Molecule - two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Ex. = water, H O
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1 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOTES Why study carbon? ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOTES Why study carbon? * All of life is built on carbon * Cells are made up of about 72% water 3% salts (NaCl, and K) 25% carbon compounds which consist of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids Nov 19 8:10 PM Nov 19 8:00 PM ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOTES Carbon = Special element for two reasons; 1) has four valence electrons 2) Can form bonds with many elements, creating molecules of almost unlimited length Molecule - two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Ex. = water, H O Macromolecules = a molecule containing a very large number of atoms (examples are carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids) 2 Nov 8 2:58 PM Nov 8 2:51 PM Monomers - small molecules that can bind with other molecules (ex. glucose) Polymers are long chains of monomers combined. (example = DNA, protein, glycogen) Nov 8 2:48 PM Nov 8 2:53 PM 1
2 O chem notes.notebook Living things are made up of = Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen = C,H,O,N Four groups of compounds found in living things Organic compounds = are compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen. 1) Carbohydrates 2) Lipids 3) Nucleic Acids 4) Proteins Nov 8 2:58 PM Nov 8 6:38 PM What do you think of when you hear the word carbohydrates? Nov 17 7:49 PM 1) Carbohydrates = made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1. Nov 19 9:07 PM Building block: Glucose Two types 1) Sugars (glucose) 2) Starches Nov 8 3:07 PM Nov 8 6:48 PM 2
3 Uses of carbs in living things; used as an energy source serve as structural units such as deoxyribose. Deoxyribose is the sugar found in. monosaccharides = single sugar molecules (ex. glucose, fructose, galactose) Nov 8 3:10 PM Nov 8 3:13 PM disaccharides = two sugar molecules, two monosaccharides combined. (ex. maltose, sucrose, lactose) Nov 19 9:05 PM Nov 19 8:30 PM polysaccharides = consist of not only three or four monosaccharides, but tens and hundreds in large chains. (ex glycogen, starch) Examples of polysaccharides Glycogen = stored in the liver and skeletal muscles and can be broken down into monosaccharides ( ) for use as energy. = produced by many green plants as energy storage. Is the most common carbohydrate found in human diets, and is found in potatoes, wheat, rice etc. Cellulose = Nov 19 8:24 PM Nov 19 8:49 PM 3
4 Carbohydrates tend to end in ose ex. glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose. Nov 19 8:38 PM Nov 19 9:07 PM Nov 25 8:59 AM Nov 24 12:33 PM When you hear the word "lipids" what do you think of? Nov 20 7:12 AM Nov 20 7:12 AM 4
5 2) Lipids = mostly made from carbon and hydrogen atoms. Categories of lipids = fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids Fats - are triglycerides, the main function is to supply a reserve of energy, which is stored in adipose (fat) cells. Waxes - waterproof coverings Phospholipids - make up the cell membrane of the cells. Steroids - an example is cholesterol. Function is to help make the outer coating of cells, makes up the bile acids that work to digest food in the intestine, allows to body to make Vitamin D and hormones, like estrogen in women and testosterone in men. Nov 8 3:15 PM Dec 3 8:12 AM Building blocks = composed of One glycerol 3 fatty acids Dec 1 12:31 PM Nov 8 6:48 PM Uses of lipids = Nov 17 7:54 PM Nov 8 3:18 PM 5
6 Uses of lipids = used to store energy, make up cellular membranes, and make up waterproof coverings. Steroids are also lipids, and serve as chemical messengers. Does any background knowledge come to mind when you hear the word "nucleic acids"? Nov 8 3:18 PM Dec 3 8:15 AM 3) Nucleic Acids = macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus (C,H,O,N, P) Building blocks: Made of nucleotides which contain a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nov 8 3:18 PM Nov 8 6:39 PM Functions of nucleic acids: store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information. Two kinds of nucleic acids ribonucleic acid (RNA) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Nov 8 3:22 PM Dec 3 8:19 AM 6
7 O chem notes.notebook What do you think of when you hear the word "protein"? Dec 3 8:17 AM Dec 3 8:28 AM 4) Proteins = macromolecules that contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. C, H, O, N Dec 3 8:30 AM Building blocks: Amino Acids Nov 8 3:25 PM Draw the image of an amino acid have an amino group NH2 and a carboxyl group COOH Nov 8 6:52 PM Nov 20 8:25 AM 7
8 The bond that forms between two amino acids is called a peptide bond. Dipeptide = 2 amino acids linked together Tripeptide = 3 amino acids linked together Polypeptide = amino acids linked together The instructions for arranging amino acids into proteins comes from DNA. Nov 20 8:25 AM Nov 8 6:53 PM Functions of proteins; Enzymes are proteins and they control the rate of chemical reactions in the body regulate cell processes form bones and muscles transport substances into/out of cell Make up antibodies which help defend the body Where in the cell are proteins made? Dec 3 8:18 AM Nov 17 7:58 PM Dec 3 8:25 AM Dec 3 8:25 AM 8
9 Chemical Reactions: Is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. Example: Photosynthesis Reactants = the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reactions left hand side of an arrow > Products = the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction > right hand side of the arrow reactants > products Dec 9 9:41 AM Dec 9 9:43 AM Activation energy: The energy that is needed to get a reaction started. Enzymes = proteins. They are biological catalysts. Catalysts help to speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy for the reaction. Dec 9 9:43 AM Dec 9 9:44 AM Catalyst = is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. Enzyme Substrate Complex = The site where reactants can be brought together to react. It is where the Enzyme and Substrate combine Dec 9 9:46 AM Dec 9 9:48 AM 9
10 First example Second example Dec 10 8:25 AM Dec 10 8:27 AM Regulation of Enzyme Activity Enzymes can be affected by temperature ph If the ph or temperature is out of normal range, an enzyme can denature. Denature = the natural shape of the enzyme is destroyed. Example: Dec 9 9:50 AM Dec 9 9:51 AM Dehydration synthesis = creating a larger molecule from smaller molecules by removing water, or giving off water. Hydrolysis = Making a smaller molecule by adding water to break down a larger molecule. Dec 10 8:27 AM Dec 10 8:28 AM 10
11 Sep 29 12:53 PM 11
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The building blocks for this molecule are A) amino acids B) simple sugars C) fats D) molecular bases
1. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a portion of a starch molecule. The building blocks for this molecule are A)