Nitrogen/Protein Determination in Starch by Flash Combustion using Large Sample Weight as an Alternative to the Kjeldahl Method
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1 Nitrogen/Protein Determination in Starch by Flash Combustion using Large Sample Weight as an Alternative to the Kjeldahl Method Liliana Krotz and Guido Giazzi Thermo Fisher Scientific, Milan, Italy
2 Overview Purpose: To show the determination of Nitrogen / Protein in starch samples by flash combustion at high sample weight. Methods: Starch samples were analyzed using an elemental analyzer with an automatic autosampler. Results: Data collected of Nitrogen / Protein from different starch samples are discussed to assess the performance of the analyzer. Introduction The production process in the starch industry, the protein content, calculated by the determination of nitrogen, is periodically monitored and tested for quality control. Because starch is used in the preparation of animal feeds, bakery products, puddings, instant meals, syrups and desserts, the determination of N/Protein is critical. It is therefore very important to have a method which allows the fast analysis of N/Protein with an excellent reproducibility. The Thermo Scientific TM FLASH 4000 Nitrogen/Protein Analyzer (Figure 1), based on the dynamic flash combustion of the sample, satisfies all the requirements of modern laboratories such as stability, accuracy, day-by-day reproducibility and high sample throughput, and does not require sample digestion or toxic materials. This alternative to the classical Kjeldahl method, based on Dumas (combustion) method, has been developed and approved by different associations such as ASBC, AOAC, AACC, AOCS, IFFO and ISO. This paper presents data on Nitrogen/Protein determination of different starch samples in a large range of concentrations ( ppm nitrogen), obtained with the analyzer using large sample weight to demonstrate the validity of the method without matrix effect. Data compared to the results obtained by the Kjeldahl method demonstrates the validity of the system. FIGURE 1. FLASH 4000 Nitrogen / Protein Analyzer. 2 Nitrogen/Protein Determination in Starch by Flash Combustion using Large Sample Weight as an Alternative to the Kjeldahl Method
3 Method The sample is weighed in a tin capsule and introduced into the combustion reactor via the Thermo Scientific TM MAS TM 4000 autosampler together with the correct amount of oxygen using the Thermo Scientific TM OxyTune TM function, insuring a complete combustion of the sample. The samples are weighed directly in the tin capsule in the range of mg. After combustion, the produced gases are carried by a helium flow to a second reactor filled with copper. Water is trapped through a Peltier system while the CO 2 is adsorbed by the No-Stop Twin traps. Then the nitrogen is swept through a GC column and finally is detected by a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) (Figure 2). A complete report is automatically generated by the Thermo Scientific TM Eager Xperience dedicated data handling software, and is displayed at the end of the analysis. Eager Xperience also allows the direct sample weight transfer from the balance to the sample table, and the complete control of the analytical parameters of the instrument. FIGURE 2. Nitrogen / Protein configuration Analytical conditions: Left Furnace Temperature : 950 C Right Furnace Temperature : 840 C Oven Temperature: 50 C Carrier Flow: 300 ml/min Reference Flow: 300 ml/min Standard: 500 mg EDTA* (9.59 %N) Sample Weight: mg Note: The oxygen amount necessary for complete combustion of samples is calculated automatically by the OxyTune function present in the Eager Xperience software. *EDTA: EthyleneDiamineTetraAcetic acid Results The starch samples analyzed were chosen on basis of their differing nitrogen content. The data obtained demonstrates the no-matrix effect in the determination of nitrogen, indicating complete combustion for all type of samples. The calibration of the FLASH 4000 was performed with EDTA (9.59 %N) using K factor as calibration method. Table 1 shows the nitrogen results obtained of a starch sample of approximately 0.25 % N, analyzed ten times at about 1 gram. Table 2 shows the nitrogen data obtained analyzing the same starch in a range from 700 mg to 2 grams. In both cases the data are comparable and no significant difference was observed changing the sample weight. Thermo Scientific Poster Note PN42212_PITTCON 2014_E_02/14S 3
4 TABLE 1. Nitrogen data of starch (0.25 %N) at 1 gram. Sample weight (mg) N % Average N % RSD % TABLE 2. Nitrogen data of starch (0.25 %N) in the range of 700 mg to 2 grams. Sample weight (mg) N % Average N % RSD % Table 3 shows the Nitrogen / Protein data of a starch sample of approximately 400 ppm N weighed in a range of mg. The protein content was calculated automatically by the Eager Xperience dedicated software using 6.25 as protein factor. TABLE 3. Nitrogen / Protein data of starch (0.04 %N) in the range of grams. N% RSD % Protein % RSD % Nitrogen/Protein Determination in Starch by Flash Combustion using Large Sample Weight as an Alternative to the Kjeldahl Method
5 Table 4 shows the sequence of analysis of starch samples in trace level analyzed randomly to evaluate memory effect when changing the sample type and nitrogen content. Table 5 shows the statistical data of the relative samples. The protein content was calculated automatically by the Eager Xperience dedicated software using 6.25 as protein factor. No memory effect was observed indicating complete combustion and conversion of the nitrogen. TABLE 4. Random sequence of starch samples at trace level. Run Starch ID Weight (mg) N % Protein % 1 A B C D B A E E D G G E F F C C B D A TABLE 5. Statistical data of starch samples at trace level. Starch ID N % RSD % Protein % RSD % A B C D E F G Thermo Scientific Poster Note PN42212_PITTCON 2014_E_02/14S 5
6 Table 6 shows the N/Protein data obtained of a slurry starch sample analysis. The liquid sample was adsorbed by the inert material Chromosorb (WAW 30/60 mesh) into the tin capsule and the sample weight used for analysis was grams. TABLE 6. Nitrogen / Protein data of slurry starch. N % RSD % Protein % RSD % An overlay of chromatograms is shown in Figure 3 to demonstrate the performance of the FLASH 4000 analyzing samples at about 100 ppm nitrogen at 1 gram. The black chromatogram is obtained from sample F (about 150 ppm N) with a Nitrogen Area of uv/sec while the red chromatogram is the blank analysis obtained with glucose at 1 gram giving a Nitrogen Area of uv/sec. FIGURE 3. Overlay of chromatograms TABLE 7. Nitrogen / Protein data comparison Sample FLASH 4000 Kjeldahl Method Conclusion N % Protein % N % Protein % The FLASH 4000 analyzer demonstrates the best solution for Nitrogen / Protein determination due to:. Excellent reproducibility and accuracy. No memory effect when changing the sample and content of nitrogen. Nitrogen determination in a wide range from trace to high content without matrix effect. Combustion method is approved by official organizations (AOAC, AACC,AOCS, ISO, etc). 6 Nitrogen/Protein Determination in Starch by Flash Combustion using Large Sample Weight as an Alternative to the Kjeldahl Method
7 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved. ISO is a trademark of the International Standards Organization. AOAC is a trademark of The Association of Official Analytical Chemists. AACC is a trademark of The American Association of Cereal Chemists. AOCS is a trademark of The American Oil Chemists Society. ASBC is a trademark of The American Society of Brewing Chemists. IFFO is a trademark of The International Fishmeal and Fish Oil Organization. ISO is a trademark of The International Standards Organization. Chromosorb is a trademark of IMERYS MINERALS CALIFORNIA, INC. All other trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Specifications, terms and pricing are subject to change. Not all products are available in all countries. Please consult your local sales representative for details. Africa Australia Austria Belgium Canada China (free call domestic) Denmark Europe-Other Finland France Germany India Italy Japan Latin America Middle East Netherlands New Zealand Norway Russia/CIS Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA USA is ISO 9001:2008 Certified. Singapore Spain Sweden Switzerland UK USA PN42212_E 03/14S
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