Developing your Fertilizer Management Program. Outline. 2/6/2018. Other factors Species Correct site Weather Weed control. Soil physical properties

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1 MSU is an affirmativeaction, equal-opportunity employer. Michigan State University Extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race, color, national origin, sex, gender, gender identity, religion, age, height, weight, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status, family status or veteran status. Developing your Fertilizer Management Program Jill O Donnell MSU Extension 1 2 Outline. Soil physical properties C.E.C and ph influence on nutrient availability Different nutrients sources Examples Other factors Species Correct site Weather Weed control 3 4 Timing Pre-plant/Site prep Mid-rotation (3-5 yrs. in field) Late rotation (1-2 years before harvest) Post harvest Soil testing Average rotation Christmas trees 6 8+ years E-498 Sampling Soils for Fertilizer and Lime Recommendations, Darryl Warncke 5 6 1

2 strategy soil tests strategy MSU Plant and Soil Lab 7 8 strategy Grid sampling strategy - CEC Cation Exchange Capacity (C.E.C) Reflection of soil holding capacity of cations Ca++, Mg++, K+, Na strategy - CEC General guidelines (Michigan) C.E.C Sands and loamy sands (lighter colored): <6 Sandy loams (darker colored): 6-10 Silt loams: Loams: Clay and Clay Loam: Organic: strategy - ph Optimum levels depending on plant species Measure of Soil Acidity Level Raise ph (Limestone CaCO3) Lower ph (Sulfur & Nitrogen)

3 ph Management Species ph Range Fraser Fir Concolor fir Balsam Fir/Canaan Korean fir Corkbark fir Nordmann fir Other fir Blue Spruce Black Hills/white Scotch Pine White Pine ph Management Soil Test - Before Establishment! Apply and incorporate lime/sulfur Time is Needed (may need 6 months - 1 year) Douglas-fir strategy low ph Limestone Calcitic (high- calcium lime) Calcium 20%, <5% Mg Dolomitic (Ag. lime) Calcium 20%, 11% Mg Pelletized strategy low ph Use dolomitic lime to add Magnesium strategy high ph Addition of elemental sulfur (lbs./acre) required to lower soil ph Soil Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) Initial ph Target ph * *NOTE: soils with CEC >10 are often resistant to change in soil ph and affecting an appreciable change may be difficult

4 strategy high ph Fertilizer Content shown as % (N,P205, K20) Options Change ph with addition of sulfur Plant species tolerant to higher ph Nitrogen Very Mobile (Plant & Soil) Negatively charged Can lower ph Nitrogen Timing Rotation Yearly Product Selection Number of Applications Nitrogen Recommendations - Conifers Species Year * Rate (actual N) Rate/ac. Douglas-fir Year 3+ ¼ - 1 ½ oz. tree lbs. per acre Fraser fir, balsam fir, Concolor fir (other true fir species) Spruce Pine (white and Scotch) Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8+ ¼ oz./tree ½ oz./tree ¾ oz./tree ¾ oz./tree 1 oz./tree 1 oz./tree 1-2oz./tree 19 lbs. per acre 38 lbs. per acre 56 lbs. per acre 56 lbs. per acre 75 lbs. per acre 75 lbs. per acre lbs. per acre (for harvestable trees split the rate -spring plus additional amounts in August for color depending on size of tree) Year 4+ ¼ - ¾ oz./tree lbs. per acre * additional nitrogen may not be needed. If growth or color is poor use foliar analysis to determine nitrogen needs. Recommendations are made in ounces or pounds of actual nutrients per tree or per acre. To convert these recommendations to ounces or pounds of actual fertilizer material the following formula can be used; Ounces or pounds of actual nutrient = Ounces or pounds of material Percent of nutrient Example: 1 ounces of actual nitrogen per tree = 2.17 ounces of urea per tree.46 (urea ) 1 ounces of actual nitrogen per tree = 4.76 ounces of AMS per tree.21 (ammonium sulfate )

5 N Fertilization Christmas trees Current recommendations ( lbs. per acre per year) General guidelines - 1 st year no fertilizer Yearly 2+ Two weeks prior budbreak Harvest year - possible additional amount in August for color Nitrogen Sources (Urea) Common Source Needs to convert Volatilization a concern (Ammonium Nitrate) Volatilization not an issue Nitrate portion available now Insurance & Security Issues CAN Calcium Ammonium Nitrate Nitrogen Sources Ammonium Sulfate ( %S ) Nitrate form available now Includes Sulfur Acidic (lowers ph) Usually available Nitrogen Sources Calcium nitrate ( % Ca) Nitrate form available now Coated nitrogen Polymer, sulfur ESN ( environmentally smart N ) Nitrification or urease inhibitors What are Nitrogen Stabilizers? Products - Urease inhibitor X Nitrification inhibitor X Agrotain Plus: nitrification inhibitor + urease inhibitor Nutrisphere-N: nitrification inhibitor + urease inhibitor SuperU: urea + Agrotain Plus Others

6 Lateral growth: Slight improvement with AMS and SuperU 2014 Trial: Fertilization increased foliar N No benefit from split application 2016 c a a b Soil ph After 3 years: Urea and SuperU reduced soil ph by 0.5 AMS reduced soil ph by 1.0 Summary Fertilization increased foliar nitrogen levels compared to unfertilized controls but there was no difference in foliar nitrogen among fertilizer treatments. Trend of foliar N increases with AMS and Super U No benefit to split application Methods 2016 Trials Treatment Fertilizer* Control None Ammonium sulfate Ammonium sulfate Urea Urea only Instinct Urea + nitrification inhibitor Nitrain Express Urea + urease inhibitor SuperU Urea + urease and nitrification inhibitor ESN Polymer coated urea Growth response: No products provided better response than standard fertilization Mean shoot growth (m) of Fraser fir and Black hills spruce trees in response to nitrogen fertilizer products at four farms in Michigan Product Badger (Fraser fir) Dutchman (Black hills spruce) Farm Getty (Fraser fir) Am. sulfate 0.35ab Control 0.33bc ESN 0.36ab Instinct 0.33bc Nitrain 0.29c SuperU 0.39a Urea 0.35ab Gwinn (Fraser fir) 6

7 2016 Trials: N stabilizer products did not affect foliar N Species Target Soil Nutrient Levels / PPM Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Calcium (P205) (K20) Fraser Fir Concolor fir Balsam Fir/Canaan Korean fir Corkbark fir Nordmann fir Other fir Blue Spruce Black Hills/white Scotch Pine White Pine * To convert ppm to lbs./ac multiply by 2 38 Phosphorous P2O5 Immobile Correct before planting ph affects availability Phosphorous - P2O5 Sources (MAP) (DAP) (Triple) Ca (Cal-Phos) (Liquid) Potassium K20 Mobility related to C.E.C and moisture Correct before planting Potassium K Sources (Potash) Concern due to chloride S (Potassium Sulfate) preferred when you have existing trees S-11Mg (K-Mag or Sul- Po-Mag)

8 P & K Management Soil Test - before establishment Apply and incorporate Post Apply Band P on existing trees Secondary nutrients Ca, Mg, S Calcium Low CEC small bank Low ph lower Ca available Watch Ca saturation (>50%) Sources Limestone (varies) Gypsum (23% Ca & 18& S) Mg - Magnesium Low CEC small bank Watch Mg saturation (>15%) Low ph lower Mg available Sources Limestone (Dolomitic 10%) S-11Mg (K-Mag or SPM) Epsom Salts MgSO4 (10% Mg & 13% S) Sulfur Very Mobile in soil Sandy Soils (Low O.M.) low level Clean Air Main Forms Elemental Need Time and Bacteria to convert Sulfate Lowers ph Sulfur sources Elemental Sulfur (90%) Ammonium sulfate ( S) Potassium sulfate ( S) K-Mag ( S-11Mg)

9 Micro-nutrients B, Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe Limited information A little is a lot! Boron Very Mobile in the Soil Can be toxic Sources Boron (10% to 16%) Solubor (Sprayable) Mn - Manganese ph sensitive Below 5.2 or above 6.0 tied up Interacts with Iron (Fe) Can be toxic Manganese sulfate Zn - Zinc Affected by P levels Can be built up Sources Zinc SO4 (readily available) Zinc Oxides (slow release) Fe - Iron Usually not deficient Low ph more Fe available High Mn levels affect Fe effectiveness Fertilizers can injury trees if improperly applied Small trees at greater risk Keep materials off trees

10 Fertilizer selection Spread fertilizer over larger area Split applications Foliar nutrient analyses Reflection of what tree has actually absorbed from soil. Indicate a problem before or after visual symptoms are evident. Can be used to optimize nutrition program Foliar nutrient analyses 1. Sample good and bad areas 2. Sample recently expanded foliage 3. Sample upper 1/3 of crown (not leader) 4. Keep track of time of year when sampled Conifers > late fall/early winter Example Foliar test Foliar fertilization Essentially a quick fix Typically treating symptom not problem Potential to burn foliage Best nutrient uptake through roots Review Pre-plant/Site prep Test soil for P, K, Ca, Mg and ph Lime and incorporate needed elements before planting

11 Review Mid-rotation and late rotation Soil and foliar test Check on ph nitrogen fertilizers will lower ph over time Potassium declines over the rotation Evaluate tree color as you get closer to harvest Review Post harvest Evaluate tree performance color, quality, marketable trees Soil test to see if lime is needed Cover crops Conclusions Trees will respond to nutrient management. Improve tree quality and value Nutrient management is more than simply applying fertilizers. Soil and plant tissue evaluation is essential for optimum results.and cost benefits. Fertilization must be coupled with effective weed and water management for best results. More information MSU Extension Christmas website series of articles written by Dr. Mel Koelling and Dr. Randy Heiligmann, both of whom are now retired, but this has good info the Midwest. Oregon State University - has the most comprehensive guide to Christmas tree nutrition. A limitation of the OSU publication is their focus on Noble fir, which we rarely grow in this part of the world. Also, their soils are often acidic, whereas we are more likely to have issues with ph being too high. Rutgers - This guide from is concise and fairly up to date. Spectrum Analytical is a private nutrient testing lab. Most of the info is accurate and they have several tables that are quite useful Questions?? 65 11

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