Integration of Neurotoxicity data for handling pesticides. Clive Campbell
|
|
- Daisy Morgan
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Integration of Neurotoxicity data for handling pesticides Clive Campbell
2 Acknowledgements Although I have an MSc in applied toxicology, I am essentially an Occupational Physician. In preparing this talk I have had help and advice from a number of card carrying toxicologists. My thanks to - Kevin Ledgerwood Occupational Toxicologist, UK - Sara Lloyd Senior Technical Expert, UK - Dan Minnema Technical Expert, US 2
3 Neurotoxicology The field of neurotoxicology has emerged from the integration of toxicology, pharmacology, psychopharmacology and experimental psychology. It involves study of changes in the function and / or structure of the nervous system as a result of chemical exposure, and interpretation of the consequences of such changes. (Moser 2011) 3
4 The nervous system The nervous system is complex with different: - cell types (e.g. neuron, glia) - anatomy (central, peripheral), - structural characteristics (e.g. size, spatial configuration), - synaptic function (inhibitory, excitatory) - neurotransmitters (e.g. acetylcholine, GABA) and has high energy requirements (ion channels, action potentials) this conveys unique vulnerabilities to toxic compounds (Mosier 2008) 4
5 Neurotoxicology Originally histopathological changes considered the Gold Standard until it was realised that toxicants can also affect nervous system function e.g. behaviour. Effects in behaviours may be due to changes in nerve cell communication and integration sensitive indicator / ultimate assay of neuronal function, particularly for CNS For PNS and lower CNS look at reflexes, innate responses and survival behaviours. 5
6 Behavioural tests Testing of pesticides guided by EPA section 870, or OECD guidelines Types of behavioural tests used in first and second tier (examples, not inclusive of all tests that could be used) Type of test Behaviours evaluated Specific test/endpoint Tier 1 - Screening FOB, Irwin Screen Activity, excitability, sensorimotor, neuromuscular Arousal, rearing, reactivity, gait, posture, responses, reflexes, landing foot splay, grip strength, excretions Motor activity Spontaneous activity Open field, figure 8, cage rack chambers Tier 2 - hazard characterisation Cognition Motor Sensory Learning, conditioning, memory, attention Quantitative measures: Coordination, equilibrium, strength Quantitative measures: stimuli specific responses Passive/active avoidance, water maze, T-maze, operant schedules of reinforcement Gait analysis, rotarod, grip strength, landing foot splay, motor activity Acoustic startle response, prepulse inhibition. 6
7 Histopathology Gross examination of the NS (linked to any clinical observations) Sections of the following reviewed (H&E stain) Tissues forebrain centre of cerebrum midbrain cerebellum pons gasserian ganglia Cross sections of the following reviewed (toluidine blue O, luxol fast blue stain) : - proximal sciatic nerve - sural nerve - tibial nerve cervical and lumbar dorsal root ganglia cervical dorsal root and ventral root fibres Medulla oblongata lumbar dorsal root and ventral root fibres spinal cord at cervical swellings spinal cord at lumbar swellings 7
8 Neurotoxicity studies conducted for active ingredients with mechanism of action mediated via the nervous system (e.g. some insecticides) or for AIs with findings from other toxicity studies suggest a potential adverse effect to the nervous system. include an acute NT study (single oral dose) followed by neurobehavioral assessments (functional observational battery, motor activity) at various times after dosing (time of peak effect, 1 week, and 2 weeks). Two weeks after dosing the animals are euthanized, specific nervous tissues are collected, processed, staining, and examined microscopically. 8
9 Neurotoxicity studies Subchronic NT studies are similar, except that the AI is administered continuously (usually in diet) for 13 weeks, after which neuropathology is assessed. Neurobehavioral examinations are performed during the 2 nd, 5 th, 9 th, and 13 th weeks of treatment. Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) studies involve exposure early in gestation (via the mother) and continuously during development (to at least postnatal day 21). In addition to standard neurobehavioral assessment, DNT studies also include assessments of learning and memory. In addition to the standard neurohistopathology, CNS morphometric assessments in the brain are performed. 9
10 Establishing NOAEL / PoD all repeated-dose studies reviewed to determine lowest no-observableadverse-effect level (NOAEL). - studies are reviewed to determine which species and assessment paradigm is most sensitive to an adverse effect, the lowestobservable-adverse-effect level (LOAEL). - Once a species/studies has been identified as to having the lowest dose level (usually mg/kg/day) at which an adverse effect is seen, the next lowest dose in that same study is used to define the NOAEL. - That NOAEL is defined as the point of departure (PoD). 10
11 Regulatory Using the NOAEL/PoD, the agency will usually add uncertainty (safety) factors (UF). - 10X UF is added to extrapolate from the test species to human - another 10X UF is added to account for variable susceptibility with the human population - In some cases an additional factor (FQPA) of 3X or 10X is added for special concerns (e.g., selective sensitivity of children, steep doseeffect curve, severity of toxicity at the LOAEL) After applying the UF factors the Reference Dose (RfD) is obtained, which is usually 100 to 1000 times less than the PoD. - This reference dose is then used to regulate the use (amounts) of products to ensure that exposure does not exceed the RfD. 11
12 The Avermectins Avermectins (macrocyclic lactones isolated from the soil actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis) are structurally similar: IVERMECTIN Drug EMAMECTIN Pesticide ABAMECTIN Pesticide 12
13 Avermectins: Mammalian Toxicity Broad-spectrum anti-parasitic agents used to kill: parasitic worms (filariae), athropods (mites), & insects (bedbugs) Mammalian Target Site: Neurons (activation of GABA-dependent chloride channels) Neurotoxicity dependent on the concentration at the neuronal site. Access of avermectins to neurons within the CNS of mammals is dependent on a specific P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter: MDR1 (man) (also known as ABCB1) or mdr1a (rodent) 13
14 The P-glycoprotein (P-gp) Transporter P-gp are cell membrane transport proteins (mainly efflux transporters) There are 49 different P-gp transporters varying expression and function in different tissues varying affinities for a variety of substrates The MDR1 P-gp transporter high affinity for the avermectins highly expressed in blood capillary endothelial cells comprising the blood-brain and blood-nerve barriers Mectin Nerve Cell? Abluminal Side (parenchyma side) Mectin Mec Endothelial Cells (BBB, BNB) Capillary (blood circulation) Luminal Side (blood side) Mectin Mec Endothelial Cells (BBB, BNB) P-pg Efflux Transporter The localization of P-gp suggests its physiological role for the outward transport of toxic agents (protective mechanism) 14
15 Regulatory History: Merck Merck developed and registered the avermectins Merck conducted screening toxicity studies using the CF-1 mouse Some CF-1 mice were extremely sensitive to avermectin-inducted toxicity and that this increased sensitivity was due to a mdr1a P-gp deficiency. Approximate Oral LD 50 (mg/kg BW) in Genotyped CF-1 mice mdr1a(+/+) mdr1a(-/-) Ivermectin Abamectin Merck proposed that CF-1 mouse studies should not be used for human health risk assessment since no functional deficiency of MDR1 P-gp had been identified in humans. EPA agreed that results of the CF-1 mouse studies were not appropriate for abamectin human risk assessment. However, data from CF-1 mouse toxicity studies were used for emamectin human risk assessment. 15
16 Revised RfD EPA Human Health Risk Assessment for Emamectin released May 2016 EPA now agrees that the CF-1 mouse is not an appropriate species for emamectin human health risk assessment Acute and chronic endpoints (Points of Departure) for emamectin exposure are now based on the NOAEL from the canine study. No extra (FQPA) safety factors have been applied. Previously PoD = mg/kg/day (CF-1 mouse) Acute Dietary RfD = mg/kg UF A =10x UF H =10X FQPA=3x Chronic Dietary RfD= mg/kg/day UF A =10x UF H =10X FQPA=10x Currently PoD = 0.25 mg/kg/day (canine) Acute Dietary RfD = mg/kg UF A =10x UF H =10X Chronic Dietary RfD= mg/kg/day UF A =10x UF H =10X 16
17 Worker protection Syngenta OEL panel - CMO - Occ Toxicologist - Lead Occ hygienist - Lead global toxicologist - Product toxicologists Use NO(A)EL and UF approach for systemic tox - UF 3, 10, 30, 100 (dependant on severity of end point, steepness of dose response, and quality of data) - Calculate to mg/m3 assuming a bodyweight of 70kg and an inhalation volume of 10m3 per shift. - Also consider acute effects if relevant and address empirically 17
18 Syngenta OELs 4 products with NT end points as basis for OEL - Lambda cyhalothrin based on 1 year dog study with a NOEL of 0.5 mg/kg bw/day. A safety factor of 100 is regarded as appropriate. This results in an exposure limit of mg/kg bw/day and can be recalculated to an OEL of 0.04 mg/m3 - Abamectin / emamectin based on 1 year dog study with a NOEL of 0.25 mg/kg bw/day. A safety factor of 100 is regarded as appropriate. This results in an exposure limit of mg/kg bw/day and can be recalculated to an OEL of 0.02 mg/m3. - Pirimiphos methyl Based on cholinesterase inhibition from subchronic rat study with NOEL 0.4mg/kg bw/day. An UF of 1 is regarded as appropriate as similar results obtained from oral study in man. This recalculates to an OEL of 3mg/m3. 18
5.3 AZINPHOS METHYL (002)
5.3 AZINPHOS METHYL (002) TOXICOLOGY Azinphos-methyl is the ISO approved common name for S-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3- ylmethyl O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate (IUPAC) or O,O-dimethyl S-[(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-
More informationCHAPTER 48: NERVOUS SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 48: NERVOUS SYSTEMS Name I. AN OVERVIEW OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS A. Nervous systems perform the three overlapping functions of sensory input, integration, and motor output B. Networks of neurons with
More informationN-Methylneodecanamide (MNDA)
United States Prevention, Pesticides EPA-730-F-99-008 Environmental Protection And Toxic Substances July 1999 Agency (7505C) New Pesticide Fact Sheet Description of the Chemical N-Methylneodecanamide (MNDA)
More informationNervous Systems. Brain Development
Nervous Systems Brain Development 2007-2008 Nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Brain Spinal cord Sensory pathways Motor pathways Sympathetic arousal & energy production fight
More informationSUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL A Critical Review of Neonicotinoid Insecticides for Developmental Neurotoicity by LP Sheets, AA Li, DJ Minnema, RH Collier, MR Creek and RC Peffer Critical Reviews in Toicology, 2015
More informationNervous Systems: Diversity & Functional Organization
Nervous Systems: Diversity & Functional Organization Diversity of Neural Signaling The diversity of neuron structure and function allows neurons to play many roles. 3 basic function of all neurons: Receive
More information8.3 The Central Nervous System. SBI4U Ms. Ho-Lau
8.3 The Central Nervous System SBI4U Ms. Ho-Lau The Central Nervous System the structural and functional centre for the entire nervous system the site of neural integration and processing The Central
More information5.24 TRIAZOLE FUNGICIDE METABOLITES
Triazole metabolites 355 5.24 TRIAZOLE FUNGICIDE METABOLITES TOXICOLOGY 1,2,4-Triazole, triazole alanine, triazole acetic acid, triazole pyruvic acid and triazole lactic acid are the common metabolites
More informationChapter 17. Nervous System Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands. !
Chapter 17 Sensory receptor Sensory input Integration Nervous System Motor output Brain and spinal cord Effector cells Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS) 28.1 Nervous systems
More informationNeurons, Synapses and Signaling. Chapter 48
Neurons, Synapses and Signaling Chapter 48 Warm Up Exercise What types of cells can receive a nerve signal? Nervous Organization Neurons- nerve cells. Brain- organized into clusters of neurons, called
More informationAbamectin Product-type 18 (insecticides, acaricides and products to control other arthropods)
SCBP24-Doc.2a Rev.1 Directive 98/8/EC concerning the placing biocidal products on the market Inclusion of active substances in Annex I to Directive 98/8/EC Assessment Report Abamectin Product-type 18 (insecticides,
More informationAll questions below pertain to mandatory material: all slides, and mandatory homework (if any).
ECOL 182 Spring 2008 Dr. Ferriere s lectures Lecture 6: Nervous system and brain Quiz Book reference: LIFE-The Science of Biology, 8 th Edition. http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire8e/ All questions below
More informationBiology 3201 Quiz on Nervous System. Total 33 points
Biology 3201 Quiz on Nervous System Total 33 points Name: Circle the best response to the following: (33 points) 1. What do we call the long fibre that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body? A.
More informationRationale for TEL, WES and NOAEC values for ethanedinitrile, Draft 1
Rationale for TEL, WES and NOAEC values for ethanedinitrile, Draft 1 Prepared by Adam Jonas, Ph.D. A) Summary of relevant chronic studies 1) Ethanedinitrile: In Lewis et al. 1984 study, they exposed animals,
More informationDIAZINON (addendum) First draft prepared by U. Mueller 1 and R. Solecki 2
DIAZINON (addendum) First draft prepared by U. Mueller 1 and R. Solecki 2 1 Offi ce of Chemical Safety, Therapeutic Goods Administration, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; and 2 Safety
More informationThe nervous system regulates most body systems using direct connections called nerves. It enables you to sense and respond to stimuli
The nervous system regulates most body systems using direct connections called nerves. It enables you to sense and respond to stimuli The basic function of nervous system are: Receive sensory input internal
More informationOutline. Animals: Nervous system. Neuron and connection of neurons. Key Concepts:
Animals: Nervous system Neuron and connection of neurons Outline 1. Key concepts 2. An Overview and Evolution 3. Human Nervous System 4. The Neurons 5. The Electrical Signals 6. Communication between Neurons
More informationNervous System C H A P T E R 2
Nervous System C H A P T E R 2 Input Output Neuron 3 Nerve cell Allows information to travel throughout the body to various destinations Receptive Segment Cell Body Dendrites: receive message Myelin sheath
More informationThe Nervous System An overview
Nervous System The Nervous System An overview Includes Nerve tissue Sense organs Functions to Sense environment Process information it receives Respond to information 1 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,
More informationFunction of the Nervous System
Nervous System Function of the Nervous System Receive sensory information, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands to form a response Composed of neurons (functional unit of the nervous system)
More informationCase Study Summary: Appendix: Evaluation of Hazard Range for Three Additional Chemicals: Tetrachloroethylene, Chromium (VI) and Arsenic.
Case Study Summary: Practical Guidance on the Development of a Non-cancer Hazard Range for Effective Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Contaminated Sites: A Case Study with Trichloroethylene and Other
More informationChapter 12 Nervous System Written Assignment KEY
Chapter 12 Nervous System Written Assignment KEY 1. Describe, in correct order, the events that occur during the transmission of a nerve impulse (action potential) as it travels from point X to point Y.
More informationThe neurvous system senses, interprets, and responds to changes in the environment. Two types of cells makes this possible:
NERVOUS SYSTEM The neurvous system senses, interprets, and responds to changes in the environment. Two types of cells makes this possible: the neuron and the supporting cells ("glial cells"). Neuron Neurons
More informationChapter 48-49: The Nervous System & Neurons
Invertebrates Chapter 48-49: The Nervous System & Neurons Radial Symmetry - Nerve net Cnideria Bilateral Symmetry double, ventral, solid nerve cord brain (cephalization) Vertebrates Dorsal, single, hollow,
More informationLesson 14. The Nervous System. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1
Lesson 14 The Nervous System Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Structures and Functions of Nerve Cells The nervous system has two principal cell types: Neurons (nerve cells) Glia The functions
More informationRisk Assessment of Chemicals in Foods- WHO Principles and Methods
Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Foods- WHO Principles and Methods Presented by Dr Debabrata Kanungo DK 31-07-2018 Seminar on Food Additives: A Global Perspect on Safety Evaluation and Use July 19-20, 2018
More informationNervous System and Brain Review. Bio 3201
Nervous System and Brain Review Bio 3201 Dont worry about: glial cells Oligodendrocytes Satelite cells etc Nervous System - Vital to maintaining homeostasis in organisms - Comprised of : brain, spinal
More informationThe Scientific Rationale for Deriving Database and Toxicodynamic Uncertainty Factors for Reproductive or Developmental Toxicants
1 2 3 4 6 7 The Scientific Rationale for Deriving Database and Toxicodynamic Uncertainty Factors for Reproductive or Developmental Toxicants 8 9 1 11 12 13 Prepared by Bernard Gadagbui Jay Zhao Andy Maier
More informationChapter 7. The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement
Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways
More informationAxon Nerve impulse. Axoplasm Receptor. Axomembrane Stimuli. Schwann cell Effector. Myelin Cell body
Nervous System Review 1. Explain a reflex arc. 2. Know the structure, function and location of a sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron 3. What is (a) Neuron Axon Nerve impulse Axoplasm Receptor
More informationChapter 7. Objectives
Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways
More informationPrimary Functions. Monitor changes. Integrate input. Initiate a response. External / internal. Process, interpret, make decisions, store information
NERVOUS SYSTEM Monitor changes External / internal Integrate input Primary Functions Process, interpret, make decisions, store information Initiate a response E.g., movement, hormone release, stimulate/inhibit
More informationNervous System: Part IV The Central Nervous System The Brain
Nervous System: Part IV The Central Nervous System The Brain Can you survive when part of your brain is destroyed? 2 Essential Knowledge 3.D.2 2. Cells communicate with each other through direct contact
More informationEstablishing the Relevance of Health Hazard Data for GHS Classification: Adverse vs. Non-Adverse
Establishing the Relevance of Health Hazard Data for GHS Classification: Adverse vs. Non-Adverse Robert Roy, Ph.D. SCHC Fall Meeting Diplomate, American Board of Toxicology September 30, 2014 1 Disclaimer
More informationShift 1, 8 July 2018, 09:30-13:00
Shift 1, 8 July 2018, 09:30-13:00 CNS patterning A001-A014 Stem cells: basic biology and postnatal neurogenesis - part I Development of neural systems: Molecular and genetic characterisationa Epigenetic
More informationPresenting Uncertainty in the Context of Toxicological, Biological Monitoring and Exposure Information. William H.
Presenting Uncertainty in the Context of Toxicological, Biological Monitoring and Exposure Information William H. Farland, PhD, ATS Presenting Risk Information and Uncertainty Concerns regarding how uncertainty
More informationACTIVITY2.15 Text:Campbell,v.8,chapter48 DATE HOUR NERVOUS SYSTEMS NEURON
AP BIOLOGY ACTIVITY2.15 Text:Campbell,v.8,chapter48 NAME DATE HOUR NERVOUS SYSTEMS NEURON SIMPLE REFLEX RESTING POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL GRAPH TRANSMISSION ACROSS A SYNAPSE QUESTIONS:
More informationWeek 2 Psychology. The Brain and Behavior
Week 2 Psychology The Brain and Behavior In this lesson, we will focus on the nervous system. We will learn about the Nervous System and its Command Center the Brain Characteristics and Divisions of the
More informationRisk Assessment Report on Tris (nonylphenyl)phosphite (TNPP)
EUROPEAN COMMISSION HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL Directorate C - Public Health and Risk Assessment C7 - Risk assessment SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS SCHER
More informationThe Nervous System PART A
7 The Nervous System PART A PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB Structural Classification
More information1. NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. FUNCTION The major function of the nervous system can be summarized as follows (Figure 1-1).
1. NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION The major function of the nervous system can be summarized as follows (Figure 1-1). Sensory input. Multiple signals from both, internal and external environment are detected
More informationbiological psychology, p. 40 The study of the nervous system, especially the brain. neuroscience, p. 40
biological psychology, p. 40 The specialized branch of psychology that studies the relationship between behavior and bodily processes and system; also called biopsychology or psychobiology. neuroscience,
More informationTexas Commission on Environmental Quality
Roberta L. Grant, Susan L. Santos, Mike L. Dourson, Stephanie Shirley, Neeraja K. Erraguntla, R. Jeffrey Lewis, and Nancy B. Beck Society of Toxicology, March 22-26, 2015 San Diego, CA Texas Commission
More informationHuman Nervous System. The nervous system has three functions
Chapter 37 Human Nervous System The nervous system has three functions 1) Receive sensory input from both external and internal stimuli 2) Perform integration. (Coordinating all of the various inputs of
More informationModule H NERVOUS SYSTEM
Module H NERVOUS SYSTEM Topic from General functions of the nervous system Organization of the nervous system from both anatomical & functional perspectives Gross & microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue
More informationHomeostasis Practice Quiz 20 Questions SBI 4UI
Homeostasis Practice Quiz 20 Questions SBI 4UI Question 1 Which system reverses a change in a variable, bringing it back to within a normal range? a. negative feedback system b. positive feedback system
More informationNeural Basis of Motor Control
Neural Basis of Motor Control Central Nervous System Skeletal muscles are controlled by the CNS which consists of the brain and spinal cord. Determines which muscles will contract When How fast To what
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit EMEA/MRL/546/99-FINAL January 1999 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS EMAMECTIN SUMMARY REPORT
More informationZinc: Issues and Update. Craig Boreiko, Ph.D. Ottawa May 2008
Zinc: Issues and Update Craig Boreiko, Ph.D. Ottawa May 2008 Topics Basics of zinc deficiency and essentiality Nutrition vs Toxicology Effects of elevated zinc intake Comparison of risk assessments Concluding
More informationNERVOUS SYSTEM C H A P T E R 2 8
NERVOUS SYSTEM C H A P T E R 2 8 CAN AN INJURED SPINAL CORD BE FIXED? Injuries to the spinal cord disrupt communication between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body
More informationWarm-Up. Label the parts of the neuron below.
Warm-Up Label the parts of the neuron below. A B C D E F G Warm-Up 1. One neuron transmits a nerve impulse at 40 m/s. Another conducts at the rate of 1 m/s. Which neuron has a myelinated axon? 2. List
More informationGENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY Laboratory of toxicology Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad 2015 TOXICOLOGY - PRACTICAL SYLLABUS 2015 General Principles
More informationChapter 9. Nervous System
Chapter 9 Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) vs. Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) CNS Brain Spinal cord PNS Peripheral nerves connecting CNS to the body Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Neurons transmit
More informationThe world of chemicals
Integration of Data for Risk Assessment: The RISK21 Philosophy and Methodology in Data Integration for Risk Assessment Timothy Pastoor, PhD, DABT, ATS 1 The world of chemicals Drugs Cosmetics Agrochemicals
More informationPesticides used for vector control in drinking-water sourcesand containers.
12.126 Pesticides used for vector control in drinking-water sourcesand containers. In setting local guidelines or standards in the context of local storage practices and realistic insecticide application
More informationBio 3411 Midterm Review:
Bio 3411 Midterm Review: Structure/Development/Systems/ Plastics/Talents/Diseases/Genes Structure General Overview Wednesday October 26, 2011 1 2 THE BRAIN ATLAS 3 rd ed, p. 8! THE BRAIN ATLAS 3 rd ed,
More informationNervous System CHAPTER 9. Copyright 2016 by Elsevier, Inc.
Nervous System CHAPTER 9 Copyright 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. Neurons and Supporting Cells Copyright 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. 2 Communication and Control Systems nervous system endocrine system uses chemicals
More informationOrganization of The Nervous System PROF. MOUSAED ALFAYEZ & DR. SANAA ALSHAARAWY
Organization of The Nervous System PROF. MOUSAED ALFAYEZ & DR. SANAA ALSHAARAWY Objectives At the end of the lecture, the students should be able to: List the parts of the nervous system. List the function
More informationSHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Exam Name 1) A change in the conditions in the synaptic terminal can influence the soma as a result of axoplasmic transport. 2) The nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. A) efferent
More informationThe Nervous System. Anatomy of a Neuron
The Nervous System Chapter 38.1-38.5 Anatomy of a Neuron I. Dendrites II. Cell Body III. Axon Synaptic terminal 1 Neuron Connections dendrites cell body terminal cell body cell body terminals dendrites
More informationHuman Health Risk Assessment Overview [For the APS/OPP Roundtable]
Human Health Risk Assessment Overview [For the APS/OPP Roundtable] Christina Swartz, USEPA Nov. 12, 2008 [Slides Courtesy of Mike Metzger, USEPA] The Risk Assessment Paradigm: The Red Book Hazard Identification
More informationENV 455 Hazardous Waste Management
Risk Assessment Basic Information ENV 455 Hazardous Waste Management Environmental Risk Assessment Özgür ZEYDAN (Phd.) http://cevre.beun.edu.tr/zeydan/ Hazard: a potential source of harm to a worker. Risk:
More informationFig Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 48.1 Fig. 48.2 Axon endings are called synaptic terminals. They contain neurotransmitters which conduct a signal across a synapse. A synapse is the junction between a presynaptic and postsynaptic
More informationOutline: risk assessment. What kind of environmental risks do we commonly consider? 11/19/2013. Why do we need chemical risk assessment?
Outline: Human health h and ecological l risk assessment Purpose of risk assessment Methodology for quantifying risk Case study: Children s exposure to As from CCA wood staircases Issues practical and
More informationChapter 34 The Nervous System:
Chapter 34 The Nervous System: 3.5 Learning Objectives 3.5.3 Responses in the human 1. The nervous system: two-part division into the CNS and the PNS. 2. Neurons, name 3 types, give structure and function
More informationWill s Pre-Test for Exam IV
Will s Pre-Test for Exam IV 1) The brain and spinal cord comprise the. (a) autonomic nervous system (b) peripheral nervous system (c) central nervous system (d) efferent nervous system (e) afferent nervous
More information5.15 HEXYTHIAZOX (176)
Hexythiazox 225 5.15 HEXYTHIAZOX (176) TOXICOLOGY Hexythiazox is the ISO approved name for (trans-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-2-oxo- 3-thiazolidine-carboxamide (CAS No. 78587-05-0). Hexythiazox
More informationNEURONS ARE ORGANIZED INTO NERVOUS SYSTEMS 34.5
NEURONS ARE ORGANIZED INTO NERVOUS SYSTEMS 34.5 INTRODUCTION The cnidarians have nerve nets, the most simple type of nervous system. The sea anemone has a nerve net that serves simple behaviours such as
More informationTABLE OF CONTINENTS. PSYC1002 Notes. Neuroscience.2. Cognitive Processes Learning and Motivation. 37. Perception Mental Abilities..
TABLE OF CONTINENTS Neuroscience.2 Cognitive Processes...21 Learning and Motivation. 37 Perception.....54 Mental Abilities.. 83 Abnormal Psychology....103 1 Topic 1: Neuroscience Outline 1. Gross anatomy
More informationNew Pesticide Fact Sheet
United States Prevention, Pesticides Environmental Protection And Toxic Substances May 2005 Agency (7505C) New Pesticide Fact Sheet Picaridin Description of the Chemical Use Patterns and Formulations Generic
More informationThe Nervous System IN DEPTH
The Nervous System IN DEPTH The right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. This means that only left handed people are in their right mind. Note taking tips Make sure that you have written
More informationCaptan (Pesticides) Summary. Risk assessment report. Food Safety Commission of Japan. Conclusion in Brief
2017 Food Safety Commission, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan doi: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2017003s Food Safety 2017; Vol. 5, No. 2, 61 66 Risk assessment report Captan (Pesticides) Summary Food Safety
More informationThe Nervous System. The right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. This means that only left handed people are in their right mind.
The Nervous System The right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. This means that only left handed people are in their right mind. Central Nervous System Made up of brain and spinal cord
More informationSTUDIES TO EVALUATE THE SAFETY OF RESIDUES OF VETERINARY DRUGS IN HUMAN FOOD: GENERAL APPROACH TO ESTABLISH AN ACUTE REFERENCE DOSE
VICH GL54 (SAFETY) ARfD November 2016 For Implementation at Step 7 STUDIES TO EVALUATE THE SAFETY OF RESIDUES OF VETERINARY DRUGS IN HUMAN FOOD: GENERAL APPROACH TO ESTABLISH AN ACUTE REFERENCE DOSE (ARfD)
More informationDIETARY RISK ASSESSMENT
lambda Cyhalothrin 91 The maximum dietary burden for poultry is 1.3 ppm. No residues above the LOQ of the analytical method used were observed in the feeding study for laying hens at the lowest dose level
More information1. Nervous System and Neurons (Chap 10&11)
Lecture 05, 05 Sept 2006 Vertebrate Physiology ECOL 437 (MCB/VetSci 437) Univ. of Arizona, Fall 2006 Kevin Bonine & Kevin Oh 1. Nervous System and Neurons (Chap 10&11) (endocrine system later) 52 Randall
More informationUnit 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour
Unit 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour Section 1: Communication in the Nervous System Section 2: Organization in the Nervous System Section 3: Researching the Brain Section 4: The Brain Section 5: Cerebral
More informationUNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 MEMORANDUM OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES, AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES Date: August 30, 2004 Subject: Flumetsulam. Chronic Dietary Exposure
More informationThe Nervous System. Functions of the Nervous System input gathering To monitor occurring inside and outside the body Changes =
The Nervous System Functions of the Nervous System input gathering To monitor occurring inside and outside the body Changes = To process and sensory input and decide if is needed output A response to integrated
More informationNEURAL TISSUE (NEUROPHYSIOLOGY) PART I (A): NEURONS & NEUROGLIA
PART I (A): NEURONS & NEUROGLIA Neural Tissue Contains 2 kinds of cells: neurons: cells that send and receive signals neuroglia (glial cells): cells that support and protect neurons Neuron Types Sensory
More informationBiology 3201 Unit 1: Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium II
Biology 3201 Unit 1: Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium II Ch. 12 The Nervous System (Introduction and Anatomy) The Nervous System - Introduction Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems must maintain a biological
More informationMOLECULAR AND CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE BMP-218 November 4, 2014 DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system is composed of two primary divisions: 1. CNS - Central Nervous System (Brain + Spinal Cord)
More informationBiopsychology. Neurons
Biopsychology What is Biopsychology? The study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience (Kalat) Primarily focused on brain activity especially as it relates
More informationChemical Name: Metolachlor ESA CAS: Synonyms: Ethanesulfonate degradate of metolachlor; CGA
2011 Health Risk Limits for Groundwater Health Risk Assessment Unit, Environmental Health Division 651-201-4899 651-201-5797 TDD Web Publication Date: March 21, 2011 Chemical Name: Metolachlor ESA CAS:
More informationCHAPTER 3 THE STRUCTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 THE STRUCTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 3.1. THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. The nervous system of all animals is made up of groups of neurons that receive information from sensory systems,
More informationDichlorvos DICHLORVOS (025)
Dichlorvos 63 5.7 DICHLORVOS (025) TOXICOLOGY Dichlorvos is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) approved common name for 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (International Union of
More informationTTC NON-CANCER ORAL DATABASES
TTC NON-CANCER ORAL DATABASES Dr Sue Barlow Consultant in toxicology & risk assessment suebarlow@mistral.co.uk EUROTOX CEC on TTC 13 September 2015 Overview of presentation Rationale for TTC values for
More informationalternative short-chain fluorinated product technology
The extensive toxicology data behind alternative short-chain fluorinated product technology SOT RASS-MISS Webinar 9 December 2015 Robert C. Buck, PhD Technical Fellow The Chemours Company Wilmington, Delaware,
More informationPortions from Chapter 6 CHAPTER 7. The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses. Chapter 7 Outline. and Supporting Cells
CHAPTER 7 The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses Chapter 7 Outline Neurons and Supporting Cells Activity in Axons The Synapse Acetylcholine as a Neurotransmitter Monoamines as Neurotransmitters Other
More informationThe Nervous System II Neurons
The Nervous System II Neurons Review Nervous System What is it? The system that receives, processes, stores and transmits information that comes from various parts of the body and the external world. Composed
More informationAutonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system organization Sympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
More informationCHARACTERIZING THE IMPACTS OF UNCERTAINTY AND SCIENTIFIC JUDGMENT IN EXPOSURE LIMIT DEVELOPMENT
CHARACTERIZING THE IMPACTS OF UNCERTAINTY AND SCIENTIFIC JUDGMENT IN EXPOSURE LIMIT DEVELOPMENT Andrew Maier, Ph.D., CIH, DABT TERA Robert Sussman, Ph.D., DABT SafeBridge Consultants, Inc. Bruce Naumann,
More informationE) A, B, and C Answer: D Topic: Concept 49.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Chapter 49 Nervous Systems Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is (are) characteristic of a simple nervous system? A) a nerve net such as is found in cnidarians B) nerve cell ganglia C)
More informationPesticide Risk Assessment-- Dietary Exposure
Pesticide Risk Assessment-- Dietary Exposure Allan Felsot Department of Entomology, WSU-TC Food & Environmental Quality Lab afelsot@tricity.wsu.edu Lecture for 11/17/03 Mandates of the FQPA All tolerances
More informationGymnázium, Brno, Slovanské nám. 7, WORKBOOK - Biology WORKBOOK. Student:
WORKBOOK http://agb.gymnaslo.cz Subject: Teacher: Student: Biology Iva Kubištová.. School year:../ This material was prepared with using http://biologygmh.com/ Topics: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Nervous system, Senses,
More informationESTIMATION OF TOXICITY TO HUMANS
240 TABLE 21-5. (continued) Mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration test Mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test Rodent dominant lethal assay Rodent heritable translocation assays Bacterial DNA damage
More informationPSY 215 Lecture #5 (01/26/2011) (Anatomy of the Brain) Dr. Achtman PSY 215. Lecture 5 Anatomy of the Brain Chapter 4, pages 86-96
Corrections: none needed PSY 215 Lecture 5 Anatomy of the Brain Chapter 4, pages 86-96 Announcements: Reminder: The first midterm is in one week! Everyone is encouraged to start studying (recommend 30/night
More informationPMT. Explain the importance of reflex actions (3) Page 1 of 19
Q1. When a finger accidentally touches a hot object, a reflex action occurs. The biceps muscle contracts, causing the arm to be flexed and the finger is pulled away. The diagram shows the arrangement of
More informationAchieving The Goals Of Toxicity Testing In the 21st Century: The TestSmart Developmental Neurotoxicology (DNT) Testing Program
Achieving The Goals Of Toxicity Testing In the 21st Century: The TestSmart Developmental Neurotoxicology (DNT) Testing Program Joseph Bressler and Alan Goldberg Center In Alternatives To Animal Testing
More information