Mycotoxins, MRL s & food chain contaminations
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2 Mycotoxins, MRL s & food chain contaminations IAOM-MEA, , Arusha Ir. Johny Boerjan
3 Hazards associated with wheat & wheat processing (HACCP) Physical hazards Glass, stones, metal, Biological hazards Insects, rodents, micro-organisms: bacteria, fungi / moulds Chemical hazards Pesticide residues, mycotoxins, 3
4 Rapid Alert System for Food & Feed Weekly bulletin of notifications (Alerts / Information) since 2003 In 2006: 6840 notifications (934 alerts / 1989 info) In 2007: 7354 notifications (961 alerts / 2015 info) From 2006 till now ca. 700 notifications concerning cereals, oilseeds and their processed products Specific for wheat + wheat by products 2006 Ochratoxin (OTA) ex Russia 2007 OTA ex Russia & Kazakhstan DON ex France 2008 OTA ex Kazakhstan DON ex Hungary & Germany Zea ex Ukraine 4
5 Equilibrium moisture content of wheat Equilibrium Moisture Content for Soft Winter Wheat Exposed to Air Temperature Relative Humidity % C ( F) (32) (41) (50) (59) (68) (77)
6 Equilibrium moisture content curve - maize 6
7 Water activity Water activity (Aw) = amount of water that is available to micro-organisms. Many micro-organisms prefer Aw of 0,99 and most need >0,91 Aw is related to Relative Humidity (RH) Aw = RH / 100 RH = availability of water in the atmosphere around the product 7
8 8
9 Micro-organisms - Relevance of micro-organisms in cereal commodities - Bacteria - Salmonella spp. - Fungi - Aspergillus spp. - Penicillium spp. - Fusarium spp. 9
10 Bacteria Salmonella Spp Salmonella Typhimurium Salmonella Enteritidis Salmonellosis in humans Enteric fever (typhoid): bacterial invasion in the bloodstream Acute gastroenteritis Serovars 10
11 Salmonella spp. Enterobacteriacea Principal habitat: intestinal tract of humans and animals Contamination via human or animal excretion, either if diseased or as carrier No important multiplication in an environment other than the digestive tract, but survival in water and/or soil if conditions of temperature, moisture and ph are favorable. Salmonella spp. needs Aw > 0,95 (0,91) phopt. 7 ph > 4 (4,7) Topt. 37 C 0 C < T < 55 C 11
12 Fungi - Mycotoxins In cereals, oilseeds and feedstuffs mainly produced by 5 families of moulds Aspergillus (e.g. Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin) Penicillium (e.g. Ochratoxin) Fusarium (e.g. DON, ZEA, Fumonisins, T-2 & HT-2) Claviceps (e.g. ergot) Alternaria (e.g. Alternariol,...) Some moulds are able to produce more than one mycotoxin and some mycotoxins are produced by several mould species Presence of external signs of moulds gives no certainty about presence of mycotoxins. Thermostable compounds 12
13 Mycotoxins What Secondary metabolites of fungal origin that are toxic to animals and humans When Formation during growing (field fungi) Formation during storage (storage fungi) Toxicity Depending on the kind of mycotoxin and the species. So far +300 different mycotoxins isolated. 13
14 Aflatoxin Aspergillus flavus toxin (+ A. parasiticus) First isolated in 1961 in UK: Turkey X-disease 6 metabolites B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 & M2 Most commonly found in tree nuts, peanuts and oilseeds (incl. corn, rice and cottonseed) Toxicity in animals and humans Acute toxic Chronically toxic (liver) The most potent naturally occuring carcinogen in animals, with very strong link to human cancer incidence. 14
15 Aflatoxin Ecology of Aspergillus flavus T min 15 C T opt 35 C T max 44 C A w min. 0,78 (storage) Plants are attacked when in stress, e.g. for corn typical stress conditions for A.flavus invasion are drought and accompanying high temperatures during grain fill. Aspergillus ear rot (aflatoxin) 15
16 Aflatoxin Optimum conditions for aflatoxin production during storage Temperature: C Kernel moisture: > 15 % optimum % RH: > 85 % Insect infestation increases the chance for mycotoxins. Chemical decontamination is possible. 16
17 Ochratoxin Aspergillus ochraceus (hot climates), but mainly Penicillium verrucosum (temperate & colder climates) Most commonly found in dried foods such as peanuts, pecans, beans, coffee, cocoa, dried (vine) fruits... Also found in barley and wheat crops infected in the field or in storage. Fat soluble: bio-accumulation + half-life time Pigs & poultry most sensitive Nefro-toxic 17
18 Ochratoxin Ecology of A. ochraceus T min 15 C T opt 28 C T max 37 C A w min 0,77 (storage fungi) Ecology of Penicillium Aw 0,95 T min 0 C T opt C T max 31 C A w min 0,80 (storage fungi) (Scandinavia, Baltic, Germany, N-America,...) 18
19 Fusarium toxins Trichothecenes Deoxynivalenol (DON / Vomitoxin) (F. graminearum) T-2 & HT-2 Toxin (F. tricinctum and F. roseum) Zearalenone (F. graminearum) Fumonisins (F. moniliforme) Temperate climates A w min. 0,90 (field fungi) Toxicity : species dependent No carry-over 19
20 Fusarium toxins 20
21 Maximum levels for aflatoxins & ochratoxin (EU) Values fixed for unprocessed cereals for human consumption MYCOTOXIN Product maximum levels (ppb) Aflatoxin Cereals for direct consumption or as ingredient in foodstuffs Cereals (excl. maize) to be subjected to sorting or physical treatment before human consumption Maize to be subjected to sorting or physical treatment before human consumption 2 B1 4 B1+B2+B3+B4 5 B1 10 B1+B2+B3+B4 Ochratoxin A Unprocessed cereals 5 21
22 Maximum levels for fusarium toxins (EU) Values fixed for unprocessed cereals for human consumption MYCOTOXIN Product maximum levels (ppb) Unprocessed cereals other than durum wheat, oats and maize DON Unprocessed durum wheat, oats Flour 750 Unprocessed cereals other than maize 100 ZEARALENONE Flour 75 FUMONISINS Sum of B1 and B2 Unprocessed maize (except for wet milling)
23 Sampling Uniform distribution Protein (%) Protein avg. 12,5 % Non-uniform distribution Aflatoxine (ppb) Aflatoxine avg. 10 ppb 23
24 Pesticide residues Monitoring of pesticide residues in EU on cereals revealed in % < DL 27% < MRL 1% > MRL in % < DL 20% < MRL 1% > MRL In these cases where results > MRL mainly storage / post-harvest insecticides limited amount of growth regulators (Chlormequat, Mepiquat) limited amount of herbicides (Glyphosate) 24
25 Main storage insecticides : MRL s wheat Active ingredient EU Codex MRL (ppm) EU MRL (ppm) Chlorpyriphos-methyl In 10 3 Deltamethrin In 2 2 Malathion Out + Rsub Dichlorvos Out Fenitrothion Out Pirimiphos methyl In 7 5 Endosulfan Out Bifenthrin Pending Permethrin Out Cypermethrin In Pyrethrins in
26 Thank You for Your attention Johny Boerjan SGS Group Management Ltd Geneva, Switzerland 26
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