Update on Food and Feed

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Update on Food and Feed"

Transcription

1 Update on Food and Feed Mary Beth Hall Research Animal Scientist U. S. Dairy Forage Research Center USDA-Agricultural Research Service Madison, WI ACS 7/16/13

2 The sugars, starches, and insoluble carbohydrates, demand study. Goals: improved methods for estimation more correct methods of estimating nutritive values. -- Report of the Committee on Ways and Means for Securing More Thorough Chemical Study of Foods and Feeding Stuffs --Assoc. of fficial Agricultural Chemists, August, 1890

3 Where we started: Crude fiber Crude protein Crude fat Ash Calories Active Ingredients Microbes Amino acids Starch Fats Fructans Calories Protein Sugars Vitamins Fiber Fatty acids Minerals Antioxidants

4 Purpose of Food & Feed Analysis Adulterants Active Ingredients / Guarantees Nutritional Value Widely varying matrices Possess chemical & physical effects Influence nutrition & health

5 Purpose of Food & Feed Analysis Used in: Food and feed labeling Quality control Diet and ration formulation Used by: Companies / Trade Regulators Nutritionists Consumers

6

7 Costs, Turn-around, Accuracy Food and feed labeling Diet and ration formulation Effect of error

8 Milk / day, kg lb milk 5 0 5/14/99 5/16/99 5/18/99 5/20/99 5/22/99 5/24/99 5/26/99 5/28/99 5/30/99 6/1/99 6/3/99 6/5/99 6/7/99 6/13/99 6/15/99 6/17/99 6/19/99 6/21/99 6/23/99 6/25/99 6/27/99 6/29/99 7/1/99 6/9/99 6/11/99 Date 7/3/99 Averhoff and Hall, 2000

9 lb milk Average Milk Loss: 744 lb/cow/episode Milk / day, kg /14/99 5/16/99 5/18/99 5/20/99 5/22/99 5/24/99 5/26/99 5/28/99 5/30/99 6/1/99 6/3/99 6/5/99 6/7/99 6/9/99 6/11/99 6/13/99 6/15/99 6/17/99 6/19/99 6/21/99 6/23/99 6/25/99 6/27/99 6/29/99 7/1/99 7/3/99 Averhoff and Hall, 2000

10 Carbohydrates That Matter Plant Carbohydrates Cell Contents Cell Wall Digestible Indigestible rganic Mono- & Acids Disaccha -rides Sugars Starch ligosaccha -rides Dietary Starch Fructans Pectic Hemicelluloses Cellulose Substances Mixed linkage -glucans Fructans Soluble Fiber Detergent Fibers Acid Neutral

11 Plant Cell Structure Cell contents rganic acids Sugars Starch ligosaccharides Fructans Middle lamella Pectic substances b-glucans Cell wall Hemicellulose Cellulose Lignin

12 Carbohydrates: Animal Feeds AAFC pressured to allow labeling of carbohydrates in animal feeds Must / will cover all animal species Nutritionally relevant & defined / predicts nutrient supply & animal performance Verifiable by AAC / other recognized method AAC starch method for animal feeds no longer valid Questions on appropriate labeling for fiber

13 The Ideal Fiber Analysis Nutritionally relevant Chemical & physical effects Across species Robust, simple, repeatable, inexpensive AAC approved

14 Fiber Analyses Crude Fiber Acid Detergent Fiber Neutral Detergent Fiber Total Dietary Fiber

15 Crude Fiber - circa 1840 s Ether extraction Dry & weigh Reflux with 1.25% sulfuric acid 30 min. Reflux with 1.25% sodium hydroxide 30 min Gravimetric measure of organic residue. Does not measure soluble fiber. Weende / Proximate Analysis System

16 The crude fiber method solubilizes hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin to varying degrees. From Van Soest, 1994

17 Crude Fiber Not nutritionally relevant. Fails to accurately recover insoluble fiber. AAC Method Used / required for regulatory purposes

18 Acid Detergent Fiber Fat extraction (if necessary). Reflux 1 hour with acid detergent (0.5 M H 2 S 4 and CTAB). Gravimetric measure of organic residue. Recovers cellulose, lignin, protein, traces of other carbohydrates. Does not measure soluble fiber.

19 Acid Detergent Fiber Somewhat nutritionally relevant (species? state?). Simple, inexpensive, robust assay. AAC Method

20 Neutral Detergent Fiber Fat extraction (if necessary). Reflux 1 hour with neutral detergent, heat-stable, a-amylase, and/or sulfite. Gravimetric measure of organic residue. Recovers hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, traces of protein. Does not measure soluble fiber.

21 Neutral Detergent Fiber Nutritionally relevant (species?). Simple, inexpensive, robust assay. NDF = Insoluble Dietary Fiber AAC Method

22 Dietary Fiber AAC : Enzymatic - gravimetric AAC : Enzymatic - gravimetric liquid chromatographic HPLC Includes soluble & insoluble dietary fiber and oligosaccharides

23 Dietary Fiber Analysis Nutritionally relevant (species?). New inclusion of oligosaccharides. Multifaceted, expensive assay. AAC Method

24 Method Comparison Crude Fiber (AAC, 1980) NDF (Robertson and Van Soest, 1977) TDF (Prosky et al., 1985) Feedstuff CF NDF TDF Corn Wheat Citrus pomace Beet pulp Wheat bran Courtesy of G. Fahey, 2002

25 Thoughts Dietary and neutral detergent fibers are nutritionally relevant. Which is most appropriate depends on species and feeds. Crude fiber is not useful for nutritional applications.

26 Why Dietary Starch? Starch: A non-structural polysaccharide of plants composed of glucose with a-(1-4) and a-(1-6) linkages (well established def.). Dietary: Classifies the fraction as being related to nutrition, not to other applications (as was done with dietary fiber ). Dietary Starch: Relates the nutritional fraction of a-linked carbohydrates to starch. Bottom Line Informal Definition: Any carbohydrate that digests like starch.

27 Dietary Starch Why not call it starch? Assays don t and never have measured just plant starch, unless many types of samples were excluded. Liver Starch from plants Glycogen in animals & microbes Breakdown products of these (maltooligosaccharides)

28 Starch: Polarimetry Analysis fficial EU method of analysis Change in optical rotation of solubilized pure starch minus substances soluble in 40% Et [a] D 20 for pure starches: Rice: , potato: 185.4, corn: Repeatability: + 0.4% if starch < 40%, + 1.1% if starch > 40% Interference: CaC 3, lactose, citrus pulp, sugar beet, linseed, copra, & rapeseed products, yeast, inulin, greaves (sugars, fructans, other?), optically active substances Third Commission Directive, CNSLEG 1972L0199, 1999

29 Starch: Enzymatic Analysis Gelatinization Disrupting the hydrogen bonding/ crystalline structure of starch chains Hydrolysis a-amylase, amyloglucosidase CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 H 2 H 2 H 2 End product detection Glucose, reducing sugars CH 2

30 Sources of Error Multiple transfers Inaccurate standard curve Glucose standard purity Incomplete hydrolysis Microbial predation Chemical alteration Volumetric accuracy Interfering substances: Nonspecific enzymes & run conditions Affected past starch assays Starch % DM Starch % DM Corn Starch 0 Confectioner s Sugar Hall et al., 1999

31 Starch: Low Recovery Isomerization of reducing end glucose Neutral to alkaline ph + heat: reducing end glucose isomerizes to fructose. An issue with hydrolysis with gelatinization at neutral ph? CH 2 CH 2 HCH 2 CH 2 H CH 2 Maltose Maltulose Autoclave ph Glucose Maltulose Maltose/ isomaltose Dias and Panchal, 1987

32 Glucose Detection % of no ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid, umoles <10 mmol hydrophilic antioxidant / 0.1 g sample DM Different detection method Identification of matrices? Hall and Keuler, 2009, JAACI 92:50

33 Glucose Detection Standard curve deviation in prediction pt linear 5 pt linear pt quadratic Standard curve nearly, but not quite linear Apparently inherent in the chemistry 3 to 5 points similar, but 3 is overfit Hall and Keuler, 2009, JAACI 92:50

34 Dietary Starch Completing pre-study trial 16 labs (5 industry, 9 state, 2 research) 1250 Glucose Standard Curve 1000 y = x x R² = 1 Glucose, ug/ml Absorbance, 505 nm

35 Sugars & Fructans Definitions in place Investigating methods Fructan Sugars CH 2 H CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 H CH 2 H CH 2 H HCH 2 H CH 2 H2 C CH 2

36 Questions?

Fiber. Total Digestible Fiber. Carbohydrate Fractions of Forages Fiber Fractions. 4/18/2014. Week 3 Lecture 9. Clair Thunes, PhD

Fiber. Total Digestible Fiber. Carbohydrate Fractions of Forages Fiber Fractions. 4/18/2014. Week 3 Lecture 9. Clair Thunes, PhD Carbohydrate Fractions of Forages Fiber Fractions. Week 3 Lecture 9 Clair Thunes, PhD Fiber Chemically fiber is a mix of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, lignin, indigestable protein and fats. Most measures

More information

Supplementation of High Corn Silage Diets for Dairy Cows. R. D. Shaver Professor and Extension Dairy Nutritionist

Supplementation of High Corn Silage Diets for Dairy Cows. R. D. Shaver Professor and Extension Dairy Nutritionist INTRODUCTION Supplementation of High Corn Silage Diets for Dairy Cows R. D. Shaver Professor and Extension Dairy Nutritionist Department of Dairy Science College of Agricultural and Life Sciences University

More information

What is Dietary Fiber and how do you select the appropriate method?

What is Dietary Fiber and how do you select the appropriate method? DIETARY FIBER What is Dietary Fiber and how do you select the appropriate method? Explore: Evolution: Definition of Dietary Fiber What Dietary Fiber means Today Methods of Analysis in AOAC Early, Interim

More information

Effective Practices In Sheep Production Series

Effective Practices In Sheep Production Series Effective Practices In Sheep Production Series Understanding Feed Test Analysis Terms The key to accurate feed tests is correct sampling of your forages and grains. Equally important, is understanding

More information

Prospects of Palm Kernel Cake. use in Cattle Feed

Prospects of Palm Kernel Cake. use in Cattle Feed Prospects of Palm Kernel Cake use in Cattle Feed Dr. Tariq Mahmood D.V.M., M.Sc. Animal Nutrition M.S. Total Quality Management Diploma in Feed Technology and Formulation, NCSU, USA General Manager Operations

More information

Heidi Rossow, PhD UC Davis School Of Veterinary Medicine, VMTRC Tulare, CA. Interpreting Forage Quality from the Cows Perspective

Heidi Rossow, PhD UC Davis School Of Veterinary Medicine, VMTRC Tulare, CA. Interpreting Forage Quality from the Cows Perspective Heidi Rossow, PhD UC Davis School Of Veterinary Medicine, VMTRC Tulare, CA Interpreting Forage Quality from the Cows Perspective Interpretation of chemical nutrient analyses Plant Nutrient Analyses Digestibility

More information

Established Facts. Impact of Post Harvest Forage on the Rumen Function. Known Facts. Known Facts

Established Facts. Impact of Post Harvest Forage on the Rumen Function. Known Facts. Known Facts Impact of Post Harvest Forage on the Rumen Function Gbenga Ayangbile, Ph.D. Established Facts Most nutrients in fresh forages before harvesting are more available and efficiently utilized for productive

More information

Nutritive Value of Canola Meal: The Dietary Fibre Story

Nutritive Value of Canola Meal: The Dietary Fibre Story Nutritive Value of Canola Meal: The Dietary Fibre Story Bogdan A. Slominski Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada 14 th International Rapeseed Congress, Saskatoon, July

More information

Nutritive Value of Feeds

Nutritive Value of Feeds Nutritive Value of Feeds Chapter 12 A working knowledge of the nutrient composition of available feeds is an integral part of a successful beef cattle operation. * The rumen fermentation process allows

More information

What are the 6 Nutrients. Carbohydrates Proteins Fats/Oils (Lipids) Vitamins Minerals Water

What are the 6 Nutrients. Carbohydrates Proteins Fats/Oils (Lipids) Vitamins Minerals Water Nutrients AG 240 What are the 6 Nutrients Carbohydrates Proteins Fats/Oils (Lipids) Vitamins Minerals Water Carbohydrates (CHO) Primary component of livestock feed Referred to as energy CHO Characteristics

More information

Understanding Dairy Nutrition Terminology

Understanding Dairy Nutrition Terminology Understanding Dairy Nutrition Terminology Mat Haan, Penn State Dairy Educator, Berks County Lucas Mitchell, Penn State Department of Animal Science Dairy Cattle Nutrition Workshop November 15, 2017 Interpreting

More information

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS. Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and its Role in Alfalfa Analysis

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS. Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and its Role in Alfalfa Analysis UC CE COOPERATIVE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and its Role in Alfalfa Analysis P.H. Robinson Cooperative Extension Specialist Department of Animal Science University

More information

Making Forage Analysis Work for You in Balancing Livestock Rations and Marketing Hay

Making Forage Analysis Work for You in Balancing Livestock Rations and Marketing Hay A3325 Making Forage Analysis Work for You in Balancing Livestock Rations and Marketing Hay Dan Undersander, W. Terry Howard, and Randy Shaver Forage and grain samples differ in their chemical composition

More information

Measuring detergent fibre and insoluble protein in corn silage using crucibles or filter bags

Measuring detergent fibre and insoluble protein in corn silage using crucibles or filter bags Animal Feed Science and Technology 133 (2007) 335 340 Short communication Measuring detergent fibre and insoluble protein in corn silage using crucibles or filter bags Gonzalo Ferreira a,, David R. Mertens

More information

Fiber Analysis and 6.5 Biology

Fiber Analysis and 6.5 Biology Fiber Analysis and 6.5 Biology Paul K. Sirois, Sarah E. Fessenden & Lynn Gilbert* Dairy One Forage Lab www.dairyone.com *AMTS www.agmodelsystems.com Penn State Dairy Nutrition Workshop Grantville, PA November

More information

DDGS: An Evolving Commodity. Dr. Jerry Shurson University of Minnesota

DDGS: An Evolving Commodity. Dr. Jerry Shurson University of Minnesota DDGS: An Evolving Commodity Dr. Jerry Shurson University of Minnesota Animals Require Nutrients on a Daily Basis Feed Ingredients Supply Nutrients in Different Amounts and Forms Nutritionist s Job: Develop

More information

Introduction billion gallons of ethanol were produced in the U.S. during 2009.

Introduction billion gallons of ethanol were produced in the U.S. during 2009. Introduction 10.6 billion gallons of ethanol were produced in the U.S. during 2009. (Renewable Fuels Association) As corn-milling technologies increase efficiency, corn co-products continue to evolve.

More information

Protein and Carbohydrate Utilization by Lactating Dairy Cows 1

Protein and Carbohydrate Utilization by Lactating Dairy Cows 1 Protein and Carbohydrate Utilization by Lactating Dairy Cows 1 Bill Weiss Department of Animal Sciences Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691 email:

More information

Randomness Rules: Living with Variation in the Nutrient Composition of Concentrate Feeds

Randomness Rules: Living with Variation in the Nutrient Composition of Concentrate Feeds Randomness Rules: Living with Variation in the Nutrient Composition of Concentrate Feeds William P. Weiss 1 Department of Animal Sciences Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State

More information

Rumination or cud chewing consists of regurgitation, remastication, reinsalvation, and reswallowing.

Rumination or cud chewing consists of regurgitation, remastication, reinsalvation, and reswallowing. Nutrition 115 Midterm Exam 2 February 25, 2000 Name Please be sure to put your name at the top of each page. Any page without a name in the appropriate place will not be graded. Read each question carefully,

More information

CARBOHYDRATES. Created for BCLM Pony Club Nutrition #14

CARBOHYDRATES. Created for BCLM Pony Club Nutrition #14 CARBOHYDRATES Created for BCLM Pony Club Nutrition #14 Carbohydrates Collective term for starches, sugars and dietary fibres The dietary fibres are cellulose and hemicellulose Glycogen is how energy is

More information

Introduction. Carbohydrate Nutrition. Microbial CHO Metabolism. Microbial CHO Metabolism. CHO Fractions. Fiber CHO (FC)

Introduction. Carbohydrate Nutrition. Microbial CHO Metabolism. Microbial CHO Metabolism. CHO Fractions. Fiber CHO (FC) Introduction Carbohydrate Nutrition Largest component of dairy rations CHO comprise to 80% of ration DM Major source of energy for milk production One-third of milk solids is lactose 4.9 lbs. of lactose

More information

ANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES Carbohydrate Chemistry

ANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES Carbohydrate Chemistry I. General structures A. D-Aldoses ANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES 1. All monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups (i.e., alcohol groups). 2. Smallest

More information

ANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES

ANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES I. General structures ANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES A. D-Aldoses 1. All monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups (i.e., alcohol groups). 2. Smallest

More information

Randomness Rules: Living with Variation in the Nutrient Composition of Concentrate Feeds 1

Randomness Rules: Living with Variation in the Nutrient Composition of Concentrate Feeds 1 Randomness Rules: Living with Variation in the Nutrient Composition of Concentrate Feeds 1 William P. Weiss Department of Animal Sciences Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State

More information

Production Costs. Learning Objectives. Essential Nutrients. The Marvels of Ruminant Digestion

Production Costs. Learning Objectives. Essential Nutrients. The Marvels of Ruminant Digestion Feeding for 2: Understanding How to Feed the Goat and her Rumen Robert Van Saun, DVM, MS, PhD Extension Veterinarian Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences The Marvels of Ruminant Digestion This

More information

BASIC NUTRITION LIQUID VIEWPOINT

BASIC NUTRITION LIQUID VIEWPOINT BASIC NUTRITION LIQUID VIEWPOINT In the introduction, we said we ll have some surprises for you. Here s the first one: There s no such thing as dry feed. Nothing dry can be digested. Everything an animal

More information

DAIRY FOCUS AT ILLINOIS NEWSLETTER. Focus on Forages Volume 2, Number 1

DAIRY FOCUS AT ILLINOIS NEWSLETTER. Focus on Forages Volume 2, Number 1 Volume 2, Number 1 Focus on Forages 2015 Forages have always been an important source of nutrients for the dairy cow. Feeding high quality forages can increase dairy efficiency and help reduce the feed

More information

Nonstructural and Structural Carbohydrates in Dairy Cattle Rations 1

Nonstructural and Structural Carbohydrates in Dairy Cattle Rations 1 CIR1122 Nonstructural and Structural Carbohydrates in Dairy Cattle Rations 1 Barney Harris, Jr. 2 Carbohydrates are the largest component in the dairy ration and contribute 60 to 70% of the net energy

More information

ESTIMATING THE ENERGY VALUE OF CORN SILAGE AND OTHER FORAGES. P.H. Robinson 1 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

ESTIMATING THE ENERGY VALUE OF CORN SILAGE AND OTHER FORAGES. P.H. Robinson 1 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION ESTIMATING THE ENERGY VALUE OF CORN SILAGE AND OTHER FORAGES P.H. Robinson 1 ABSTRACT It is possible to estimate the energy value of ruminant feeds if some chemical assays of the feedstuffs, and the estimated

More information

Role of dietary fibre in rabbit nutrition and digestive troubles prevention

Role of dietary fibre in rabbit nutrition and digestive troubles prevention Role of dietary fibre in rabbit nutrition and digestive troubles prevention T. Gidenne and F. Lebas Rabbit Research Laboratory, INRA Research Center of Toulouse - France Dietary fibre origin Fibre Sources?

More information

ABSTRACT FORAGE SAMPLING AND TESTING ACCURACY CHOOSING A FORAGE TESTING LAB

ABSTRACT FORAGE SAMPLING AND TESTING ACCURACY CHOOSING A FORAGE TESTING LAB PARAMETERS FOR GOOD QUALITY ALFALFA HAY Glenn E. Shewmaker, Mireille Chahine, and Rikki Wilson 1 ABSTRACT When alfalfa hay is tested in a laboratory analysis, several forage quality factors are considered.

More information

Example. Biomentor Foundation. Advice Example

Example. Biomentor Foundation. Advice Example Example Advice Example Biomentor Foundation URL WERK The normal values that are given, are our interpretation of all the results that we have seen in relation to (subject) judgements. So there is no absolute

More information

The Rumen Inside & Out

The Rumen Inside & Out Livestock Management CDE Dairy: Nutritional Management K. J. Clark, Erin Marotz, and B.A. Reiling January 26, 2017 Nutritional Management Objectives Students should understand... Anatomy/Physiology Nutritionally

More information

The four stomachs of a dairy cow

The four stomachs of a dairy cow The four stomachs of a dairy cow Left side view 1) Rumen 2) Reticulum 3) Omasum 4) Abomasum Reticulo-omasal orifice (reticulo-rumen exit) (on the right side of the cow) (on the right side of the cow) Esophagus

More information

(Equation 1) (Equation 2) (Equation 3)

(Equation 1) (Equation 2) (Equation 3) TESTING ALfALfA HAY: NEW HAY QUALITY STANDARDS AND TESTING PROCEDURES Donald L. Bath Energy and protein are the most valuable components of alfalfa. Crude protein content of alfalfa can be determined directly

More information

Not long ago the world was caught up in an anti-carbohydrate craze.

Not long ago the world was caught up in an anti-carbohydrate craze. Carbohydrates Not long ago the world was caught up in an anti-carbohydrate craze. What was or is the problem? Why are carbohydrates so unpopular? Carbohydrates are sugar compounds that plants make when

More information

TRANSITION COW NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT. J.E. Shirley

TRANSITION COW NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT. J.E. Shirley Dairy Day 2003 TRANSITION COW NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT J.E. Shirley Summary Dairy cows are generally provided with a 60-day dry period. The first part of the dry period is called the far-off dry period

More information

ALMLM HAY QUALITY: TERMS AND DEFIN"IONS

ALMLM HAY QUALITY: TERMS AND DEFINIONS ALMLM HAY QUALITY: TERMS AND DEFIN"IONS Garry D. Lacefield Extension Forage Specialist University of Kentucky At the 22"d Kentucky Alfalfa Conference we discussed the relationship among Alfalfa - Yield-Quality-Persistence.

More information

Chapter 4: Sugars, Starches and Fibers. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 4: Sugars, Starches and Fibers. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4: Sugars, Starches and Fibers Copyright Student learning outcomes: At the end of this chapter, you should be able to: Compare and contrast whole grains and refined sugars Compare and contrast

More information

I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Inorganic compounds = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon Ex: Vitamins, minerals,

More information

Name a property of. water why is it necessary for life?

Name a property of. water why is it necessary for life? 02.09.18 Name a property of + water why is it necessary for life? n Cohesion n Adhesion n Transparency n Density n Solvent n Heat capacity + Macromolecules (2.3 & some of 2.4) + Organic Molecules All molecules

More information

BCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud

BCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud BCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud 1 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: Compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen arranged as monosaccharides or multiples of monosaccharides. Most,

More information

Chapter 1. Chemistry of Life - Advanced TABLE 1.2: title

Chapter 1. Chemistry of Life - Advanced TABLE 1.2: title Condensation and Hydrolysis Condensation reactions are the chemical processes by which large organic compounds are synthesized from their monomeric units. Hydrolysis reactions are the reverse process.

More information

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS. Rumen Escape Protein of some Dairy Feedstuffs

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS. Rumen Escape Protein of some Dairy Feedstuffs UC CE COOPERATIVE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Rumen Escape Protein of some Dairy Feedstuffs P.H. Robinson Cooperative Extension Specialist University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8521 Dairy

More information

Understanding and Managing Variation in Nutrient Composition

Understanding and Managing Variation in Nutrient Composition Understanding and Managing Variation in Nutrient Composition Bill Weiss Department of Animal Sciences Ohio State University Wooster 44691 Phone: 330-263-3622 email: weiss.6@osu.edu Normand St-Pierre Department

More information

EquuSSource Webinar. Welcome to the EquuSSource Webinar. We will be starting shortly.

EquuSSource Webinar. Welcome to the EquuSSource Webinar. We will be starting shortly. EquuSSource Webinar Welcome to the EquuSSource Webinar We will be starting shortly. To hear audio, please turn on your computer speakers or connect to the conference number: (484) 589-1010 Code: 672935340

More information

A Comparison of MIN-AD to MgO and Limestone in Peripartum Nutrition

A Comparison of MIN-AD to MgO and Limestone in Peripartum Nutrition A Comparison of MIN-AD to MgO and Limestone in Peripartum Nutrition D-9.0-03/17 Introduction Recent research has linked subclinical hypocalcemia, which impacts 11-25% of first lactation heifers and 42-60%

More information

COMPLETE FEEDS: ALL INGREDIENTS ARE NOT CREATED EQUAL!

COMPLETE FEEDS: ALL INGREDIENTS ARE NOT CREATED EQUAL! COMPLETE FEEDS: ALL INGREDIENTS ARE NOT CREATED EQUAL! When selecting or purchasing a feed, it is important to ask for the ingredient list from the manufacturer because, the guaranteed analysis on the

More information

Biochemistry: Macromolecules

Biochemistry: Macromolecules 1 Biology: Macromolecules 2 Carbohydrates Carbohydrate organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Meaning: hydrated carbon ratio of h:0 is 2:1 (same as in water) Source: plants

More information

Proteins. Biomolecules. Nucleic Acids. The Building Blocks of Life

Proteins. Biomolecules. Nucleic Acids. The Building Blocks of Life Proteins Biomolecules Nucleic Acids The Building Blocks of Life Carbohydrates Lipids Biomolecules are 1. Organic molecules that are (at least 1 Carbon molecule and often chains of Carbon) They all contain.

More information

6 Nutrients Essential for Life

6 Nutrients Essential for Life 6 Nutrients Essential for Life Mind Moo-Ver SWBAT identify the 6 essential nutrients for life QOD: What does ph measure Give an example of an acidic substance, a basic substance and a neutral substance

More information

CARBOHYDRATES. By: SHAMSUL AZAHARI ZAINAL BADARI Department of Resource Management And Consumer Studies Faculty of Human Ecology UPM

CARBOHYDRATES. By: SHAMSUL AZAHARI ZAINAL BADARI Department of Resource Management And Consumer Studies Faculty of Human Ecology UPM CARBOHYDRATES By: SHAMSUL AZAHARI ZAINAL BADARI Department of Resource Management And Consumer Studies Faculty of Human Ecology UPM OBJECTIVES OF THE LECTURE By the end of this lecture, student can: Define

More information

Lesson 3 Understanding Nutrients and Their Importance

Lesson 3 Understanding Nutrients and Their Importance Unit B Understanding Animal Body Systems Lesson 3 Understanding Nutrients and Their Importance 1 Terms Balanced ration Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates Disaccharides Essential nutrients Ether Fat Fat-soluble

More information

IS A ONE TMR APPROACH RIGHT?

IS A ONE TMR APPROACH RIGHT? IS A ONE TMR APPROACH RIGHT? Michael F. Hutjens Extension Dairy Specialist University of Illinois, Urbana 232 ASL, 1207 W. Gregory Drive Urbana, IL 61801 hutjensm@illinois.edu 217-333-2928 Take Home Messages

More information

Six Nutrients. Nutrients: substances in food that your body needs to stay healthy. Carbohydrates Protein Fat Minerals Vitamins Water

Six Nutrients. Nutrients: substances in food that your body needs to stay healthy. Carbohydrates Protein Fat Minerals Vitamins Water Nutrients Six Nutrients Nutrients: substances in food that your body needs to stay healthy Carbohydrates Protein Fat Minerals Vitamins Water Water Function: most essential nutrient Helps digest and absorb

More information

6 The chemistry of living organisms

6 The chemistry of living organisms Living organisms are composed of about 22 different chemical elements. These are combined to form a great variety of compounds. Six major elements make up almost 99% of the mass of the human body, as shown

More information

Right Quality vs High Quality Forages

Right Quality vs High Quality Forages Forage In Dairy Cow Rations Right Quality vs High Quality Forages Forage 50-60% NonForage 40-50% Mary Beth Hall USDA Agricultural Research Service VSFA 2/18/2016 14 herds, 28,600 36,960 kg RHA What cows

More information

There are six general classes of nutrients needed in the horse s diet: water carbohydrates fats protein minerals vitamins.

There are six general classes of nutrients needed in the horse s diet: water carbohydrates fats protein minerals vitamins. HORSE NUTRITION Nutrients A nutrient is defined as any feed constituent that is necessary to support life. The following is a list of functions that nutrients perform in the horse's body: source of energy

More information

DIET DIGESTIBILITY AND RUMEN TRAITS IN RESPONSE TO FEEDING WET CORN GLUTEN FEED AND A PELLET CONSISTING OF RAW SOYBEAN HULLS AND CORN STEEP LIQUOR

DIET DIGESTIBILITY AND RUMEN TRAITS IN RESPONSE TO FEEDING WET CORN GLUTEN FEED AND A PELLET CONSISTING OF RAW SOYBEAN HULLS AND CORN STEEP LIQUOR Dairy Day 2002 DIET DIGESTIBILITY AND RUMEN TRAITS IN RESPONSE TO FEEDING WET CORN GLUTEN FEED AND A PELLET CONSISTING OF RAW SOYBEAN HULLS AND CORN STEEP LIQUOR E. E. Ferdinand, J. E. Shirley, E. C. Titgemeyer,

More information

IB Biology BIOCHEMISTRY. Biological Macromolecules SBI3U7. Topic 3. Thursday, October 4, 2012

IB Biology BIOCHEMISTRY. Biological Macromolecules SBI3U7. Topic 3. Thursday, October 4, 2012 + IB Biology SBI3U7 BIOCHEMISTRY Topic 3 Biological Macromolecules Essential Questions: 1.What are the 4 main types of biological macromolecules and what is their function within cells? 2.How does the

More information

Animal Nutrition Teacher s Outline

Animal Nutrition Teacher s Outline Animal Nutrition Teacher s Outline Functions of Feed 1) Maintenance maintaining the constant state of the body breathing, heartbeat, body temp, digestion, etc. A. Basal Maintenance requirement amount of

More information

Chemistry of Carbon. All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon

Chemistry of Carbon. All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon Ach Chemistry of Carbon All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon Carbon atom with an outer shell of four electrons can form covalent bonds with four atoms. In organic molecules,

More information

Chemistry Test Description Summaries

Chemistry Test Description Summaries Chemistry Test Description Summaries Foods are tested for physical and chemical properties for various reasons including quality assurance, new product development, solving functionality issues, learning

More information

INTERPRETING FORAGE QUALITY TEST REPORTS

INTERPRETING FORAGE QUALITY TEST REPORTS INTERPRETING FORAGE QUALITY TEST REPORTS Donna M. Amaral-Phillips, Ph.D. Department of Animal and Food Sciences University of Kentucky Forages are the foundation for building diets for beef and dairy cattle,

More information

Fundamentals of Ration Balancing for Beef Cattle Part II: Nutrient Terminology

Fundamentals of Ration Balancing for Beef Cattle Part II: Nutrient Terminology Fundamentals of Ration Balancing for Beef Cattle Part II: Nutrient Terminology Randy Wiedmeier, Regional Livestock Specialist, South-Central Area What information and skills are required to balance diet

More information

Dairy Update. Issue 110 July 1992 ALTERNATIVE FEEDSTUFFS FOR DAIRY. Vern Oraskovich Agriculture Extension Agent Carver County

Dairy Update. Issue 110 July 1992 ALTERNATIVE FEEDSTUFFS FOR DAIRY. Vern Oraskovich Agriculture Extension Agent Carver County e, r1innesota EXTENSION SERVICE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA ANIMAL SCIENCE EXTENSION Department of Animal Science 101 Haecker Hall 1364 Eckles Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (612) 624 4995 FAX: (612) 625

More information

What is ProPound Canola Meal?

What is ProPound Canola Meal? A New Protein Replacement for Soybean Meal What is Canola Meal? Conventional Canola 0 PROTEIN CONTENT Soybean 0 6% 5 Some Key Features of Dow Canola Meal Soybean 10 20 Conventional Canola For turkey producers,

More information

Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle 1

Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle 1 DS38 Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle 1 Barney Harris, Jr. 2 Proper feeding and good balanced rations remain the cornerstone of a successful dairy operation. Milk yield per cow and the cost of feed

More information

All About Carbohydrates and Health CPE Questions

All About Carbohydrates and Health CPE Questions All About Carbohydrates and Health CPE Questions 1. Which of the following statements is not true of carbohydrates? a) They are the main source of energy for the body; b) They are comprised of carbon,

More information

Structural Polysaccharides

Structural Polysaccharides Carbohydrates & ATP Carbohydrates include both sugars and polymers of sugars. The simplest carbohydrates are the monosaccharides, or simple sugars; these are the monomers from which more complex carbohydrates

More information

Know Your Feed Terms. When you are talking nutrition and feeds with your

Know Your Feed Terms. When you are talking nutrition and feeds with your Revised July 2006 Agdex 400/60-2 Know Your Feed Terms When you are talking nutrition and feeds with your feed salesperson, livestock nutritionist, veterinarian or neighbour, it is important that you both

More information

COMPLETE LACTATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF COWS FED WET CORN GLUTEN FEED AND PELLET CONSISTING OF RAW SOYBEAN HULLS AND CORN STEEP LIQUOR

COMPLETE LACTATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF COWS FED WET CORN GLUTEN FEED AND PELLET CONSISTING OF RAW SOYBEAN HULLS AND CORN STEEP LIQUOR Dairy Day 2002 COMPLETE LACTATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF COWS FED WET CORN GLUTEN FEED AND PELLET CONSISTING OF RAW SOYBEAN HULLS AND CORN STEEP LIQUOR E. E. Ferdinand, J. E. Shirley, E. C. Titgemeyer, J. M.

More information

Carbohydrates. Lecture2

Carbohydrates. Lecture2 Carbohydrates Lecture2 Disaccharides Consist of two monosaccharides covalently bound to each other. All of which are isomers with the molecular formula C 12 22 O 11. The differences in these disaccharides

More information

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS UC CE COOPERATIVE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Dried Corn Distillers Grains in Dairy Cattle Feeding Part 2 Nutrient Profiles, Variability and Key Impacts on Cattle P.H. Robinson Cooperative

More information

30.1 Organization of the Human Body

30.1 Organization of the Human Body 30.1 Organization of the Human Body Organization of the Body The levels of organization in the body include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. At each level of organization, these parts of the

More information

REVISION: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 19 MARCH 2014

REVISION: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 19 MARCH 2014 REVISION: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 19 MARCH 2014 Lesson Description In this lesson we revise: The Chemistry of Life Food tests Summary Inorganic Nutrients Water Solvent Medium in which chemical reactions occur

More information

Feed. The major cost of animal production

Feed. The major cost of animal production Feed The major cost of animal production Feeding cost = 60-70% in commercial livestock production Need to optimize feeding cost to sustain profitability Import bill for food = RM10 billion/year Import

More information

Feeding Animals for Profit - Will my 2017 hay cut it?

Feeding Animals for Profit - Will my 2017 hay cut it? Feeding Animals for Profit - Will my 2017 hay cut it? Reagan Bluel University of Missouri Extension Dairy Specialist 2018 by The Curators of the University of Missouri, a public corporation Manage Forage

More information

UNDERSTANDING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

UNDERSTANDING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM UNDERSTANDING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Understanding Digestion The key to solving food and digestive issues starts with an understanding of how the digestive and intestinal system works If you know what is

More information

Macromolecules. Macromolecules. What are the macromolecules? Organic molecules. The human body uses complex organic molecules known as macromolecules.

Macromolecules. Macromolecules. What are the macromolecules? Organic molecules. The human body uses complex organic molecules known as macromolecules. Macromolecules Macromolecules Biochemistry The human body uses complex organic molecules known as macromolecules. Macro - long or large It is a large molecule that is made up of smaller units joined together.

More information

Ration Formulation Models: Biological Reality vs. Models

Ration Formulation Models: Biological Reality vs. Models Ration Formulation Models: Biological Reality vs. Models H.A. Rossow, Ph.D. Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Tulare, CA Email: heidi.rossow@gmail.com

More information

CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 05 FEBRUARY 2014

CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 05 FEBRUARY 2014 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 05 FEBRUARY 2014 In this lesson we will: Lesson Description Discuss inorganic compounds and their importance Discuss organic compounds and their biological importance. Summary Inorganic

More information

UNDERSTANDING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

UNDERSTANDING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Slide 1 UNDERSTANDING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Slide 2 Understanding Digestion The key to solving food and digestive issues starts with an understanding of how the digestive and intestinal system works If

More information

INCLUSION OF FAT IN DIETS FOR EARLY LACTATING HOLSTEIN COWS. J. E. Shirley and M. E. Scheffel

INCLUSION OF FAT IN DIETS FOR EARLY LACTATING HOLSTEIN COWS. J. E. Shirley and M. E. Scheffel Dairy Day 1995 INCLUSION OF FAT IN DIETS FOR EARLY LACTATING HOLSTEIN COWS J. E. Shirley and M. E. Scheffel Summary Twenty-four Holstein cows were used to study the effect of dietary fat on milk production

More information

Dietary Fibres Soluble Fibres: can be.. Insoluble Fibres : can be..

Dietary Fibres Soluble Fibres: can be.. Insoluble Fibres : can be.. Dietary Fibres The fraction of edible parts of plants or analogous carbohydrates that are: Resistant to digestion and absorption in the human small intestine with.. Complete or partial fermentation in

More information

Carbohydrates. Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O. C x (H 2 O) y

Carbohydrates. Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O. C x (H 2 O) y Carbohydrates Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O C x (H 2 O) y Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Simple sugar Soluble in water Precursors in synthesis triose sugars of other (C3) molecules

More information

What is ProPound Canola Meal?

What is ProPound Canola Meal? A New, Cost Effective Protein Replacement for Meal in Swine Diets What is Canola Meal? PROTEIN CONTENT ingredient pricing scenarios and in a variety of swine 1500 is less than that of soybean meal, resulting

More information

The building blocks for this molecule are A) amino acids B) simple sugars C) fats D) molecular bases

The building blocks for this molecule are A) amino acids B) simple sugars C) fats D) molecular bases 1. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a portion of a starch molecule. The building blocks for this molecule are A)

More information

Wellness: Concepts and Applications 8 th Edition Anspaugh, Hamrick, Rosato

Wellness: Concepts and Applications 8 th Edition Anspaugh, Hamrick, Rosato Wellness: Concepts and Applications 8 th Edition Anspaugh, Hamrick, Rosato Forming a Plan for Good Nutrition Chapter 6 Good Nutrition n Nutrition is the study of nutrients and the way the body processes

More information

NEW/EMERGING MEASUREMENTS FOR FORAGE QUALITY. Dan Putnam 1 ABSTRACT

NEW/EMERGING MEASUREMENTS FOR FORAGE QUALITY. Dan Putnam 1 ABSTRACT NEW/EMERGING MEASUREMENTS FOR FORAGE QUALITY Dan Putnam 1 ABSTRACT A nationally accepted standard hay test for alfalfa hay has included measurement of Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Neutral Detergent Fiber

More information

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions. ne_content/animations/reaction_types.ht ml

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions.   ne_content/animations/reaction_types.ht ml Glucose Molecule Macromolecules Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymers Polymers long molecules made from building blocks linked by covalent bonds Monomers the building blocks to polymers

More information

PDF created with pdffactory trial version

PDF created with pdffactory trial version General Nutrition Concepts Importance of Nutrition Health Appearance Behavior Mood Role of Nutrients in Diet Growth and development Provide energy Regulate metabolism 2 Calories in Food Carbohydrates Protein

More information

Why Does the Dollar Value of Alfalfa Hay Not Continue to increase as its TDN Increases?

Why Does the Dollar Value of Alfalfa Hay Not Continue to increase as its TDN Increases? Why Does the Dollar Value of Alfalfa Hay Not Continue to increase as its TDN Increases? P.H. Robinson 1 and E.J. DePeters 2 1 Cooperative Extension Specialist and 2 Professor Department of Animal Science

More information

Dr. Entedhar Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that have aldehyde (C-H=0) or ketone (C=O) moiety and comprises polyhyroxyl alcohol

Dr. Entedhar Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that have aldehyde (C-H=0) or ketone (C=O) moiety and comprises polyhyroxyl alcohol Dr. Entedhar Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that have aldehyde (C-H=0) or ketone (C=O) moiety and comprises polyhyroxyl alcohol (polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhyroxyketone); their polymers,which

More information

Lecture Outline Chapter 4- Part 2: The Carbohydrates

Lecture Outline Chapter 4- Part 2: The Carbohydrates Lecture Outline Chapter 4- Part 2: The Carbohydrates I Types of Carbohydrates If someone told you "My carbohydrate intake is too high", what would you assume about what they're eating? A. SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES:

More information

All About Carbohydrates and Health

All About Carbohydrates and Health All About Carbohydrates and Health CPE Questions 1. Which of the following statements is not true of carbohydrates? a) They are the main source of energy for the body; b) They are comprised of carbon,

More information

CPT David J. Licciardello, DVM Veterinary Advisor

CPT David J. Licciardello, DVM Veterinary Advisor CPT David J. Licciardello, DVM Veterinary Advisor Carbohydrates Fats (Fatty Acids) Minerals Proteins (Amino Acids) Vitamins Water Referred to as Fiber Made up of the forage portion of a diet In a complete

More information

Forage Testing and Supplementation

Forage Testing and Supplementation Outline Forage Testing and Logan Wallace Livestock Specialist Testing Hay Nutrient Value/Requirements Strategies Management based Feed substitution Variance in Hay Species Maturities Weathering Why take

More information

Formulating Lactating Cow Diets for Carbohydrates

Formulating Lactating Cow Diets for Carbohydrates for Carbohydrates MIKE ALLEN Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 2265G Anthony Hall Tel: 517-432-1386 Fax: 517-432-0147 allenm@pilot.msu.edu Take Home Messages The goal of formulating

More information