Effect of Wheat Market Class / Cultivar on AME in Broiler Chickens

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1 Effect of Wheat Market Class / Cultivar on AME in Broiler Chickens N. D. Karunaratne*, P. Hucl, R. N. Chibbar, C. J. Pozniak, D. A. Abbott and H. L. Classen University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon NSERC-IRC AGM 04 June 2015

2 Background Wheat is the most common cereal grain for poultry feed in western Canada (Scott et al., 1998) Nutritional profile High starch and protein content (Gutierrez del Alamo et al., 2008) Main energy source in poultry diets Variable nutrient content (Yegani et al., 2013) Limited data of nutritive value and digestibility Wheat classes and cultivars

3 Wheat Classification Growing Season Colour Hardness Spring Winter White Red Hard Soft (Dexter et al., 2006)

4 Wheat Class Annual Production Use Canadian Western Red Spring (CWRS) 15 million tonnes Pan bread, hearth bread, blending wheat Canadian Western Amber Durum (CWAD) 5 million tonnes Pasta Canadian Prairie Spring Red (CPSR) 1.5 million tonnes Hearth bread, crackers, Asian noodles Canadian Western Extra Strong (CWES) ½ million tonnes Dough strength, blending wheat Canadian Western Red Winter (CWRW) < ½ million tonnes Hearth bread, flat bread, Asian noodles Canadian Prairie Spring White (CPSW) < ½ million tonnes Asian noodles, flat bread Canadian Western Soft White Spring (CWSWS) < 10,000 tonnes Cookies, cake, biscuits Canadian Western Hard White (CWHW) High quality bread and noodles (Dexter et al., 2006)

5 Background continued Wheat Cultivar AME kcal/kg of DM Without Enzyme With Enzyme Kyle (Durum) 3640 a 3780 a Plenty (Durum) 3640 a 3740 a Sceptre (Durum) 3650 a 3770 a Glenlea (CWES) 3550 b 3680 b CDC Teal (HRS) 3460 bc 3620 bc Katepawa (HRS) 3460 bc 3630 bc Laura (HRS) 3330 de 3630 bc Genesis (CPS) 3280 e 3600 c Biggar (CPS) 3380 cd 3620 bc (Scott et al., 1998)

6 Background continued Item Ileal starch DC AMEn (kcal/kg of DM) CWAD ab 3368 a CWRW ab 3248 ab CWHWS ab 3248 ab CWRS ab 3201 b Triticale a 3105 bc CPSR 0.836c 3033 c Triticale ab 3009 c CWSWS b 2986 c (Yegani et al., 2013)

7 Background continued Starch digestibility assessment in poultry In vivo assay (Chicken) Advantages chicken GI tract conditions Disadvantages expensive, time consuming, less replicates In vitro assay (Lab) Advantages less expensive, rapid, more replicates Disadvantages does not remove digestion products, no feedback mechanisms, excessive enzymes at the beginning, no microbial fermentation (Weurding et al., 2013)

8 Experiment 1 In vitro Assessment of Starch Digestibility

9 Objective To determine the effect of wheat market class on the rate and extent of in vitro starch digestibility of wheat

10 Materials & Methods 18 cultivars 4 samples = 72 Class CWAD CWRS CPS CWHWS CWSWS GP Spelt CWES Cultivars Strongfield, CDC Verona, Transcend Glenn, CDC Stanley, CDC Utmost 5702PR, SY985, Conquer Snowstar, Snowbird AC Andrew, Sadash NRG003, Minnedosa CDC Zorba, CDC Origin, CDC Rama

11 CWAD Transcend CDC Verona Strongfield CWRS CPS CWHWS CWSWS Glenn CDC Stanley CDC Utmost 5702PR SY985 Conquer Snowstar Snowbird AC Andrew Sadash Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3 GP Spelt CWES NRG003 Minnedosa CDC Zorba CDC Origin CDC Rama

12 Statistics Proc mixed SAS 9.3 Complete randomized design Differences were considered significant when P 0.05 Mean separation Fisher s LSD

13 Chicken Digestive Tract

14 Starch Digestibility (%) In vitro starch digestibility for wheat market classes Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Incubation Time (min)

15 Starch Digestibility (%) 15 minutes d cd cd c c

16 Starch Digestibility (%) 60 minutes

17 Starch Digestibility (%) 120 minutes a a ab d cd bcd

18 Starch Digestibility (%) Starch Digestibility (%) 120 CWAD & CWHWS Incubation Time (min) Snowstar Snowbird CDC Verona Transcend Strongfield

19 Conclusion Wheat market class affects both rate and extent of in vitro starch digestibility

20 Experiment 2 In vivo Assessment of Wheat Starch Digestibility and AME

21 Objective To determine the effect of wheat class on AME of broiler chickens

22 Materials and Methods Class CWAD GP CWRS CPS CWHWS CWSWS Cultivars Transcend, CDC Verona Minnedosa, NRG003 CDC Stanley, Glenn 5702PR, Conquer Snowstar, Snowbird AC Andrew, Sadash

23 Diets Ingredients Quantity (%) Wheat Soybean meal Porcine meal 5.00 Enzyme (Endoxylanase) 0.10 TiO AME (Calculated) 3050 kcal / kg

24 Materials and Methods continued Day old Ross 308 male broiler chicks (432) Housed in battery cages 6 reps (battery cages) per treatment / 6 birds per cage Ad-lib feed & water

25 Materials and Methods continued Experimental diets (12) fed from day 0 to 21 Basal diet (d 14-21) / commercial starter diet (until d 14) Mash form

26 Data Collection Bird performance (day 7, 14, 21) Feed intake Body weight gain FCR (corrected for mortality) Excreta collection Collect over last 2 days (3 times at 12 hour intervals)

27 Sample collection Gut contents Proximal jejunum (PJ) Distal jejunum (DJ) Proximal ileum (PI) Distal ileum (DI)

28 Sample analysis Diets GE Nitrogen Moisture Excreta GE Nitrogen Moisture AMEn calculation

29 Statistics Proc mixed SAS 9.3 Randomized complete block design Differences were considered significant when P 0.05 Mean separation Fisher s LSD

30 AME (kcal / kg) Class Effect on AME a a b ab bc c

31 AME (kcal / kg) Cultivar Effect on AME CWAD CWHWS CWSWS CPS GP

32 AME (kcal / kg) AME Comparison to previous studies

33 Work in progress Starch digestibility (%) in small intestine segments Total starch digestibility (%) Hind gut fermentation Total starch digestibility Ileal starch digestibility - = Hind gut starch fermentation

34 Take Home Message Wheat market class / cultivar affects AME Determination of AME in wheat class / cultivar is important for accurate feed formulation in broiler chickens

35

36 Questions?

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