2007 PERFORMANCE OF WINTER BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) AND SPRING WAXY BARLEY VARIETIES PLANTED IN THE FALL

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1 2007 PERFORMANCE OF WINTER BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) AND SPRING WAXY BARLEY VARIETIES PLANTED IN THE FALL 0. Steven Norberg Malheur County Extension Service Clinton C. Shock, Lamont D. Saunders, and Eric P. Eldredge Maiheur Experiment Station Oregon State University Ontario, OR Andre Ross, Pat Hayes, and Juan Rey Oregon State University Corvallis, OR Introduction In December of 2005, the Food and Drug Administration ruled that barley could have the same health food claim as oats, in that, if enough barley beta-glucan soluble fiber as consumed, it ould reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (Federal Register 2005). A high beta-glucan variety, '', is available from Western Plant Breeders (Bozeman, MT). Western Plant Breeders applied for plant variety protection on February 26, 2007 and the application is currently pending (U.S. Plant Variety Protection Office). Waxy starch is another favorable trait for food barley that is available in released varieties, and demand for axy barley starch may increase. Waxy barley grain has starch that is characterized by loer amylase and higher amylopectin content than traditional barley. Waxy starch has properties that may benefit the snack food industry, such as longer shelf life and crispier texture. Higher protein barley may also be beneficial as it ould increase the nutritional value of the grain. Very little research has been done on groing food barley for high protein or the protein response of food barley varieties to nitrogen application. Previous barley variety evaluations at the University of Idaho at Parma have shon that '', and 'YU ', the spring genotypes developed by Western Plant Breeders, are among the highest yielding axy cultivars available (Bron 2006). (to-ro barley) and YU (six-ro barley) contain higher levels of beta-glucan than normal. is a to-roed hull-less axy barley but is not considered a high betaglucan barley. A inter barley genotype ould ork best in local crop rotational systems due to higher yields and ould compete ith heat and corn acres for profitability. Unfortunately, right no there are no inter axy barley cultivars available. Pat Hayes, barley breeder at Oregon State University (OSU), has started a inter axy breeding project but no varieties are available yet. The best performing inter feed barley varieties for the irrigated Treasure Valley are '' and 'Maja' (Stabl 13), released by OSU, 'Eight- 157

2 Telve' released by the USDA-ARS at Aberdeen, and '' released by Sunderman Breeding. The purpose of this ork as to determine inter survival of the fall-planted, spring axy barley varieties compared to inter feed barley standard varieties. This as the second year for this trial. The first year of the trial as reported in the 2007 Malheur Experiment Station Report (Norberg et al 2007). This trial also compared yield, yield components, test eight, protein, and beta-glucan levels of spring axy genotypes to the four feed barley varieties hen nitrogen (N) as foliarly applied at heading. Methods The barley as planted on an Oyhee silt loam at the Malheur Experiment Station in a field that as falloed the previous year. Seedbed preparation included disking, cultivating, and furroing during the fall of Soil samples ere collected prior to fall tillage and shoed 128 lb N/acre in the top 2 ft of the soil profile. The soil analysis also shoed 60 ppm phosphorus (P) (Olson method), 523 ppm potassium (K), 10 ppm sulfate (SO4), 2,861 ppm calcium (Ca), 363 ppm magnesium (Mg), 0.7 ppm zinc (Zn), 3 ppm iron (Fe), 3 ppm magnesium (Mn), 0.3 ppm copper (Cu), 0.4 ppm boron (B), and 1.5 percent organic matter in the top 12 inches. The barley varieties ere planted on October 19, 2006 using a plot drill on 30-inch beds ith 3 ros per bed. The experimental design as a randomized complete block design ith four replications. Plot size as 5 ft ide by 20 ft long. Urea nitrogen as applied in the spring of 2007 at 100 lb N/acre on February 23, Visual plant stand estimates ere made on April 27, 2007 ith ratings from 0 to 100 percent (0 = no plants, 100 = perfect stand). Eight flag leaves ere taken from all plots and combined into one sample for each variety on May 25 for total N analysis at Brookside Laboratory, Ne Knoxville, Ohio. A heading N application of 40 lb N/acre of fluid urea as made on May 30, 2007, hen most varieties had reached 50 percent heading. The trial as sprayed for eed control ith Buctril ati qt/acre on March 15, 2007 and again ith Bronate applied at 1 qtlacre on April 3, The trial as furro irrigated for 24 hours on April 19, May 10, May 24, June 5, and June 19. Plant height as measured on June 13 at four locations ithin the plot ith a yard stick. Lodging as estimated on July 12, 2007 by estimating the percent of the plot that as leaning more than a 45 degree angle. Plots ere trimmed ith a sickle moer to square them up and help eliminate border effects. The plots ere harvested ith a Hege combine on July 19. Response variables ere compared using ANOVA and protected least significant differences at the 5 percent probability,. Differences beteen response variables should be equal to or greater than the corresponding value before any variety is considered different from another in this trial. 158

3 Results Stands of (13 percent), (29 percent) and YU (56 percent) ere significantly less than the inter varieties in 2007, hich ranged from 96 to 98 percent (Table 1). Reductions in stands occurred in 2006 but ere not as pronounced. Averaged over both years, and had about 50 percent stand reduction compared to inter varieties and shoed an unacceptable level of inter damage. At heading, birds ate the grain from the to-roed barleys ( and ). Since the plots had just been irrigated, application of bird netting as delayed 4 days, and during this time considerable damage as done to the heads of and. In very small fields, birds can present a significant problem. Hoever, it has been our experience that in larger fields bird damage is not as significant. After experiencing poor inter stand survival and bird losses, and yields in 2007 ere less than one-third of (195.8 bu/acre), hich as the highest yielding inter variety (Table 2). had the highest yield in 2006 as ell. Averaged over years, and yielded less than one-half of the inter varieties. This is the first comprehensive examination of beta-glucan levels for inter barley varieties typically gron in the Treasure Valley. YU had a significantly higher level of beta-glucan, 7.31 percent, than any other variety in the experiment (Table 2). For the value-added beta-glucan market, YU ould be the variety of choice, as it as 2.2 percent higher than or. YU as not included in the 2006 trial, and beta-glucan levels ere only tested in YU is short, ith plant height of about 29 inches (Table 2.); birds did not bother it in this experiment. In general, birds do not bother six-ro barleys as the ans make it harder for birds to eat the grain (Bron 2006). The short plant height ould reduce lodging problems ith added N fertilizers, especially if high protein barley is desirable and profitable. In 2007,,, and YU had higher protein than the inter types, ith reaching 16.3 percent protein. Unfortunately, varieties ith the highest yields had loer protein. More nitrogen than as used in this experiment ould have to be applied to the higher yielding barley varieties for higher protein. In the 2007 experiment, 268 lb of N as available to the barley, including the 40 lb/acre foliarly applied. Conclusion The spring barley varieties planted in this experiment are not sufficiently inter hardy to be fall planted in the Treasure Valley. A significant price incentive ould be required to overcome the yield decrease of planting,, or YU in the spring compared to or in the fall. Further breeding research is needed to develop inter axy, high beta-glucan barley genotypes for the Treasure Valley. 159

4 References Bron, B Cereal Sentinel Nesletter. February 26, : Federal Register Food labeling: health claims; soluble dietary fiber from certain foods and coronary heart disease. December 23, 2005 (Volume 70, Number 246): Pages Norberg, 0., C. Shock, L. Saunders, E. Eldredge, A. Ross, P. Hayes, and J. Ray Performance of inter barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) and spring axy barley varieties planted in the fall. Oregon State University Agriculture Experiment Station Special Report 1075: U.S. Plant Variety Protection Office: i-bin/npgs/html/vplist. p1 160

5 Table 1. Barley stand comparisons shoing maturity, heading date, and plant height at the Malheur Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Ontario, OR, 2006 and Variety 2006 Maja (Stab 113) Eight-Telve Type and tra itsa 5, HB, Wx Plant stand Date of 50% heading Plant height Plant maturity Lodging Flag leaf N % date inch date % % 89 May Aug May July May July May July May July May July N/Ab N/A" N/A" 2007 Maja (Stab 113) Eight-Telve YU , HB, Wx 98 May May May May May May May N/Ab 2006 & 2007 W 94 May W 93 May Maja (Stab 113) W 93 May Eight-Telve W 93 May S,Wx,HL 45 May S,Wx,HB 44 May N/A" N/Ab a = inter, S = spring, HB = high beta-glucan, Wx = axy starch, HL = hull-less. bn/a = Not available since not replicated. 161

6 Table 2. A comparison shoing barley yield and quality results, Maiheur Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Ontario, OR, 2006 and Type and Yieldb Seed no. Seed Crude Beta- Variety traitsa per area eight protein glucan Seed seed 2006 Maja (Stab 1 13) Eight-Telve bu/acre no./ft2 noilb Test eight Ib/bu ,102 11, ,677 12, ,194 11, ,189 11, , ,308 11, Maja (Stabll3) Eight-Telve YU S, Wx, HB ,370 10, ,968 10, ,120 11, ,811 11, ,007 8, , , & 2007 Maja (Stabll3) Eight-Telve ,236 11, ,822 11, , ,500 11, , , hull-less. a = inter, S = spring, HB = high beta-glucan, Wx = axy starch, HL = byjeld is corrected to a 12 percent moisture basis, bu = 48 lb. 162