Luis Mesas Mora, Juan Miguel Oddo, Juan José Mallo (Norel S.A.), David Solà-Oriol (SNiBA, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra)
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1 Dietary supplementation of Fluidarom 1003 during gestation and lactation, produces an imprint effect that facilitates the piglets initiation to feed intake and improve post weaning performance Luis Mesas Mora, Juan Miguel Oddo, Juan José Mallo (Norel S.A.), David Solà-Oriol (SNiBA, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra) INTRODUCTION Weaning is a very stressful experience in the piglet s life; the adverse consequences such as post weaning weight loss or diarrhoeas are well known among producers and result in poor post weaning performance. This is translated into high economic losses mainly related with the delay of the affected animals to reach the market weight. The challenges had only been increased in modern intensive swine production where the weaning is done much early than in natural conditions To address this situation NOREL has conducted further research in the imprinting concept, a well known phenomenon but very little studied in the field of animal production. Imprinting is an irreversible biological learning first described by the zoologist Konrad Lorenz ( ) as an early learning that happens at the womb and birth, when the animal identifies with the environment that surrounds it through its senses and records these first perceptions to learn The imprinting (precocious learning) allows to create a preferential effect through the tastes and flavours of the maternal diet (Bilko et al. 1994), these could be transmitted through the amniotic liquid and be perceived by the foetus during the fluid intake (Mennella et al 1995; El-Haddad et al 2005). The concept consists on the inclusion of a flavour in the sow diet that can be later recognised by the piglet in the feed and thus facilitate the initiation to solid feed intake and reduce stress post-weaning (Oostindjer et al., 2009; Figuerola et al., 2013) Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (7 November February 1989) was an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist; regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology, developing an approach that began with an earlier generation Following this line of research NOREL s flavours department designed Fluidarom 1003, a special blend of essential oils selected by its properties to transmit (imprint) aromatic notes and at the same time create a pleasant smell to increase feed appetence To verify the efficiency of the product under real production conditions an Experimental trial was commissioned to the Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA) of the Veterinary School, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) MATERIAL AND METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The study was carried out in a commercial farm in Manlleu, Osona (Spain).The farm has a breeding stock of 400 sows (Landrace x Large White) and follows a 3-weeks batch management. The trial was conducted throughout the sows late gestation and lactation period and the piglets entire weaning and nursery period (35 days) Norel, S.A. CIF: A C/Jesús Aprendiz, 19 1º A y B, Madrid SPAIN norel@norel.es
2 A total of 80 (Landrace x Large White) primiparous and multiparous sows were selected to perform the experimental trial. Sows were equally distributed in two dietary treatments: T1, Control group (CG) sows, fed with a commercial gestation and lactation diet T2, Treatment Group (TG) sows. Fed with the same diet supplemented with Fluidarom 1003 (375g/t) During lactation piglets from group T-1 were fed with a non-flavoured creep-feed and those piglets corresponding to the group T-2 were fed the same creep-feed supplemented with 375g/t of Fluidarom 1003, from day 10th of life onwards Gestation diets were offered twice a day. The total meal was adjusted every 3 weeks according tothe body condition status of the sow. Lactating diets were offered ad libitum (ad libitum controlled situation) from farrowing onwards. Feed was also offered twice a day (two equal meals) at 8.00 am and 16:00 pm A total of 360 weanling piglets [Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White)] were used for the trial after weaning. The animals were obtained from the sows of the same farm and moved at the weaning to the experimental facility (without transport). Male and female 26-d old piglets of 7.4 kg (SD=1.28 kg) were used. The animals were distributed into three blocks by initial body weight. Within each block piglets were distributed in pens for a balanced body weight distribution. The dietary treatments for the weaned piglets were as follows:adg, ADFI, FCR and FCE. The treatment means were compared using Scheffe test T1, Piglets from Control Group sows (CG) fed with a commercial pre-starter and starter diets T2, Piglets from Control Group sows (CG) fed with the same commercial pre-starter and starter diets supplemented with Fluidarom 1003 (375 g/t in the pre-starter phase and 300 g/t in the starter phase) T3, Piglets from Treatment Group sows (TG) fed with a commercial pre-starter and starter diets supplemented with Fluidarom 1003 (375 g/t in the pre-starter phase and 300 g/t in the starter phase) After weaning, the experimental diets were fed to the animals as a pre-starter and starter specification. Prestarter diet was offered for fourteen consecutive days (P1) and starter diet was offered from 14 to 35 days after weaning (P2). Diets were medicated with standard weanling commercial complex diet: Zinc oxide (at 2500 ppm (2000 ppm of Zinc)), Colistin (120 ppm) and Amoxicillin (300 ppm) were used as antimicrobial substances in the P1 diets. All the diets were offered ad-libitum and presented in mash form DATA COLLECTION The data gathered during gestation and lactation were sow s body weight, body condition scoring (BCS), backfat thickness (measured by ultrasound system) and feed intake. The data was measured at day 73 and 110 of gestation and during the whole weaning period in all the animals For those sows to be monitored during lactation litter size was standardized immediately after birth. All sow s productive parameters were collected per litter: total piglets born, number of piglets born alive, number of stillborn piglets, weight of piglets born alive, number of weaned piglets, pre-weaning mortality and reasons were recorded by sow. Standardized litters were weighed after cross-fostering (CF) and at weaning After weaning, piglets were individually weighted and correspondingly distributed by group at the start of the experimental trial (day 0) and along the P1 phase (on days 7 and 14 post-weaning) and P2 phase (on days 21, 28 and 35 post-weaning). Feed disappearance was recorded on days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 after weaning. Average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed gain ratio (FGR) was calculated. The health status of piglets was regularly assessed and abnormal signs or medications given were recorded Norel, S.A. CIF: A C/Jesús Aprendiz, 19 1º A y B, Madrid SPAIN norel@norel.es 2
3 DATA ANALYSIS Sow and litter performance parameters were analysed according to the two experimental treatments (T-1 and T-2) with an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using the GLM procedure of the statistical package SAS. The statistical unit was the sow for all individual measurements and litter for piglet performance. All results are presented as Least Square Means taking into account a Tukey adjust. The alpha level used for the determination of significance for all the analysis was 0.05 In the post-weaning stage, the Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI), Average Daily Gain (ADG) and Feed:Gain Ratio (FGR) were analysed with an ANOVA, where the main factors were Fluidarom 1003 supplementation in sows and after weaning, using the GLM procedure of the statistical package SAS. The statistical unit was the pen of pigs for all production measurements RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sow and litter performance parameters Body condition, farrowing performance and productive parameters of all of the sows and their litters are presented in table 1. As it can be observed, almost no significantly differences were found between the two dietary treatments during the monitored gestation and lactation period No differences were observed in the body weight, BCS and back fat thickness between treatments along the entire period (P>0.05) Farrowing performance parameters (total born piglets, piglets born alive, stillbirth piglets, mummies, body weights and litter weight) were not affected by the experimental treatments (P>0.10) Litter performance during lactation (number of piglets per litter after crossfostering, number of piglets per litter on day 23 post-farrowing, mortality rate and litter weight after the cross fostering) were not affected by the Fluidarom 1003 supplementation However, a higher litter body weight was observed on day 23 post-farrowing for the sows fed with diets supplemented with Fluidarom 1003 (73.5 vs 66.7 kg; P=0.043) Average daily feed intake (ADFI) and total feed intake of the sow during lactation was not affected by the experimental treatments Body (BW; Kg) Experimental treatments P-value T-1 T-2 Treatment n day 23 of gestation ,782 day 110 of gestation , days after farrowing ,911 Body ConditionScoring (BCS) day 73 of gestation 2,98 2,93 0,752 day 110 of gestation 3,1 3,09 0, days after farrowing 2,67 2,58 0,541 Back Fat (BFP2; mm) day 110 of gestation 15,6 15,5 0, days after farrowing 12,1 12,6 0,688 Sow Farrowing Performance ADFI (late gestatio; Kg) 2,98 2,77 0,002 Total numbre of piglets born 16,8 15,9 0,410 Pigletsbornalive 13,8 13,3 0,536 Stillbirth 2,4 2 0,583 Mummies 0,65 0,63 0,941 BW piglets born alive (Kg) 1,35 1,44 0,194 BW stillbirth born alive (Kg) 1,17 1,16 0,934 Total litter weight at birth 21 21,4 0,754 Sow and litter performance Initial no. of piglets by litter (CF) 12,6 13,1 0,370 Final no. of piglets by litter (23d) 11 11,6 0,100 Mortalityrate (CF-23d; %) 11,9 10,6 0,730 ADFI (CF to 23-d; Kg) 5,43 5,72 0,319 TFI (CF to 23-d; Kg) 121,9 129,2 0,265 Litter weight at CF, Kg 17,3 18,7 0,133 Litter weight at 23-d, Kg 66,7 73,5 0,043 Table 1. Sow and litter productive parameters 3 Norel, S.A. CIF: A C/Jesús Aprendiz, 19 1º A y B, Madrid SPAIN norel@norel.es
4 Post-weaning performance parameters (0 to 35 days after weaning) Piglet Body (BW), Average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG) for the entire period are presented in tables 2, 3 and 4. Piglet body weigh along the experimental period was significantly affected by the dietary Fluidarom 1003 supplementation. The higher BW (+5.83%) was observed for the T-3 piglets, coming from the sows fed with the Fluidarom1003 supplemented diet, at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days post-weaning (P<0.05; Table 2), but also the in the T-2 piglets coming from Control Group sows (+4.44%) Treatment Day 0 (kg) Day 7 (kg) Day 14 (kg) Day 21 (kg) Day 28 (kg) Day 35 (kg) T-1 Control-Control Difr. % to control T-2 Control-Fluidarom ,44% T-3 Fluidarom-Fluidarom % SEM P-value Table 2. Body of the piglets during the starter and pre-starter phase (0-35 days) Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was significantly higher (+16.10%; P<0.01) in the T-3 piglets from the dietary Fluidarom 1003 supplementation to the sow along the entire experimental period, and also in the T-2 piglets with the Fluidarom 1003 supplementation after weaning (+10.55%; P=0.01). This difference was especially considerable during the first week (0-7 days), were the ADFI was 29.4 % higher in the T-3 piglets compared with the T-1 piglets (control treatment) Regarding the Average Daily Gain (ADG), the higher results were obtained in the T-3 piglets during the entire pre-starter and starter phase (+8.45 %) followed by the T-2 piglets (+6.97 %; P<0.05; Table 4). The biggest difference between the experimental treatments was achieved during the first week, where the T-3 piglets had a 52.98% higher ADG compared to the T-1 piglets (control Treatment) Feed to gain ratio was not affected by both main factors along the experimental phase (P>0.10) It is concluded that the inclusion of 375g/t of Fluidarom 1003 in the sow diets (late gestation and lactation) and post-weaning diets improve weight gain and feed intake of weanling piglets throughout the pre-starter and starter phase. The inclusion of Fluidarom 1003 in weanling diets (prestarter and starter) have also a positive contribution on the improvement of feed intake and weight gain Treatment ADFI 0-7 ADFI 0-14 ADFI 0-35 Norel, S.A. CIF: A C/Jesús Aprendiz, 19 1º A y B, Madrid SPAIN norel@norel.es Difr. % to control T-1 Control-Control T-2 Control-Fluidarom % T-3 Fluidarom-Fluidarom % SEM P-value <0.001 < Table 3. Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI) of the piglets during starter and pre-starter Treatment ADG 0-7 ADG 0-14 ADG 0-35 Difr. % to control T-1 Control-Control T-2 Control-Fluidarom % T-3 Fluidarom-Fluidarom % SEM P-value Table 4. Average Daily Gain (ADG) of the piglets during starter and pre-starter phase ADG 0-7 days T1 Control - Control T2 Control - Fluidarom T3 Fluidarom - Fluidarom 4
5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS A dietary supplementation trial was performed with Fluidarom 1003 to determine if it could create a preferential effect that improve post weaning feed intake and performance. The trial was carried out in a commercial farm with a total of 80 sows (Landrace x Large White) and 366 piglets [Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White)]. The trial was conducted along the sows late gestation and lactation phases and the piglets whole nursery period (35 days). Sows were distributed into two dietary treatments, T-1 control group (CG) fed with commercial feed and T-2 Treatment group (TG) fed with the same commercial feed supplemented with 375g/t of Fluidarom The body condition and farrowing and litter performance parameters of the sows were monitored during this period. On the other hand, the piglets were distributed into three treatments:t-1 Piglets from Control Group sows (CG) fed with a commercial pre-starter and starter diets, T-2 Piglets from Control Group sows(cg) fed with the same diets supplemented with Fluidarom 1003 (375g/t in the pre-starter phase and 300g/t in the starter phase), T-3 Piglets from Treatment Group sows (TG) fed with a commercial pre-starter and starter diets supplemented with Fluidarom 1003 (same dosages as T-2). The Body (BW), Average Feed Intake (ADFI) and Average Daily Gain (ADG) of the piglets was calculated during pre-starter and starter phase The results of the study showed no significant differences regarding the sows body condition, farrowing and litter performance. However a higher final litter weight (+10.19% p=0.042) was obtained at the end of lactation in the Treatment Group (TG).The post weaning performance results showed significantly higher BW in the T-3 piglets. It was also observed a significantly higher Feed intake affected by the dietary Fluidarom 1003 supplementation in the piglets from the TG sows (+16,10%), and in the T-2 piglets from CG sows (+10.55%). The Average Daily Gain during the entire starter and pre-starter phase was higher in the Fluidarom 1003 supplemented diets, being an average 8.45% and 6.97% higher in the piglets from TG and from CG respectively It can be concluded that the inclusion of 375 g/t of Fluidarom 1003 in the sow diets for late gestation and lactation and post-weaning diets improved feed intake and weight gain of weanling piglets throughout the prestarter and starter phase The obtained results support the hypothesis that the sow dietary supplementation with Fluidarom 1003 flavour (late gestation and lactation) induces a preferential effect (imprinting) in the piglets towards the same flavour in post-weaning diets REFERENCES El-Haddad MA, Jia Y, Ross MG Persistent sucrose stimulation of ovine fetal ingestion: lack of adaptation responses. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 18: Bilko A, Altbacker V, Hudson R Transmission of food preference in the rabbit: the means of information transfer. Physiol Behav. 56: Figuerola J., Solà 0riol, D., Vinokurovas, L., Manteca, X. and Pérez, J. F. (2013). Prenatal flavour exposure through maternal diets influences flavour preference in piglets before and after weaning. Animal Feed Science and Technology.. In pres: doi: /j.anifeedsci Hepper PG The amniotic fluid: an important priming role in kin recognition. Anim Behav. 35: Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK Maternal diet alters the sensory qualities of human milk and the nursling s behavior. Pediatrics Oostinger, M., Bolhuis, J:E:, Van Den Brand, H., and Kemp, B. (2009). Prenatal Flavor Exposure Affects Flavor Recognition and Stress-Related Behavior of Piglets Chemical Senses. 34: Norel, S.A. CIF: A C/Jesús Aprendiz, 19 1º A y B, Madrid SPAIN norel@norel.es
6 Norel, S.A. CIF: A C/Jesús Aprendiz, 19 1º A y B, Madrid SPAIN norel@norel.es
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