Effect of Different Zinc Sources on Tibia Bone Morphology and Ash Content of Broiler Chickens

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1 Advnces in Biologicl Reserch 6 (3): , 2012 ISSN IDOSI Pulictions, 2012 DOI: /idosi.r Effect of Different Zinc Sources on Tii Bone Morphology nd Ash Content of Broiler Chickens Mhmood Shrei, Hossein Jnmmohmdi, Akr Tghizdeh nd Sdegh Cherghi 1 Memer of Scientific Bord in Center of Agriculture nd Nturl Resources, Ardil, Irn 2 Deprtments of Animl Science, Triz University, Triz, Irn Astrct: An experiment ws conducted with 168 dy-old mle roiler chicks in grower phse (8-28d) to ssy the effect of two sources Zinc(Zn), Zinc oxide (ZnO) nd Bioplex Zn. Chicks were llotted rndomly to 7 dietry tretments with 6 irds per replicte nd 4 replictes per tretment, tht included n unsupplemented corn-soyen mel sl diet (25.50 mg of Zn/kg of DM), or the sl diet supplemented with 100, 150 or 200 mg/kg of DM s either, Zinc oxide (72%Zn) or Bioplex Zn (15% Zn). Dietry Zn levels nd sources hd no effect (p>0.05) on weight, length, tiiotrsi wt/length index nd diphysis dimeter of tii one. But thickness of the wll, medullry cnl dimeter, tiiotrsl index nd sh percent hd significnt difference in ll tretments(p<0.05). As the highest tii one thickness of the wll, tiiotrsl index nd sh percent were oserved in 200 mg/kg of diet of ioplex zn nd zno. But the gretest medullry cnl dimeter ws seen in control diets. It seem, from the stndpoint of tii one chrcteristic, using of 150 ppm of ZnO in diet ws more profitle thn to roiler chicks nd cn e used y the feed industry s sources of supplementl Zn for roiler chickens. Key words: Zinc Tii one Chicks Ash INTRODUCTION [3] nd the one weight/one length index, used y Seedor et l. [4]. Both indices hve shown significnt Zinc is n essentil trce element tht is required for chnges etween norml nd ovriectomized [5,6] or growth, one development, fethering, enzyme structure cstrted rts [7]. Dietry supplementtion with inorgnic nd function nd ppetite for ll vin species, Zinc is trce minerls hs trditionlly provided sufficient commonly dded s supplement to ll formulted mounts of ech minerl to support norml growth, poultry diets due to nturl feed ingredients re helth nd reproduction. However, genetic improvements mrginlly deficient in Zn [1]. The skeleton not only continully chnge the commercil roiler strins nd provides structurl support for the ird ut lso is n nutritionists strt to question if currently used trce importnt minerl source for metolic needs. minerl levels nd sources will e suitle in the future Mny fctors, such s growth, gender, ging, genetics, when feeding these fster-growing nd highly productive disese nd nutrition, cn ffect one strength through irds for met nd eggs [8]. Some reserchers [9,10] hve their direct or indirect effects on one. However, the most reported greter ioefficcy for orgnic Zn sources thn relevnt fctor for poultry one strength is nutrition. tht oserved for inorgnic forms, including Zn oxide nd A numer of invsive (one sh, reking strength, Zn sulfte; consequently, orgnic forms of the trce weight nd one volume) nd noninvsive methods element hve een used with incresing pttern y the (ultrsound) exist to ssy the one chrcteristic in feed industry. But others did not oserved ny difference poultry. Mutus et l. [2] showed good correltion in iologicl vlue etween oxide nd orgnic zinc etween the corticl index nd the minerl content of one sources in roilers [11]. In poultry, Zn deficiency cuses in humns nd dogs, respectively. In experimentl studies reduction in weight gin, skeletl mlformtions, of ones from rts, two indices of one density were poor one minerliztion nd immunologicl dysfunctions proposed. The rousticity index, proposed y Reisenfeld [12,13]. Therefore, Zn is often supplemented in prcticl Corresponding Author: Mhmood Shrei, PhD Student of Triz University nd Memer of Scientific Bord in Center of Agriculture nd Nturl Resources, Ardil, Irn. 128

2 Advn. Biol. Res., 6 (3): , 2012 poultry diets to elicit positive response in roiler chickens, prticulrly during erly ge. But genetic improvements hve led to fst growth rte in met type roiler chickens, tht this hyrids might hve different needs of minerls nd feed composition. There is need for etter understnding of one strength in poultry ecuse one reking nd disorders led to mortlity, wek productivity nd low crcss qulity. Also one prolems in poultry cn e severl hundred million dollrs economic cost yer. Bone sitution is commonly used s n indictor of minerl dequcy in poultry diet [14]. There re little report descriing the effects of zinc sources on the morphology or mechnicl chrcteristics of roilers ones. The purpose of this study ws to estimte the effects of different zinc sources on morphologicl properties of tii one nd sh in roiler chickens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Birds, Tretments nd Mnging Progrm: This study ws conducted in the poultry reserch frm of Triz University (Triz, Irn). A totl of 168 dy-old Ross Ross308 mle roiler chicks were rndomly llotted to four pen replictes of six irds for ech of seven dietry tretments such tht ech pen hd similr initil weight nd weight distriution. The sl corn-soyen mel diets (Tle 1) contining mg Zn/kg s fed sis (y nlysis) were formulted to meet or exceed nutritionl requirements of roiler chicks grower stges from 8-28 d NRC [15]. Dietry tretments included the sl diet or sl diet supplemented with 100, 150, or 200 mg/kg dded Zn s, Zn oxide nd Bioplex Zn (s orgniclly Zn compounds). The sl diets were formulted using Zn-free minerl premix, so tht contined minimum mount of zinc. A single tch of sl feed ws mixed nd divided into 7 liquots ccording to the experimentl tretment; Ech Zn source ws mixed with cornstrch to the sme weight nd mixed with ech liquot of the sl diet. All of the diets were clculted to contin equl concentrtions of methionine; lysine nd other nutrients except of Zn. Chicks were housed in the cge pens which plced t thermostticlly-controlled room. Chicks were mintined on 24 h constnt lighting regimen nd hd free ccess to feed nd tp wter contining no detectle Zn in ll times. Feed nd wter were provided using plstic instruments to minimize environmentl Zn contmintion. Tle 1: Composition of the sl diets Ingredients (%) (8-28d) Corn Corn Strch 0.05 Soyen mel Soyen oil 3.60 Di-Clcium phosphte 1.50 Cco Slt 0.25 DL-methionine 0.15 L-lysine 0.10 Vitmin premix 0.25 Zn free minerl premix 0.25 Nutrient composition Metolizle energy (kcl/kg) 3000 Crude protein (%) Clcium 0.95 Aville Phosphorus (%) 0.44 Lysine (%) 1.19 Methionine (%) 0.49 Zinc (mg/kg) :Supplied per kg diet: 11,025 I.U. vitmin A, 3,528 I.U. vitmin D3, 33 I.U. vitmin E, 0.91 mg vitmin K, 2 mg thimin, 8 mg rioflvin, 55 mg nicin, 18 mg C pntothente, 5 mg vitmin B6, mg iotin, 1 mg folic cid,478 mg choline, 28 ìg vitmin B12 :Zinc-free minerl premix. Provided per kilogrm of diet: Mn (frommnso4.h2o), 60 mg; Fe (from FeSO4.7H2O), 50 mg; Cu (fromcuso4.5h2o), 6 mg; I (from C (IO3).2H2O), 1 mg; Se, 0.20 mg. Chemicl Anlysis: Prior to formulting the diets, the ingredients nd Zn sources used were nlyzed for crude protein, ether extrct, crude fier nd sh content ccording to stndrd procedures of AOAC [16]. Zinc concentrtions in Zn sources, diets nd wter were determined y tomic sorption spectrophotometery. Dt Collection: In the end of experiment two irds from ech repliction were killed y servicl disloction, the left nd right tii of ech ird were removed s drumsticks with flesh intct. The drumsticks were leled nd immersed in oiling wter (100 C) for 10 min. After cooling to room temperture, the drumsticks were defleshed y hnd. They were then ir-dried for 24 h t room temperture. The tiiotrsl length nd one weight were determined. The one weight/length index ws otined y dividing the tii weight y its length [17]. The tiiotrsl indexes is determined using the following formuls, tiiotrsl index= [diphysis dimeter-medullry cnl dimeter /diphysis dimeter] 100 [17]. To determine one sh content, ones were oven-dried t 129

3 Advn. Biol. Res., 6 (3): , C for 24 h nd shed in muffle furnce t 600 C for which ws similr to the results oserved in our tril. 6 h ccording to the procedure of AOAC [16]. Chicks fed no supplementl Zn hd poor retention in The percentge of sh ws determined reltive to the dry ones. Therefore, for ppreciting the iovilility of weight of the tii. Zn in roiler chicks, supplementtion of higher levels of the minerl thn tht required for optimum Sttisticl Anlysis: The men of seven tretments were performnce is essentil [5]. Also Wng et l. [21] nd nlyzed y ANOVA procedures of SAS, PC version Scirmgeour et l. [22] showed tht the effect of Zn on the 6.12 [18], in completely rndomized design. mechnicl trits of ones nd reported lower zinc content Duncn s multiple rnge tests ws used to compre in diet hd led to reduction one integrity, one density tretment mens t p<0.05 significnt level. nd one length. But in ginst with others study tht using of Zn levels ove NRC [15] recommendtion hd RESULTS AND DISCUSSION no effect on one sh of roiler chickens [23,24]. Becuse C nd P re the mjor components of ones nd The effect of experimentl tretments on tii one the levels of these minerls in the diets were kept t NRC trits re shown in Tle 2. The Zn source nd [15] recommended. However in the next study C concentrtion did not ffect weight, length, retention in tii ws significntly (P<0.05) lower in irds tiiotrsi wt/length index nd diphysis dimeter of tii fed no supplementl Zn nd improved s its level one. The result in this study is gree with other incresed in the diets. Mximum C retention ws experiments tht tii weight did not ffected when used oserved t the 80 ppm level nd receded therefter, of 160 ppm t 4 week of ge [5]. But thickness of the wll, suggesting the limittions of Zn supplementtion t lower medullry cnl dimeter, tiiotrsl index nd sh percent nd higher levels. Similrly, the P retention in the tii ws hd significntly difference in ll tretments (p<0.05). significntly (P<0.05) higher t 40 ppm compred with ll However the highest tii one thickness of the wll, other levels, except 80 ppm, indicting tht Zn tiiotrsl index nd the lowest medullry cnl dimeter supplementtion t specific levels ws essentil to were oserved in 150 mg/kg of diet of zno rther thn optimize P concentrtion in one. Higher levels of Zn in other tretments. The result of our study in greements the diet ppered to interfere with the sorption nd with Aoygi nd Bker [19] tht reported higher zinc oxide utiliztion of C nd P prticulrly ove 80 ppm [25], vilility in roilers. Ash percent in different tretments which ws lso oserved in our study. In generl, except control groups ws similr, this finding tht like the Diets sed on corn nd soyen mel generlly contin results of Pimentl et l. [11]. It seems tht inorngnic zinc etween 2.0 nd 2.5 g phytic P / kg. Zinc content in feed source such s ZnO in levels of mg/kg of diet cn components from plnt origin is positively correlted to e support tii one growth in roiler chickens in the 28 the phytic P content, with 10 mg of Zn to 1 g phytic P [26]. dy of ge. In generl, zinc very importnt role in one It is suggested tht dded Zn ove NRC [15] developments tht impcted in the mny experiments such recommendtions from orgnic in orgnic sources is s: Sndovl et l. [20] oserved liner ccumultion of essentil for overcome on one disorders in roiler Zn in one, liver nd kidney in chicks fed 0 to 1,500 ppm, chickens. Tle 2: Effect of different zinc sources on tii one morphology nd sh percent ZnO Bioplex Zn Diets Items Control SEM Weight, g Length, mm Tiiotrsi wt/length index, mg/mm Diphysis dimeter, mm Thickness of the wll, mm 1.34 c 1.63 d 1.96 c cd Medullry cnl dimeter, mm c c Tiiotrsl index c c Ash, % ,,c Mens with different superscripts within the sme row differ significntly (P 0.05). 130

4 Advn. Biol. Res., 6 (3): , 2012 CONCLUSION 10. Wedekind, K.J., A.E. Hortin nd D.H. Bker, Methodology for ssessing zinc iovilility: The results of this study showed tht in Efficcy estimtes for zinc-methionine, zinc sulfte corn-soyen mel diets the highest RBV of different zinc nd zinc oxide. J. Anim. Sci., 70: sources were oserved in 150 mg/kg concentrtion nd 11. Pimentl, J.L., M.E. Cook nd J.L. Greger, Bioplex Zn ws more iovilile thn zinc sulfte or zinc Biovilility of zinc methionine for chicks. Poult. oxide in prcticl diets. Also concluded tht prcticl Sci., 70: diet such s corn-soyen mel diets contining optimum 12. Blmerg, D.L., U.B. Blckwood, W.C. Supplee nd concentrtion of Zn for supporting good growth in chicks G.F. Coms, Effect of zinc deficiency in hens on in the first 3 weeks of old nd dditionl supplementtion htchility nd emryonic development. Proc. Soc. hd no dded dvntge. Exp. Biol. Med., 104: Kidd, M.T., P.R. Ferket nd M.A. Qureshi, REFERENCES Zinc metolism with specil reference to its role in immunity. World s Poult. Sci. J., 1. Kim, W. nd B. Schwederski, : Bioinorgnic chemistry: inorgnic elements in the 14. Rth, N.C., G.R. Huff, W.E. Huff nd J.M. Blog, chemistry of life. John Wiley nd Sons Ltd, Englnd, Fctors regulting one mturity nd strength in pp: 401. poultry. Poult. Sci., 79: Mutus, M., N. Kocgli, M. Alp, N. Acr, M. Eren 15. NRC, Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. nd S.S. Gezen, The effect of dietry proiotic 9th rev. ed. Ntl. Acd. Press, Wshington, DC. supplementtion on tiil one chrcteristics nd 16. AOAC, Officil Methods of Anlysis. strength in roilers. J. of Poult. Sci., 85: th ed. Assocition of Officil Anlyticl Chemists, 3. Reisenfeld, A., Mettrsl rousticity in ipedl Arlington, VA. rts. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 40: Brnet, E. nd B. Nordin, The rdiologicl 4. Seedor, J.G., H.A. Qurruccio nd D.D. Thompson, dignosis of osteoporosis: A new pproch. Clin Theiophosphonte lendronte (MK-217) Rdiol., 11: inhiits one loss due to ovriectomy in rts. J. Bone. 18. SAS, SAS Sttistics User s Guide. Miner Res., 6: Sttisticl Anlyticl System. 5th rev. ed. Crry, NC, 5. Shym Sunder, G., A.K. Pnd, N.C.S. Gopinth, SAS Institute Inc. S.V. Rm Ro, M.V.L.N. Rju, M.R. Reddy nd 19. Aoygi, S. nd D.H. Bker, Ch. Vijy Kumr, Effects of Higher Nutritionl evlution of copper-lysine nd zinc Levels of Zinc Supplementtion on Performnce, lysine complexes for chicks. Poult. Sci., Minerl Avilility nd Immune Competence in 72: Broiler Chickens J. Appl. Poult. Res., 17: Sndovl, M., P.R. Henry, X.G. Luo, R.C. Littell, 6. Montegudo, M.D., E.R. Hernndez, C. Seco, R.D. Miles nd C.B. Ammermn, J. Gonzles-Riol, M. Revill, L.F. Vill nd H. Rico, Performnce nd tissue zinc nd metllothionein Comprison of the one rousticity index nd ccumultion in chicks fed high dietry level of one weight/ one length index with the results of zinc. Poult. Sci., 77: one densitometry nd one histomorphometry in 21. Wng, X., G.J. Fosmire, C.V. Gy nd R.M. Lech Jr., experimentl studies. Act Ant., 160: Short-term zinc deficiency inhiits chondrocyte 7. Wink, C.S. nd W.J.L. Felts, Effects of prolifertion nd induces cell poptosis in the cstrtion on the one structure of mle rts. epiphysel growth plte of young chickens. J. of Clcif Tissue Int., 32: Nutr., 132: Nollet, L.G., Huygheert nd P. Spring, Scrimgeour, A.G., C.H.H. Sthl, J.P. McClung, Effect of different levels of dietry orgnic(bioplex) L.J. Mrchitelli nd A.J. Young, Moderte zinc trce minerls on live performnce of roiler chickens deficiency negtively ffects iomechnicl y growth phses. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 17: properties of tiie independently of ody 9. Spers, J.W., Zinc methionine for ruminnts: composition. J. of Nutr. Bioch., 18: Reltive iovilility of zinc in lms nd effects of 23. Yi, Z., E.T. Kornegy nd D.M. Denow, growth nd performnce of growing heifers. J. Anim. Supplementl microil phytse improves zinc Sci., 67: utiliztion in roilers. Poult. Sci., 75:

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