducing dormancy (north FL/south GA). What causes a tree to grow? Fertilization??... NO! Warm days and rainfall/irrigation YES!

25 Climate affects fertilization timing Heat and moisture trigger tree growth but availability of nutrients influences the extent of that growth. Cutting off fertilizer in the fall will Allow summer growth to harden off. Minimize fall growth that could be hurt by a freeze. Induce dormancy. No fertilizer in north FL/south GA after about September 15 th.

26 Final thoughts SL 253 recommendations developed before HLB disease appeared. Monitor citrus tree nutrition through annual soil and leaf analysis. Water (rainfall, irrigation) has more influence on tree growth and fruit yield/quality than nutrition.

27 Thank you!

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