Pithecellobium Jiringa: A Traditional Medicinal Herb

Transcription

1 Article ID: WMC Pithecellobium Jiringa: A Traditional Medicinal Herb Corresponding Author: Dr. Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid, Senior Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia,, Malaysia Submitting Author: Ms. Nahdzatul S Muslim, Student, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USM - Malaysia Article ID: WMC Article Type: Review articles Submitted on:23-dec-2010, 12:26:35 AM GMT Article URL: Subject Categories:COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE Published on: 23-Dec-2010, 03:30:54 PM GMT Keywords:Pithecellobium jiringa, Jering, Djenkolism, Renal failure, Complementary medicine How to cite the article:muslim N, Abdul Majid A. Pithecellobium Jiringa: A Traditional Medicinal Herb. WebmedCentral COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE 2010;1(12):WMC Webmedcentral > Review articles Page 1 of 10

2 Pithecellobium Jiringa: A Traditional Medicinal Herb Author(s): Muslim N, Abdul Majid A Abstract Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Prain is a traditional medicinal plant belonging to the family of Legumnasea originated from the Southeast Asia. P. jiringa is locally known as jering, as well as djengkol in Indonesia. This plant is a kind of raw vegetable which is normally consumed with rice. P. jiringa is traditionally used to induce urination in which the seeds are crushed and mixed with water before drinking. Old folk has also been using its pounded leaves and bark for chest pains, skin ailments, gum pains and toothache. In the present day, P. jiringa is also being used in the production of organic pesticide as a replacement for synthetic pesticide; since the plant contains djenkolic acid that are able to kill and inhibit pests. In addition, the presence of the acid has also been suggested to cause tearing of renal tissue due to their formation of needle-like crystals. Methanolic extract of P. jiringa was found to inhibit the EBV activation by 30% which underlining P. jiringa in restraining cancer cells. P. jiringa was reported to cause djenkolism or poisoning of jering following intake of its beans and was shown to be a likely cause of acute anuric renal failure. Background Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Prain is a traditional medicinal plant belonging to the family Legumnasea originated from the Southeast Asia. In Malaysia, P. jiringa is locally known as jering, in Indonesia djengkol, in Cambodia krakos and in Thailand niang-yai. The plant usually stands up to 25 m in height with a smooth, grey coloured bark. Its beans which hang from the branches of the tree as coiled pods contains 3 to 9 beans per pod [1,2]. While the beans possess a large round shape with reddish brown in colour, the outer shell has an attractive purplish brown hue. The beans may measure up to 3.5cm in diameter and 2.0cm in thickness [3]. P. jiringa s beans are typically taken together with rice as a side dish either as raw vegetable, roasted, fried or boiled [1,2]. There are also some people who like to consume the boiled beans of P. jiringa which are then mixed with some grind coconut. Pharmacological properties of P. jiringa P. jiringa is traditionally used to induce urination in which the seeds are crushed and mixed with water before drinking. Old folk has also been using its crushed leaves and bark for chest pains, skin ailments, gum pains and toothache. In treating wounds and cuts, the young leaves are being burned and its ashes are applied onto the injured area. Back in a few decades ago, the old folk used to colour their silk and other garments by using the colour of the pods. In the present day, P. jiringa is also being used as one of the raw material in the production of organic pesticide in order to replace the synthetic pesticide. P. jiringa is being added with a few more plants and urine. The selection of P. jiringa and the other plants in preparing the pesticide is due to the fact that each plants has the ability to kill and inhibit the growth of pests in a cultivation area. In this case, P. jiringa contains djenkolic acid which is a type of amino acid and sulphur that are able to kill and inhibit pests [4]. The acid has been suggested to form needle-like crystals in the urine after ingestion and have the ability to cut renal tissue which may lead to bleeding and obstruction in kidney [5]. P. jiringa was reported to possess high amount of dietary fibre and also non-cellulosic polysaccharides and this may contribute to greater consumption of the beans to the related particular group of people [6]. The beans of P. jiringa was screened for in vitro anti-tumor promoting activity using the inhibition test of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) activation in Raji cells which was induced by 12-O-hexadecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Significantly, methanolic extract of P. jiringa was found to inhibit the EBV activation by 30% or more at a concentration of 200mg/mL. This results highlighted the potential of P. jiringa in inhibiting and targeting cancer cells, as most cancer preventive agents used nowadays are derived from edible vegetables or fruits [7]. In addition to having high amount of dietary fibre and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, Pithecellobium spp. have been shown to own some significant biological activities; the presence of saponin in P. racemosum displayed toxicity towards ovaries cancer cell line of A2780 and M109 lung cancer cells. Besides having proteins, dietary fibre and unsaturated fatty acids, Webmedcentral > Review articles Page 2 of 10

3 legume seeds such Pithecellobium spp. have been stated to also contain the protease inhibitors such as the Bowman-Birk (MW 8-9 kda) and Kunitz (MW 21 kda). As such, the inhibitory activity of seeds of some Pithecellobium spp. reported are, for example the trypsin inhibitory activity in P. keyense was found to be higher than the same activity described for soybean [8]. Many previous studies on P. jiringa were done on investigating cases of djenkolism or poisoning of jering. Djenkolism is described by health practitioners as the patients suffer severe vomitting, diarrhea or constipation, intense colic, dysuria, macroscopic hematuria and oliguria that may progress to anuria. Since P. jiringa is a nitrogen-containing compounds, then djenkolism is also often been associated with the abnormally high level of the compounds that leads to azotemia. In addition, patients may also show symptoms of fever. While the urine is normally accompanied by a strong smell of sulphur, the breath is also of no exception [3]. A case study done on djenkolism following intake of P. jiringa s beans by Wong et al., (2007) has highlighted djenkolism as a cause of acute anuric renal failure. The patients had shown characteristics of djenkolism within 48 hours of ingestion of the beans and presence of needle-like crystals in the urine leading to thick urine sludge formation. The method of treatment by hydration and alkalinization of the urine in order to raise the solubility of the djenkolic acid was opted; whereby most patients recovered with no residual renal impairment and death is rare [9]. Kidney stones may also result from high concentrations of metabolites of P. jiringa [10]. Djenkolism often occurs in males as compared to females (9:1 ratio) and the acute renal failure that follows has appeared to be independent of the manner in which the P. jiringa s beans are prepared; boiled, fried or even roasted beans [3]. Since P. jiringa is one of favoured traditional delicacy in this region; it is important to highlight to the general population regarding the probable health effects the beans may imposed on them and take suitable measures in their consumption. Acknowledgement(s) References 1.Barceloux, D.G. (2008) Djenkol Bean [Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen]. In Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Toxic Plants, and Venomous Animals. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, vol. 55, pp Yasni, S., Imaizumi, K., Nakamura, M., Aimoto, J. and Sugano, M. (1993) Effects of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. and curcuminoids on the level of serum and liver lipids, serum apolipoprotein A-I and lipogenic enzymes in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 31, Segasothy, M., Swaminathan, M., Kong, N.C.T. and Bennett, W.M. (1995) Djenkol bean poisoning (Djenkolism): An unusual cause of acute renal failure. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 25, Rozaq, P. and Sofriani, N. (2009) Organic pesticide from urine and spices modification.,international Symposium GoOrganic2009. Asian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry, Bangkok, Thailand. 5.Vachvanichsanong, P. and Lebel, L. (1997) Djenkol Beans as a Cause of Hematuria in Children.Nephron, 76, Candlish, J.K., Gourley, L. and Lee, H.P. (1987) Dietary fiber and starch contents of some Southeast Asian vegetables. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 35, Murakami, A., Jiwajinda, S., Koshimizu, K. and Ohigashi, H. (1995) Screening for in vitro anti-tumor promoting activities of edible plants from Thailand. Cancer Lett, 95, Delgado-Vargas, F., López-Valdés, H.c.E., Valdés-Rodríguez, S., Blanco-Labra, A., Chagolla-López, A. and López-Valenzuela, E.d.J. (2004) Isolation and Properties of a Kunitz-Type Protein Inhibitor Obtained from Pithecellobium dulce Seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, Jin Shyan, W., Hock-Hin, C., Clare, T. and Teng-Aik, O. (2007) Acute Anuric Renal Failure Following Jering Bean Ingestion. Asian journal of surgery / Asian Surgical Association, 30, Luyckx, V.A. and Naicker, S. (2008) Acute kidney injury associated with the use of traditional medicines. Nat Clin Pract Neph, 4, NS Muslim would like to thank the USM Fellowship for the support. Webmedcentral > Review articles Page 3 of 10

4 Disclaimer This article has been downloaded from WebmedCentral. With our unique author driven post publication peer review, contents posted on this web portal do not undergo any prepublication peer or editorial review. It is completely the responsibility of the authors to ensure not only scientific and ethical standards of the manuscript but also its grammatical accuracy. Authors must ensure that they obtain all the necessary permissions before submitting any information that requires obtaining a consent or approval from a third party. Authors should also ensure not to submit any information which they do not have the copyright of or of which they have transferred the copyrights to a third party. Contents on WebmedCentral are purely for biomedical researchers and scientists. They are not meant to cater to the needs of an individual patient. The web portal or any content(s) therein is neither designed to support, nor replace, the relationship that exists between a patient/site visitor and his/her physician. Your use of the WebmedCentral site and its contents is entirely at your own risk. We do not take any responsibility for any harm that you may suffer or inflict on a third person by following the contents of this website. Webmedcentral > Review articles Page 4 of 10

5 Reviews Review 1 Review Title: medicinal importance of Pithecellobium Jiringa Posted by Dr. Avnish Kumar on 07 Aug :20:54 AM GMT 1 Is the subject of the article within the scope of the subject category? Yes 2 Are the interpretations / conclusions sound and justified by the data? No 3 Is this a new and original contribution? No 4 Does this paper exemplify an awareness of other research on the topic? No 5 Are structure and length satisfactory? No 6 Can you suggest brief additions or amendments or an introductory statement that will increase the value of this paper for an international audience? 7 Can you suggest any reductions in the paper, or deletions of parts? No 8 Is the quality of the diction satisfactory? Yes 9 Are the illustrations and tables necessary and acceptable? No 10 Are the references adequate and are they all necessary? No 11 Are the keywords and abstract or summary informative? Yes Rating: 4 Comment: Whole review is too short. Author must search more literature on internet and libraries to mention and reach a fruitful conclusion. At present it seems to be like a part of incomplete synopsis of research. Competing interests: None Invited by the author to make a review on this article? : No Experience and credentials in the specific area of science: about one year Publications in the same or a related area of science: No How to cite: Kumar A.medicinal importance of Pithecellobium Jiringa[Review of the article 'Pithecellobium Jiringa: A Traditional Medicinal Herb ' by ].WebmedCentral 1970;2(8):REVIEW_REF_NUM880 Yes Webmedcentral > Review articles Page 5 of 10

6 Review 2 Review Title: Review on the Article entitled "Orthosiphon stamineus: A Tradional Medicinal Herb" Posted by Prof. Devaraj M. G. on 17 Mar :04:41 AM GMT 1 Is the subject of the article within the scope of the subject category? Yes 2 Are the interpretations / conclusions sound and justified by the data? Yes 3 Is this a new and original contribution? Yes 4 Does this paper exemplify an awareness of other research on the topic? Yes 5 Are structure and length satisfactory? Yes 6 Can you suggest brief additions or amendments or an introductory statement that will increase the value of this paper for an international audience? 7 Can you suggest any reductions in the paper, or deletions of parts? No 8 Is the quality of the diction satisfactory? Yes 9 Are the illustrations and tables necessary and acceptable? Yes 10 Are the references adequate and are they all necessary? No 11 Are the keywords and abstract or summary informative? Yes Rating: 8 Comment: Author could also include a large number of publications on the chemical profiling of Orthosiphon stamineus. This will add more value to the article. Invited by the author to make a review on this article? : Yes Experience and credentials in the specific area of science: Biochemistry of cancer. Publications in the same or a related area of science: No How to cite: M. G. D.Review on the Article entitled "Orthosiphon stamineus: A Tradional Medicinal Herb"[Review of the article 'Pithecellobium Jiringa: A Traditional Medicinal Herb ' by ].WebmedCentral 1970;2(3):REVIEW_REF_NUM594 Yes Webmedcentral > Review articles Page 6 of 10

7 Review 3 Review Title: Review of Pithecellobium Jiringa: A Traditional Medicinal Herb Posted by Dr. Marco Luchetti on 03 Jan :11:25 AM GMT 1 Is the subject of the article within the scope of the subject category? Yes 2 Are the interpretations / conclusions sound and justified by the data? Yes 3 Is this a new and original contribution? No 4 Does this paper exemplify an awareness of other research on the topic? No 5 Are structure and length satisfactory? No 6 Can you suggest brief additions or amendments or an introductory statement that will increase the value of this paper for an international audience? 7 Can you suggest any reductions in the paper, or deletions of parts? No 8 Is the quality of the diction satisfactory? No 9 Are the illustrations and tables necessary and acceptable? Yes 10 Are the references adequate and are they all necessary? Yes 11 Are the keywords and abstract or summary informative? Yes Rating: 3 Comment: The paper by Muslim and Abdul Majid is a narrative review on Phitecellobium Jiringa, a traditional medical plant. The authors describe its common dietary use and main pharmacological properties. Although the topic may be interesting, unfortunately the paper is not original since there is in literature at least already one recent comprehensive review by Barceloux DG. (Djenkol bean [Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen]. Dis Mon Jun;55(6): Review. PubMed PMID: ). I would suggest changing the title into: Phitecellobium Jiringa: a traditional medicinal plant, since it is not properly defined as a herb. Overall the paper is poorly written and too short to be classified as a review paper. There is no critical assay of the papers cited. English language would need substantial revision. I believe the authors should deepen their analysis of the matter, trying to give better insight regarding historical notes, common dietary use, medical use, and toxicology. Regarding this latter issue, it should be pointed out that Djenkol poisoning was first described as early as in 1956 by REIMANN HA and SUKATON RU as a cause of hematuria and anuria (Djenkol bean poisoning (djenkolism); a cause of hematuria and anuria. Am J Med Sci Aug;232(2): PubMed PMID: ). In the 1970's there were a few reports confirming the findings: - West CE, Perrin DD, Shaw DC, Heap GH, Soemanto. Djenkol bean poisoning (djenkolism): proposals for treatment and prevention. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health Dec;4(4): PubMed PMID: Areekul S, Muangman V, Bohkerd C, Saenghirun C. Djenkol bean as a cause of urolithiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health Sep;9(3): Areekul S. Djenkol bean, djenkolic acid and djenkolism. J Med Assoc Thai Oct;62(10): PubMed PMID: In 1976, Areekul and coll. studied the toxicity of djenkol beans in experimental animal models (Areekul S, Kirdudom P, Chaovanapricha K. Studies on djenkol bean poisoning (djenkolism) in experimental animals. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health Dec;7(4):551-8) Competing interests: None Invited by the author to make a review on this article? : No Yes Webmedcentral > Review articles Page 7 of 10

8 Experience and credentials in the specific area of science: Herbal Medicine Practitioner Publications in the same or a related area of science: No How to cite: Luchetti M.Review of Pithecellobium Jiringa: A Traditional Medicinal Herb [Review of the article 'Pithecellobium Jiringa: A Traditional Medicinal Herb ' by ].WebmedCentral 1970;2(1):REVIEW_REF_NUM318 Webmedcentral > Review articles Page 8 of 10

9 Review 4 Review Title: Pithecellobium jiringa: a traditional medicinal herb Posted by Prof. Marcello Iriti on 28 Dec :54:52 PM GMT 1 Is the subject of the article within the scope of the subject category? Yes 2 Are the interpretations / conclusions sound and justified by the data? Yes 3 Is this a new and original contribution? Yes 4 Does this paper exemplify an awareness of other research on the topic? Yes 5 Are structure and length satisfactory? No 6 Can you suggest brief additions or amendments or an introductory statement that will increase the value of this paper for an international audience? 7 Can you suggest any reductions in the paper, or deletions of parts? No 8 Is the quality of the diction satisfactory? No 9 Are the illustrations and tables necessary and acceptable? No 10 Are the references adequate and are they all necessary? No 11 Are the keywords and abstract or summary informative? Yes Rating: 5 Comment: According to my opinion, this review article in suitable for WMC, though I would suggest some minor points to improve the quality of the paper. Is the lenght of the paper (including the number of references) due to the paucity of data published on this plant? If it is true, the review should not be improved. Furthemore, I would suggest to introduce a table resuming the few results known on this species, with both pharmacological and toxicological data. English should be slightly improved. My personal best regards to the authors No Marcello Iriti Invited by the author to make a review on this article? : No Experience and credentials in the specific area of science: Plant secondary metabolites and their bioactivity Publications in the same or a related area of science: No How to cite: Iriti M.Pithecellobium jiringa: a traditional medicinal herb[review of the article 'Pithecellobium Jiringa: A Traditional Medicinal Herb ' by ].WebmedCentral 1970;1(12):REVIEW_REF_NUM296 Webmedcentral > Review articles Page 9 of 10

10 Disclaimer This article has been downloaded from WebmedCentral. With our unique author driven post publication peer review, contents posted on this web portal do not undergo any prepublication peer or editorial review. It is completely the responsibility of the authors to ensure not only scientific and ethical standards of the manuscript but also its grammatical accuracy. Authors must ensure that they obtain all the necessary permissions before submitting any information that requires obtaining a consent or approval from a third party. Authors should also ensure not to submit any information which they do not have the copyright of or of which they have transferred the copyrights to a third party. Contents on WebmedCentral are purely for biomedical researchers and scientists. They are not meant to cater to the needs of an individual patient. The web portal or any content(s) therein is neither designed to support, nor replace, the relationship that exists between a patient/site visitor and his/her physician. Your use of the WebmedCentral site and its contents is entirely at your own risk. We do not take any responsibility for any harm that you may suffer or inflict on a third person by following the contents of this website. Webmedcentral > Review articles Page 10 of 10