FLAXSEED Health Benefits and Functionality. Kelley C. Fitzpatrick Director of Health FLAX COUNCIL OF CANADA
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1 FLAXSEED Health Benefits and Functionality Kelley C. Fitzpatrick Director of Health FLAX COUNCIL OF CANADA
2 Consumers are interested in Positive Nutrition The trend is no longer just to remove bad ingredients Whole products recognized as rich in nutrients and phytochemicals with inherent natural properties Flaxseed offers omega 3 fatty acids, vegetarian protein, fibre and antioxidants. and more.
3 Flaxseed (Linseed) (Linaza)
4
5 Canada = about 50% of the global trade
6 The richest source of plant based omega 3 alphalinolenic acid ALA Excellent source of protein Rich source of lignans (phytoestrogens) and other antioxidants Rich in dietary fiber
7 Current and Recommended Fatty Acid Intakes Fatty Acid Current Intakes (% Energy) Recommended Intakes (%En) Total Fat 30-35% 25-35% SFA 13% <7% MUFA 13-14% <20% PUFA <7% <10% omega-3 ALA < 0.7% (1.3 g/d) 1.5% EPA+DHA g/d mg/d omega-6 LA 8 10 % < 6% n-6:n-3 10:1 (up to 25:1) 4:1 Trans fat 2.6% <1% Kris-Etherton PM 1999, Allison DB et al. 1999, Kris Etherton et al. 2000
8 Summary of Recommendations for Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake, AHA 2008 Population Patients without documented coronary heart disease (CHD) Recommendation Eat a variety of (preferably fatty) fish at least twice a week. Include oils and foods rich in alpha-linolenic acid (flaxseed, canola and soybean oils; flaxseed and walnuts). Patients with documented Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Consume about 1 g of EPA+DHA per day, preferably from fatty fish. EPA+DHA in capsule form could be considered in consultation with the physician. Patients who need to lower triglycerides 2 to 4 grams of EPA+DHA per day provided as capsules under a physician s care.
9 % of En from fatty acids The Evolution of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids Hunter-gatherer n-6/n-3 = 1:1 Food processing -40,000-10, Time (year) n-6:n-3 = 20:1 n-3 n-6 saturated total fat AP Simopolous et al., 2001
10 Total Fat 42% Polyunsaturated Fatty acids Alpha linolenic Acid 57% (C18: 3n-3) Linoleic Acid 16% (C18:2n-6) n6:n3 = 0:0.3 Saturates 9%
11 Altern Med Rev 2009
12 ALA Conversion to EPA and DHA In vivo conversion of dietary ALA is influenced by: 1. The absolute amounts of LA or ALA in the diet and/or 2. The omega 6 LA to Omega 3 ALA ratio
13 Prospective Cohort Studies of ALA Intakes and CHD Risk Study Subjects Intakes of ALA RR (95% CI or P value) MRFIT Dolecek et al., 1992 Health Professionals Ascherio et al., 1996 Finland ATBC Pietinen et al., 1997 Nurses Health Hu et al., 1999 Zutphen Elderly Study Oomen et al., 2001 Iowa Women s Health Folsom et al., 2004 Health Professionals Mozaffarian et al., ,250 men Quintile extremes 40% (P < 0.04) 43,757 men 1% Energy 59% (20-79%) 21,930 male smokers Quintile extremes No significant association 76,283 women 1.36 vs g/d 45% (6-68%) 677 older men Tertile extremes No significant association 41,836 women 1.21 vs g/d 15% (P trend 0.01) 45,722 men 1 g/d 16% (0-29%) 47% (17-66%) for low seafood eaters ALA intakes of 0.53 to 2.8 g/d in both prospective cohort studies and clinical trials to reduce the risk of CHD events Table adapted from: Mozaffarian et al., Altern Ther Health Med 2005;11:24-30
14 Alpha Linolenic Acid & Endothelial Dysfunction Inflammation Measurements Studies Results Arachidonic Acid (AA), PGI 2, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, CRP, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-Selectin, fibrinogen, Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Sekine et al., 2007 Zhao et al., 2007 vascular AA levels, PGI 2 formation IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α production, 75% Wendland et al., 2006 Lopez-Garcia et al., 2004 Zhao et al., 2004 Rallidis et al., 2004 Bemelmans et al., 2004 Rallidis et al., 2003 fibrinogen levels CRP, IL-6, E-Selectin CRP, VCAM-1, ICAM- 1, E-Selectin VCAM-1 CRP CRP, SAA, IL-6
15 ALA importance for Non fish eaters Every 1g/day ALA intake 47% lower risk of CHD risk for low seafood eaters (<100 mg of EPA+DHA/day) Health Professional Follow-up Study -- 45,722 men Circulation. 2005;111:
16 ALA Take Home Messages 1. Reductions of Omega 6 and increases in Omega 3 are critical to health 2. ALA is converted to EPA and somewhat to DHA - dependent on a number of factors Barcelo-Coblijn, G, Murphy EJ Prog. Lipid Res. 3. ALA is of particular importance in sectors of the population that do not eat fatty fish 4. ALA has benefits = anti-arrhythmic, anti-thrombotic and antiinflammatory properties
17 Phytoestrogens Lignans Converted by bacteria into mammalian lignans Hormone-like Properties Structurally similar to several sex hormones Can compete with estrogen in premenopausal (anti-cancer) and substitute for estrogen in postmenopausal conditions (hot flashes, bone health) Reduce prostate cancer (testosterone) Adolph, JL et al Br. J. Nutr. 103,
18 Antioxidants per 100 g Lignans 1.0 g ( x higher than other plants) Phenolic Acids Phytic Acid Flavonoids Tocopherols* 1.0 g 0.3 g 55 mg 3.7 mg * Primarily gamma-tocopherol Perez-Jimenez, et al Eur. J Clin. Nutr. 64, S112.
19 Stability of Milled Seed
20 Fibre ~ 2.4 g / T Reduces blood glucose levels Increases satiation Reduces Glycemic Index Naran et al Plant Physio Wu, et al J. Nutr. 140: young men; double-blind randomized crossover design. Test meals were served after an overnight fast. Control; low-mucilage g or high-mucilage - 3.4g Appetite suppression; increased ratings of satiety and fullness Weight reduction benefits Kristensen et al Nutr Met Cardio Dis.
21 Health Canada, Health Claim submission 1. Ground flaxseed helps reduce/lower cholesterol 2. Ground flaxseed helps reduce/lower cholesterol, (which is) a risk factor for heart disease. The "daily amount" of 30 g of ground flaxseed is based on the evidence available concerning the amount shown to have a serum cholesterol lowering effect in adults and thus, helps reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in adults.
22
23 Now with Omega-3 ALA To help Support a Healthy Heart Good source of Omega-3 ALA - now with 130mg per serving which is 10% of the daily value for ALA (1.3g)
24 Structure/Function Claims Other Examples ALA Omega-3 from flaxseed supports cardiovascular health ALA Omega-3 from flaxseed supports overall health
25
26 Visit
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