Overview of Mycotoxins in India with special reference to Aflatoxins. F Waliyar

Transcription

1 Overview of Mycotoxins in India with special reference to Aflatoxins F Waliyar

2 Important Mycotoxins Aflatoxins Ochratoxins Fusarial toxins Fumonisins Zearalenone T2-toxin Deoxynivalenol Nivalenol

3 Mycotoxin Affects Crops Food and feed chain Animal production Marketability of food Exports

4 Effects of Mycotoxins Adverse effects on human health and livestock Blood tests have shown very high percentage of population of several countries in Asia and Africa are exposed to aflatoxins Affect quality Siginificant economic losses

5 Losses due to Mycotoxins 25% of world food crops are affected annually

6 Economic Loss in Crops Germination rate Seedling vigour Grain quality

7 Mycotoxins in Cereals

8 Fungi that produce Mycotoxins in Sorghum Fungus Mycotoxin Aspergillus flavus Aflatoxins B 1 Penicillium spp. Ochratoxin A Fusarium moniliforme Fusarium proliferatum Fusarium sps Fusarium equiseti F. Moniliforme, F. Oxysporum F. Semitectum, F. Solani, F. Sporotrichiodes Fumonisin B 1 T2-Toxin, Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol Zearalenone

9 Fungi that produce Mycotoxins in Pearl Millet Fungus Aspergillus flavus A. Parasiticus Aspergillus ochraceus Fusarium semitectum F. Chlamydosporum F. Chlamydosporum F. Moniliforme Mycotoxin Aflatoxins Ochratoxin A Deoxynivalenol Nivalenol Zearalenone Moniformin

10 Aflatoxin contamination in India. Groundnut and groundnut byproducts

11 Introduction Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus /A. parasiticus

12 Effect of Aflatoxin on Health Human beings and livestock Cattle Poultry Deleterious effects Teratogenic Immunosuppressive Many times enhanced in the presence of hepatitis B and C viruses Carcinogenic

13 Aflatoxin Contamination in Crops Many crops are affected: Maize, Groundnut, Soybean, Cotton, Chili, and many spices etc.. Aflatoxin can occur at all stages of crop production: Pre-harvest, harvest, and during storage Milk quality

14 Aflatoxin Contamination Contamination in haulms Small pods not removed Fed to cattle Affect animal health in Crops (contd)

15 Marketability Limiting factor for exports to developed countries Regulations are stringent 4 µ g/kg <: EU None: Japan

16 Survey of Aflatoxin in Ananthapur and Chittor Groundnut pods - Farmer s fields Groundnut kernel and cake samples collected from Farmers Oil miller storage Trader s storage Supermarkets Retail shops

17 Distribution of Aflatoxin Levels in Ananthapur and Pileru (Chittoor) Percent of samples ATP PLR < >500 Aflatoxin (ug/kg)

18 Aflatoxin Contamination in Different Mandals of Ananthapur, Andhra Pradesh

19 Market Samples Crop % Samples >permissible limit (10 µg/kg) % Samples >100 µg/ kg Maize 43 9 Sorghum seed 0 0 Soybean cake 89 0 Groundnut cake Groundnut seed Cotton cake 100 0

20 Aflatoxin Levels in Storage Samples - Ananthapur Source No. of samples with aflatoxin (µg/kg) >500 Farmer storage Traders storage Oil millers storage Insect damaged Groundnut cake Pod with haulms

21 Milk Samples 466 milk samples collected from urban, peri-urban and rural areas of Andhra Pradesh

22 Incidence and Range of Aflatoxin M 1 in Milk Samples Sample type Raw milk (periurban) No. of samples No. of samples with AFM 1 content (µg/l) (range) Raw milk (rural) Milk packets Powdered milk (g of dry milk/ml of solution) Milk products (g of dry milk/ml of solution) Cow milk

23 Buffaloes Milk Milk analyzed from buffaloes fed with haulms/small pods. 22.5% of samples showed >0.5 ng/l of AFM 1

24 ICRISAT s approach to manage Aflatoxin contamination Genetic resistance Cultural practices Biological control Post harvest technologies Biotechnology

25 Conclusions Some post-harvest cultural practices, which can lead to minimization of mycotoxin contamination are being tested Focus in some villages of Ananthapur where there is high levels of aflatoxin Most of the farmers and producers were not aware of aflatoxin. A major awareness campaign is going on

26 Conclusions (contd.) Varieties with lower levels of infection and contamination are being tested in farmers participatory varietal selection There is a need to develop strategies to reduce aflatoxin contamination in groundnut-based animal and poultry feeds.

27 Conclusions (contd.) Human health issues need to be undertaken A. flavus cause human disease Fungal infections of central nervous system (CNS) Aspergillosis of the CNS is the most common fungal infection in the histologically verified series from India (NIMS report)

28 THANK YOU