Reducing the reliance on purchased protein. Improving the value of home grown proteins
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1 Reducing the reliance on purchased protein Improving the value of home grown proteins Liam A. Sinclair Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Shropshire, UK
2 Apr-06 Apr-07 Apr-08 Apr-09 Apr-10 Apr-11 Apr-12 Apr-13 Apr-14 Apr-15 / Tonne Why reduce dietary protein? Increased costs of dietary protein sources Legislation on storage and application of manure and slurry > 430 / tonne
3 Where will world dairying be in 10 years? Performance indicator 2023 Change vs 2012 Milk production 1,006 mill tonnes ECM +225 million tonnes +29% Per capita consumption kg/capita/yr +13% World population 8bn +14% Milking cattle million +47 million +13% IFCN (2013)
4 Take Home Message 1 More cows needing more protein Expansion of world milk production in less traditional dairy regions Greater reliance in these regions on purchased feeds rather than pastoral
5 Apr-06 Apr-07 Apr-08 Apr-09 Apr-10 Apr-11 Apr-12 Apr-13 Apr-14 Apr-15 / Tonne Apr-06 Apr-07 Apr-08 Apr-09 Apr-10 Apr-11 Apr-12 Apr-13 Apr-14 Apr-15 / Tonne Feed lower protein? Options? Alternative bought protein? Home grown, higher protein forages Soyabean meal Rapeseed meal
6 Nutritive value of silages Lucerne Red clover Grass Maize DM, g/kg Crude protein Fibre NDF ADF Lignin Starch/sugars ME (MJ/kg DM) Calcium Fibre in lucerne: - High amount of indigestible fibre - Fibre that is available is digested rapidly
7 Lucerne (alfalfa) In 2009, alfalfa was grown on 30 million ha - North America: 41% - Europe: 25% - South America: 23% Attractions of lucerne: a) Legume (fixes N) b) Long tap root (drought resistant) c) High protein (18-22%) d) Functional fibre content 4 main ways to utilise: Graze Silage Hay Barn dried pellets
8 Nutritional value of lucerne Grazing Silage Hay Barn dried DM, g/kg Crude protein Fibre (NDF)
9 Effect of stage of maturity Digestibility Yield Early Vegetative Mid Vegetative Late Vegetative Early Flower Bud Late Flower Bud Early Flower Late Flower Hall (1998)
10 Establishment of lucerne 3 sites 2 years 3 establishments: Spring Spring under-sown Autumn Spring Spring undersown Yield t DM/ha No subsequent effect on plant numbers
11 Establishment Seed rate of kg/ha 1 cm deep, cm rows Soil ph above 6.5 Requires no N once established: 25kg N/ha at sowing P and K requirements higher than grass Cannot be over-seeded in subsequent years
12 Optimal management Cut when late bud/early bloom Cut and leave covering ground Row up early in morning Additive? - low sugars - high buffering capacity - high DM/difficulty to compact
13 Rumen ph Fibre in lucerne and effect on ruminal ph :20 maize to lucerne silage Lucerne Time post feeding Brito and Broderick (2006)
14 Effect of lucerne: US studies Grass silage Lucerne silage DM intake (kg/d) Milk (kg/d) Milk fat (%) Milk protein Red clover Lucerne silage DM intake (kg/d) Milk (kg/d) Milk fat (%) Milk protein Steinshamn (2010)
15 Effect of chop length Advantages of short chop length: - better compaction in clamp - more consistent ration and less sorting Disadvantages of short chop length - higher power requirement to chop - less rumination and less saliva and low ph Functional fibre = content of fibre and its length How do you measure the length of fibre??
16 Influence of forage particle length Long Short ph below 5.8, h Ruminating, h/d Intake, kg DM/d Milk yield, kg/d Milk fat, g/kg Kononoff and Heinrichs (2003) Difficult to make a definitive recommendation Other factors (e.g. level of starch and rate of degradability) Other potential benefits (e.g. hoof health)
17 Replacement of grass silage with lucerne 4 dietary treatments (0.57:0.43 forage to concs) C: All grass silage HL: 75:25 grass to lucerne silage MM: 50:50 grass to lucerne silage LH: 75:25 grass to lucerne silage C HL MM LH DM intake, kg/d 19.8 a 21.2 a 23.4 b 24.6 b Milk yield, kg/d Milk fat, g/kg Milk protein, g/kg Flockhart et al., (2015)
18 Replacement of grass/maize 4 dietary treatments (0.55:0.45 forage to concs) Control: 40:60 grass to maize silage L20: 20:20:60 lucerne to grass to maize silage L40: 40:60 lucerne to maize silage L60: 60:40 lucerne to maize silage Control L20 L40 L60 DM intake, kg/d a Milk yield, kg/d Milk fat, g/kg Milk protein, g/kg Weight change, kg/d a Sinclair et al., (2015)
19 Proportion of dietary N Use of dietary N Propn urine Propn Lwt Propn Faeces Propn milk N L20 L40 L60 Sinclair et al., (2015)
20 Savings in feed costs Control L60 Soyabean meal Urea Wheat Sugar beet pulp kg/d kg/d +0.2 kg/d +0.1 kg/d Current purchased feed costs = max saving of 23.6 p/day (or 23/d for 100 cows) For L20 saving = 0.5 p/day
21 Forage growing costs (DairyCo) Lucerne /ha Seed + est 99 Fert+ prot 230 Contractor 420 Others 349 Total annual year and 12 t DM/ha = 83/t DM 4 year and 10 t DM/ha = 103/t DM
22 MP requirement, g/d Protein quality Lower producing animals: rumen microbes can supply all of the protein requirements Total MP By-pass Higher producing animals have a greater requirement for by-pass protein Fermented forages low in by-pass protein Microbial Protein degradability in forages and feeds Milk yield, kg/d % crude protein % rumen available % By-pass Grass silage Lucerne Soya bean meal Requirement for higher protein forages that are higher in by-pass protein - plant breeding - additives (e.g. tannins)
23 Ways to reduce protein degradability in rumen Formalin Heat treatment Sugars Inoculants Tannins Tannins - Polyphenolic compounds naturally found in plants - Bind with protein reducing degradability, but dissociate at lower ph 2 main types: Condensed Hydrolysable
24 Hydrolysable tannins in ewe diets (g/kg DM) DM intake Protein digestibility, kg/kg Milk yield, kg/d Milk protein yield, g/d Taha et al., (2015)
25 Hydrolysable tannins in dairy cow diets 4 forages: Red clover Red clover + Lucerne Lucerne + Latin square design: Intake, yield, digestibility, milk fatty acid profile, blood metabolites
26 Final take home messages Cost and environmental pressure to reduce CP Lucerne = high protein home grown crop, drought tolerant crop Establishment best in spring Performance consistent with good quality 1 st cut grass silage Can we improve forage protein quality? Savings on purchased feed costs
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