Body Mass Index and Waist Hip Ratio among Youth of India

Transcription

1 Body Mass Index and Waist Hip Ratio among Youth of India 1 Dr. Anju Pathak and 2 Prof. A. K. Datta 1 Assistant Professor Dept. of Physical Education- TEL&R, PGGC, Sector-11, Chandigarh 2 Ex-Head, Department of Pedagogy LNUPE, Gwalior Abstract The obesity among youth is a major problem because youth are the future of the nation and if they are not healthy then how a nation is able to grow. The purpose of the study was to determine the status of obesity among Indian youth. The data was collected from four metro cities, namely, Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai and Kolkata. Total of three thousand nine hundred and forty five male and female students (N=3945) were selected with the help of multistage sampling technique and data was collected from Kendriya Vidyalayas in all metro cities. There were two variables in the study; they are Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Hip Ratio (WHR). The results were analysed using one was analysis of variance, separately for male and female. It was concluded that the youth need to be made aware regarding the benefits of physical activities and haphazard of taking processed & junk food. Key words: Obesity, Body Mass Index, Waist Hip Ratio 1. INTRODUCTION Worldwide, disease profiles are transforming at a rapid pace catching the attention of medical professionals and policy makers alike. This is particularly true in low and middleincome countries that form the major chunk of global population. The emerging epidemics of obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes form the crux of this phenomenal change. Among these entities, obesity has become a colossal epidemic causing serious public health concern and contributes to 2.6 million deaths worldwide every year 1. Obesity is an independent risk factor for CVD. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality as well as reduced life expectancy. The last two decades of the previous century have witnessed dramatic increase in health care costs due to obesity and related issues among children and adolescents 2. Obesity is a disease characterized by excessive body fat. People who are medically obese usually are affected by behaviour, genetic and environmental factors that are difficult 1 World Health Organization. Preventing chronic diseases: A vital investment. World Global Report. Geneva: World Health Organization; Wang G, Dietz WH. Economic burden of obesity in youths aged 6 to 17 years: Pediatrics 2002; 109 : E

2 to control with dieting. Obesity increases the likelihood of certain diseases and other related health problems. There are more than 30 medical conditions that are associated with obesity. Individuals who are obese are at risk of developing one or more of these serious medical conditions, causing poor health or, in severe cases, early death. The most prevalent obesityrelated diseases include Diabetes, High blood pressure, High cholesterol, Heart disease, Stroke, Gallbladder disease, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), Osteoarthritis, Sleep apnea and respiratory problems, some cancers. Obesity is due to an individual taking in more calories than they burn over an factors that can lead to this energy imbalance in obese individuals, the main contributors are behaviour, environment and genetics. Whether a person is obese or not it is medically defined by body mass index (BMI). meters squared, therefore, it is used in determining obesity. BMI is not used to determine a of what is healthy and unhealthy. On the other side Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) is an indicator to know that a person have chances of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) in future or not. The WHR has been used as an indicator or measure of health, and the risk of developing serious health conditions. Research shows that people with "apple-shaped" bodies (with more weight around the waist) face more health risks than those with "pear-shaped" bodies (who carry more weight around the hips). According to the World Health Organisation's data gathering protocol 3, the waist circumference should be measured at the midpoint between the lower margin of the last palpable rib and the top of the iliac crest, using a stretch resistant tape that provides a constant 100 g tension. Hip circumference should be measured around the widest portion of the buttocks, with the tape parallel to the floor 4. For both measurements, the individual should stand with feet close together, arms at the side and body weight evenly distributed, and should wear little clothing. The subject should be relaxed, and the measurements should be taken at the end of a normal respiration. Each measurement should be repeated twice; if the measurements are within 1 cm of one another, the average should be calculated. If the difference between the two measurements exceeds 1 cm, the two measurements should be repeated. The objective of the study was to assess the body mass index and waist hip ratio among youth of India. Therefore, the study was delimited to four metro cities of India, namely, Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Kolkata. 2. METHODS/ PROCEDURES Total numbers of subjects for the study were 3945 and selected by using multistage sampling technique. Their age ranged between 14 to 18 years from four delimited metro cities of India namely, Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Kolkata. The data was collected from Kendriya Vidyalayas only. The scholar had taken permission from the Assistant Commissioner of the respective region separately for the collection of data from Kendriya Vidyalayas. 3 "STEP wise approach to surveillance (STEPS)". World Health Organization. Retrieved March 21, Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio, Report of a WHO Expert Consultation" (PDF). World Health Organization December Retrieved March 21,

3 There were two variables in the study, specifically, Body Mass Index and Waist Hip Ratio to assess the rate of obesity among these youth of India. During the collection of data the students were made aware regarding the purpose of the study and also ensured that their information will be kept confidential. The scholar took their tests on Body Mass Index and Waist Hip Ratio as per standard procedures. The data was analysed by using one way analysis of variance separately for male and female. The level of significance was set at RESULTS OF THE STUDY Descriptive statistic was used in which mean and standard deviation is shown below in Body Mass Index and Waist Hip Ratio. Table 1Total Mean & Standard Deviation in Body Mass Index and Waist Hip Ratio of Metropolitan Mean and Standard Deviation Score City BMI WHR Delhi Bangalore Mumbai Kolkata Total The results of analysis of variance on Body Mass Index and Waist Hip Ratio of male are presented in the table below Table 2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) among Male Subjects of Different Dependent Sum of Mean Sum F-value p- Variable df Square of Square value MI Treatment *.000 Error WHR Treatment Error *.000, F. 05 df (3, 2103) =2.60 The f-values in both variables were found significant, hence, to know further difference and the results are as follows 29

4 Table 3 Male Subjects of Different Mean p - Delhi Bangalore Mumbai Kolkata Difference value * * * *.000 Table 4 Male Subjects of Different Mean Difference p value Delhi Bangalore Mumbai Kolkata * * *.000 The results of analysis of variance on Body Mass Index and Waist Hip Ratio of female are presented in the following table:- Table 5 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) among Female Subjects of Different Dependent Variable df Sum of Square Mean Sum of Square F-value p- value Treatment *.000 BMI Error Treatment *.000 WHR Error , F. 05 df (3, 1842) =2.60 The f-values in both variables were found significant, hence, to know further as follows 30

5 Table 6 Female Subjects of Different Mean p - Delhi Bangalore Mumbai Kolkata Difference value * *.005 Table 7 Female Subjects of Different Mean p Delhi Bangalore Mumbai Kolkata Difference value * * * CONCLUSION The prevalence of overweight and obese youth is rising in India. These trends are concerning because obese children tend to become obese adults, and because childhood obesity is associated with a plethora of psychosocial disorders and cardiovascular disease risk factors. In Body Mass Index researcher found that in comparison to female subjects, male percentage was higher under bariatric surgery category but female percentage was higher in overweight and obese categories. In underweight category again male percentage was more in comparison to female subjects. Largest number of male subjects fell under ideal category of Waist Hip Ratio and among female subjects highest number were in low risk categories. On the basis of findings and results of the study, it was concluded that the youth need to be made aware regarding the consequences of not doing regular physical exercise and not having a nutritious & balanced diet. Also it is suggested that they need to keep themselves slightly away from the technical devices because they are also one of the major cause for different diseases including obesity, different types of cancers, diabetes in early age etc. 5. REFERENCES "STEP wise approach to surveillance (STEPS)". World Health Organization. Retrieved March 21,

6 -Hip Ratio, Report of a WHO Expert Consultation" (PDF). World Health Organization December Retrieved March 21, Ogden C L, Carroll M D & Flegal K M g US Children and Adolescents, JAMA 28; 299 (2008): Panjikkaran Seeja Thomachan and Kumari K S augmenting BMI and waist-height ratio for establishing more efficient obesity percentiles among school- Indian Journal of Community Medicine 34; 2 (2009): Underweight among School Going Children in Rural and Urban Areas of The International Journal of Nutrition and Wellness 6; 2 (2008). Wang Y, Liang H & Chen X Body Mass Index, Body Weight Perception and Control BMC Public Health 12; 9 (2009): Related Quality of Value in Health 11; 1 (2008):