Biology. Slide 1 of 37. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

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1 Biology 1 of 37

2 2 of 37

3 The Chemistry of Carbon The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. 3 of 37

4 Macromolecules Macromolecules Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization. Monomers Polymers 4 of 37

5 Macromolecules Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are: carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins 5 of 37

6 Carbohydrates What is the function of carbohydrates? Source of Energy Structure 6 of 37

7 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1. 7 of 37

8 Carbohydrates Different sizes of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides 8 of 37

9 Carbohydrates Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Examples: Cellulose Starch Glycogen Starch Glucose 9 of 37

10 Lipids Lipids Lipids are generally not soluble in water. The common categories of lipids are: fats oils waxes steroids 10 of 37

11 Lipids Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. 11 of 37

12 Lipids 12 of 37

13 Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. 13 of 37

14 Nucleic Acids Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar a phosphate group a nitrogenous base 14 of 37

15 Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. ribonucleic acid (RNA) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 15 of 37

16 Proteins Proteins Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. polymers of molecules called amino acids. 16 of 37

17 Proteins Amino acids 17 of 37

18 Proteins The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group. 18 of 37

19 Proteins The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA. Protein Molecule Amino Acids 19 of 37

20 Proteins Some functions of proteins: Control rate of reactions Enzymes Used to form bones and muscles Transport substances into or out of cells Help to fight disease - antibodies 20 of 37

21 2 3 Click to Launch: Continue to: - or - 21 of 37

22 2 3 Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch are known as a. lipids. b. monosaccharides. c. proteins. d. polysaccharides. 22 of 37

23 2 3 Many lipids are formed from glycerol and a. fatty acids. b. monosaccharides. c. amino acids. d. nucleic acids. 23 of 37

24 2 3 Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecules because a. they contain both amino groups and carboxyl groups. b. they can twist and fold into many different and complex structures. c. they contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. d. their R groups can be either acidic or basic. 24 of 37

25 2 3 Which of the following statements about cellulose is true? a. Animals make it and use it to store energy. b. Plants make it and use it to store energy. c. Animals make it and use it as part of the skeleton. d. Plants make it and use it to give structural support to cells. 25 of 37

26 2 3 A major difference between polysaccharides and proteins is that a. plants make polysaccharides, while animals make proteins. b. proteins are made of monomers, while polysaccharides are not. c. polysaccharides are made of monosaccharides, while proteins are made of amino acids. d. proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharides do not. 26 of 37

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