B. Element - each different kind of atom is a different element 1. Examples: C = carbon H = hydrogen

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2 I. Chemistry study of what substances are made of and how they change and combine Structural Formula A. Atom fundamental unit of matter 1. Subatomic particles: n o = neutron p + = proton e - = electron B. Element - each different kind of atom is a different element 1. Examples: C = carbon H = hydrogen O = oxygen N = nitrogen C. Compound - two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions 1. Examples: CO 2 H 2 O NaCl C 6 H 12 O 6 2. Molecules - types of compounds made of nonmetals only isomers same molecular formula; different structural formula = ALL C 6 H 12 O 6

3 D. Chemical reactions process leading to changes in matter 2 H 2 + O 2 2 H 2 O (reactants) (products)

4 E. Compounds are classified into two broad groups: 1. Inorganic Compounds come from nonliving substances ( in = not organic = living) 2. Organic Compounds come from living substances

5 II. Biochemistry chemistry of living organisms (text pages 44 53) A. Organic compounds compounds made by cells and containing carbon 1. Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose 2. Exception: CO 2 Carbon Dioxide

6 3. Organic compounds in living cells are usually complex compounds that are so large they are called macromolecules (giant molecules) or biomolecules 4. Macromolecules are formed by process called polymerization smaller units called monomers join together to form polymers DRAw picture to remember

7 5. Four kinds of organic compounds: a. carbohydrates b. proteins c. lipids d. nucleic acids

8 III. Carbohydrates A. Provides energy for all organisms main source of energy for cells B. Most carbohydrates are manufactured from plants by photosynthesis. C. Structure: contains the elements C, H and O usually in ratio of 1:2:1 or 1C : 2H : 1O Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 = Glucose D. Food sources: Fruits, Vegetables, Grains, Pasta, Rice, Sugar, Cookies, Cakes, etc

9 E. Three groups of carbohydrates: 1. Monosaccharides = single sugar; basic structural unit from which larger carbohydrates are built ( mono = one sacchar = sugar) Examples: sugars usually end in -ose a. glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 -- most common, in every cell produced by green plants b. fructose -- C 6 H 12 O 6 -- sugar in fruits c. galactose -- C 6 H 12 O 6 -- sugar in milk d. isomers same molecular formula; different structural formula *Reminder These are isomers

10 2. Disaccharide double sugar (di = two) a. sucrose - cane sugar (table sugar) b. chemical reaction: 2 monosaccharides joined together to make a disaccharide glucose + fructose sucrose + water C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O (when water is released in a chemical reaction = dehydration synthesis)

11 3. Polysaccharide many sugars (poly = many) a. starch polysaccharide stored in plants potatoes, pasta, grains (bread, rice) b. glycogen polysaccharide stored in animals stored in liver and muscles c. cellulose polysaccharide that gives support and structure to plant cells (fiber) most abundant organic chemical on earth

12 What is the purpose of storing sugars as polysaccharides in plant and animal tissues? Plants: Animals:

13 Take 5: Complete concept map for carbohydrates

14 Take 5: Complete concept map for carbohydrates

15 E. Monomers/Polymers 1. General term for any small compounds that can be joined together to make larger compounds monomer example: glucose = monomer of a carbohydrate. -many glucose molecules can be joined together by dehydration synthesis to make a polysaccharide (carbohydrate) 2. General term for any large compound formed by combining monomers - polymer example: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose = polymer -These molecules are polymers made when many glucose molecules chemically combine.

16 Let s Practice! Name the monomers for a birthday cake?

17 But what are the monomers for the ingredients?

18 V. Proteins (also called peptides or polypeptides) A. Needed for growth, maintenance and repair of living materials 1. cell membrane, skin, nails, hair, bones and muscles made of protein B. Fight disease antibodies made of proteins C. Control rate of chemical reactions in cells enzymes made of proteins D. Food source lean meat, fish, eggs, cheese, nuts, beans, dairy

19 E. Structure: 1. proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids monomer = amino acid polymer = protein 2. contain the elements C, H, O and N Dehydration Synthesis of Proteins F. 20 different amino acids combine in different ways to make up thousands of different proteins

20 G. Examples of protein structures

21 Take 5: Complete concept map for Proteins Function: Diagram: Enzymes:

22 VII. Enzymes Take 5 read pages in text A. Enzymes are catalysts in living organisms catalyst substance that speeds up a chemical reaction B. Most enzymes are made of proteins C. Enzymes are not changed in a reaction and can be reused D. Enzymes are specific speed up only one type of chemical reaction E. Lock and Key hypothesis an explanation of how an enzyme works

23 F. Substrate substance upon which a certain enzyme acts G. Naming enzymes add ase to substrate a. maltose is substrate maltase is enzyme b. protein is substrate protease is enzyme H. One important function of enzymes is speeding up digestion of food

24 *Note: Anabolic to build Catabolic to break down *Enzymes can create or break down molecules at incredible rates!!!* The _substrate gets used up, but the enzyme can be used again indefinitely

25 Take 5: Complete concept map for Enzymes under the protein Biomolecule

26 VII. Lipids A. Functions: 1. energy storage twice as much energy / g. as carbohydrates 2. makes up part of the cell membrane 3. hormones are lipids estrogen and testosterone B. Examples: 1. Fats solid at room temperature butter, lard (animal fat) 2. Oils liquid at room temperature corn oil, olive oil (plant fats)

27 3. Phospholipids and cholesterol makes up cell membranes 4. Steroids type of hormone that can cross cell membrane directly into cells 5. Waxes on leaves of plants to make them waterproof

28 C. Structure: fats and oils 1. composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids 2. contain the elements C, H and O When glycerol + 3 fatty acids combine to form 1 fat molecule, H 2 O is released = dehydration synthesis

29 D. Dietary importance 1. Saturated fats generally come from animal fats a. Bad for you deposited in arteries cause heart disease Saturated with hydrogens (H) No double bonds in fatty acid chain

30 2. Unsaturated fats generally from plant oils a. Better for you Have one or more double bonds

31 3. Cholesterol 2 sources a. your body produces it essential to life: helps produce certain hormones and part of cell membranes in animals b. you consume it in food 1. bad cholesterol LDL (low density lipoprotein) goes to cells, excess deposited in arteries 2. good cholesterol HDL (high density lipoprotein) gets rid of excess LDL s in arteries

32 Take 5: Complete concept map for Lipids

33 VI. Nucleic Acids A. Function is to store and transmit genetic information from parent to offspring B. Examples: DNA and RNA (Nucleotide)

34 C. Contains the elements: C, H, O, N, P D. Nucleic acids are made from monomers called nucleotides. The 3 components of a nucleotide are 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) Phosphate group Nitrogenous Base E. Food source: all living food sources contain nucleic acids (i.e. they contain DNA/RNA). Food sources high in nucleic acids include items such as fish fruits, nuts, algae, and mushrooms.

35 Take 5: Complete concept map for nucleic acids

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