Reports of Soybean Research Conducted in 2011 by the Entomology Project

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1 Reports of Soybean Research Conducted in 2011 by the Entomology Project Mo Way, Suhas Vyavhare, Becky Pearson and Mark Nunez Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, 1509 Aggie Dr., Beaumont, TX

2 Introduction In 2011, the Entomology Project (EP) conducted research on soybean seed treatments, host plant resistance, chemical control and basic biology of selected insect pests. Much of the research was aimed at the redbanded stink bug (RBSB), Piezodorus guildinii, which has become a serious pest of soybeans in Texas, particularly along the Upper Gulf Coast. In response to questions about the RBSB, the EP obtained a PhD graduate student, Suhas Vyavhare, who began his research last year. Suhas lived at the Beaumont Center during the soybean field season; thus, he spent much time on a daily basis conducting research on this exotic pest. Most of the Texas Soybean Board (TSB) funding the EP received in 2011 went to support Suhas research, but some of the funding also helped pay for other experiments, including labor. During the summer, the EP hires high school and college students to help with the heavy work load. A good portion of this labor was paid by TSB funds. In short, TSB funding was instrumental in providing the research results contained in the following reports which the EP believes will help Texas soybean farmers produce a more profitable and sustainable soybean crop. The EP is very appreciative of TSB support. Title Table of Contents Page Redbanded Stink Bug Research Soybean Host Plant Resistance...6 MG V Soybean Insecticide Screening...22 MG VI Soybean Insecticide Screening...37 MG VII Soybean Insecticide Screening...44 Syngenta Soybean Seed Treatment...53 Valent Soybean Seed Treatment...55

3 Redbanded Stink Bug Research 2011 Suhas Vyavhare, Mo Way and Raul Medina Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center 1509 Aggie Drive Beaumont, TX The redbanded stink bug (RBSB), Piezodorus guildinii Westwood, (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an emerging pest of soybeans in the southern states of the US. Since the 1960s, P. guildinii has spread across the US southern region and currently is found in South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas and Missouri. The geographic expansion of this exotic pest has dramatically increased in recent years. For example, since 2000, the RBSB rapidly spread across Louisiana, reaching all soybean growing areas in the state by 2006 (Davis et al. 2011). The RBSB has now emerged as the dominant stink bug species in Louisiana and Texas soybeans. The research was conducted at the Beaumont Center and outlying commercial soybean fields with the following objectives, 1) To quantify density/damage relationship(s) of RBSB in soybeans considering soybean plant response at particular growth stages to varying densities of stink bugs. 2) To determine the association between RBSB feeding and occurrence of flat pod syndrome in soybeans 3) To determine relative abundance and composition of stink bug species attacking soybean fields along the Upper Gulf Coast of Texas Objective 1: To quantify density/damage relationship(s) of RBSB in soybeans considering soybean plant response at particular growth stages to varying densities of stink bugs. Materials and methods: Experiments were conducted at the Beaumont Center in the field and in pots. Pot study: MG VI soybeans (AG 6730) were planted on May 27, 2011 in 25 gal buckets (16 inch diameter) filled with sandy loam soil found at the Beaumont Center. Buckets were placed outside and watered regularly, so soil moisture was not a limiting factor. Soybeans were thinned to 3 plants per bucket during the seedling stage. Weeds were controlled by hand and with glyphosate (1% concentration by volume). Plants were sprayed with Karate Z at 0.03 lb ai/a and Methyl Parathion 4E at 20 gm/gal of water in order to protect soybean plants from any kind of insect damage prior to infesting with RBSB. When soybeans approached R3, cylindrical, wire mesh cages were placed over plants in selected buckets. Zero, 4 and 8 RBSB adults (collected from the field on the same day of infestation) were placed in selected cages and kept for 3 days. Plants were inspected daily and dead RBSBs replaced. There were four replications for each treatment (each bucket served as a replication for a particular treatment). After 3 days of infestation, cages 1

4 and insects were removed and plants were sprayed repeatedly with Orthene 90S to insure no further insect activity/damage. These materials and methods were repeated for growth stages R4 and R5. Controls were not infested at any of the plant growth stages. At maturity, plants were hand-harvetsed, threshed and seeds weighed and inspected for damage. In addition, filled and unfilled pods were counted and weighed. Field study: Similar materials and methods were employed for the field experiment, except plants were grown directly in the field under irrigation. From different rows of soybeans, 3 plants were selected randomly (3 plants/foot of row) at R5, R6, and R7 stages. Similar cages and stink bug densities were employed as in the pot study. A single cage enclosing 3 plants represented a single replication of a particular treatment. There were 4 replications of each treatment. RBSB densities were 0, 4, and 8 adults/cage. Results---pot study Numbers of fully developed pods varied significantly among treatments. Numbers of fully developed pods were significantly reduced when plants at the R4 stage were infested with 4 RBSB/cage. Percentage of fully developed pods was significantly higher in control plants and also in R5 stage plants at a density of 8 RBSB/cage (Fig. 1). Though the number of flat pods was highest when plants were infested at the R4 stage, the differences were not statistically significant among any of the treatments (Fig. 2). A A AB AB AB AB B For example: R5-8 = R5 infested with 8 RBSB; R3-4 = R3 infested with 4 RBSB Bars showing same letters are not significantly different at 0.05 (LSD) Figure 1: Percent fully developed pods 2

5 A A A A A A A For example: R3-8 = R3 infested with 8 RBSB; R5-4 = R5 infested with 4 RBSB Bars showing same letters are not significantly different at 0.05 (LSD) Figure 2: Percent flat pods Objective 2: To determine the association between RBSB feeding and occurrence of flat pod syndrome in soybeans Materials and methods: MG VI soybeans (AG 6730) were planted in the field under irrigation at the Beaumont Center on May 27, Weeds were controlled by hand and with glyphosate (1%.concentration by volume). Plants were sprayed with Karate Z at 0.03 lb ai/a and Methyl Parathion 4E at 20 gm/gal in order to protect the plants from any kind of insect damage prior to infesting with RBSB. About 10 days before infestation, plants were kept free of any insecticide application to avoid any residual effect. When soybeans approached R4-5, plants of uniform height were selected and field-collected RBSB were confined to certain portions of the plants (bottom, top, or both) using specially designed cages isolating these portions of the plants. We wanted to determine if a substance or agent associated with RBSB feeding is translocated through the plant to cause flat pod syndrome. The top 2 internodes of the plant were considered as the top portion and the rest of the plant as the bottom portion. RBSB were restricted to specific portions of the plant with the help of cages. Overall, there were 4 treatments: infestation of only the top portion, infestation of only the bottom portion, infestation of both top and bottom portions, and a control without any infestation. Two field-collected RBSB adults were placed in each cage. Infestation was maintained for 3 days after which cages were removed; plants were then repeatedly sprayed with Orthene 90S to avoid further insect damage/activity. At maturity, pods were harvested separately from each plant portion and flat and fully developed pods were counted. 3

6 Results---field study: This experiment produced very interesting results about RBSB feeding and occurrence of flat pod syndrome. There was a relationship between feeding by RBSB at an early stage of pod development and production of flat pods. Flat pods are a result of direct feeding by RBSB and the damage was localized to the area of feeding. When only the top portion of the plant was infested, flat pods were present only in that particular portion (Fig. 3). When the bottom portion of the plant was infested, the number of flat pods was significantly higher in the bottom portion only. Similarly, when both portions of the plant were infested, no significant difference was observed in numbers of flat pods between the top and bottom portions of the plant. On the other hand, total numbers of flat pods were least in the control treatment (uninfested). In the control treatment, no significant difference was observed between the top and bottom portions of the plant in terms of number of flat pods. The presence of a few flat pods in the control treatment shows there may be other factor(s) involved in the production of flat pods (in addition to RBSB feeding). However, RBSB feeding, especially during early pod development, was associated with the production of flat pods in soybeans. Since flat pods were largely restricted to areas of feeding by RBSB, production of flat pods was not associated with an agent or substance introduced by RBSB and translocated through the plant. *indicates significant difference at 0.05 NS indicates no significant difference at 0.05 Figure 3: Number of flat pods in response to infestation of RBSB on particular plant portions. 4

7 Objective 3: To determine relative abundance and composition of stink bug species attacking soybeans in Texas Materials and methods: Densities of stink bug species were monitored during 2011 in commercial soybean fields along the Upper Gulf Coast of Texas. Soybean fields were sampled at weekly intervals throughout the reproductive stages of the crop. Study fields were located in Jefferson, Matagorda, Colorado, and Liberty Counties. Sampling began in mid-june and continued weekly through early October with 5 sets of 25 sweeps (15 inch diameter sweep net) taken at random locations in each soybean field on each sample date. After collecting, stink bugs were placed in zip-lock bags and brought to the lab where they were separated by species and counted. Only adults were counted. Results: As noted previously, the geographic distribution of this exotic pest has dramatically increased in recent years. Results of our soybean field survey revealed the RBSB and the green stink bug were the most abundant stink bug species (Fig.4). Out of total number of captured major stink bug species, RBSB and green stink bug accounted for 30% each while southern green and brown stink bugs accounted for 22 and 18%, respectively. Before 2000, RBSB was not present in numbers to be considered a pest, but in recent years, it has increased significantly. Historically, dominant stink bug species were southern green stink bug and green stink bug, but now there is a shift in composition and abundance of stink bug species in soybeans on the Upper Gulf Coast of Texas. Figure 4: Stink bug species composition in Texas soybeans (Upper Gulf Coast) during

8 III II I North Soybean Host Plant Resistance Beaumont, TX 2011 PLOT PLAN 37 S61-Q2 25 S61-Q2 13 Jake 1 Jake 38 97M M50 14 C C S78-G6 27 S78-G6 15 HBK HBK AG AG DP7870RR 4 DP7870RR 41 C C M M50 42 Jake 30 Jake 18 S61-Q2 6 S61-Q2 43 DP7870RR 31 DP7870RR 19 AG AG S78-G6 32 S78-G6 20 HBK HBK C C M M50 46 AG AG HBK HBK DP7870RR 35 DP7870RR 23 S61-Q2 11 S61-Q2 48 Jake 36 Jake 24 S78-G6 12 S78-G6 Plot size = 4 rows x 30 ft Shaded plots treated Agronomic and Cultural Information Experimental design: Split plot with 4 replications; main plot = genotype (97M50, AG6730, DP 7870 RR, HBK C5941, HBK R7028, Jake, S61-Q2 and S78-G6); sub plot = untreated or treated Planting: Plot size: Planted test (8 varieties, treated and untreated for insects, with 3 replications) on Jun 12 (8 viable seeds/ft); seed coated with bacterial inoculant to promote nitrogen fixation Plot size = 4 rows, 30 inch row spacing, 30 ft long Herbicide: 0.75 oz/a, Glyfos 1.5 qt/a and Dual 2.5 pt/a were applied pre-emergence on Jun 15 with a tractor-mounted spray tank and boom at 33 gpa final spray volume. Irrigation: Fertilizer: None None 6

9 Treatments: Treated plots sprayed with Orthene 1 lb/a applied with a 2-person hand-held spray boom (13- No. 2 cone nozzles, 50 mesh screens, 15 gpa final spray volume) on Aug 19 and Aug 30 Treated plots sprayed with Endigo 5 fl oz/a on Sep 23 Sampling: Stink bugs and Lepidoptera caterpillars (a few) observed on Aug 19 Sampled soybeans for insects (12 sweeps/plot) on Aug 26; C5491, DP7870RR, HBK 7028, S78-G6 and R2/3; R3; Jake and R3/4 (stage of growth from rep 1) Sampled soybeans for insects (12 sweeps/plot) on Aug 31; AG6730, S78-G6 and R3; R3/4; C5491, HBK 7028, Jake and S61- R4/5 (stage of growth from rep 2) Sampled soybeans for insects (12 sweeps/plot) on Sep R6, row 3 Took pictures on Oct 11 Harvest: Plots harvested as they matured (Oct 13 Nov 4) Size harvested plot = 2 rows, 30 inch row spacing, 30 ft long Data analysis: Insect counts transformed using means separated by LSD. x 0.5 ; all data analyzed by ANOVA and Discussion Insect-protected (T) plots were sprayed three times to control Lepidoptera defoliators, stink bugs and threecornered alfalfa hoppers. These applications effectively controlled these pests (Tables 4, 8, 10, 12 and 14). Highest populations of pest insets were collected in untreated plots on Sep 30 (Tables 11 14) when soybeans in all T plots were R6. Populations of Lepidoptera defoliators were relatively low Sep 30, but RBSB populations were moderate to high (as many as 10.7 per 12 sweeps in untreated plots of HBK C5941). On this date, untreated plots of 97M50, DP 7870 RR, HBK R7028 and Jake had the fewest RBSB (3 or less per 12 sweeps). However, no significant interaction was detected which means all varieties responded similarly to the treatments. Thus, results suggest all varieties in the experiment exhibited the same level of susceptibility to RBSB. S78-G6 produced the highest yields in both treated and untreated plots (31.1 and 19.1 bu/a, respectively) (Table 1). However, the difference in yield between treated and untreated plots was great (12 bu/a). AG6730 was most affected by insect pressure (17.1 bu/a difference between treated and untreated plots). Across varieties, treated plots outyielded untreated plots 11.2 bu/a (Table 2). This shows the value of controlling insect pests. If cost of spraying is $15/A per application (3 applications = $45) and the price of soybeans is $13/bu ($13 x 11.2 = $145.60), then net profit is $100.60, if results of this experiment are extrapolated. Across varieties, seed quality and test weight were significantly improved by controlling insects. Note, this experiment was not irrigated. Also note, all untreated plots, regardless of variety, exhibited delayed maturity due to stink bug damage. DP 7870 RR exhibited the least yield reduction (6.6 bu/a) between treated and untreated plots. In addition, untreated plots of DP 7870 RR produced high quality seed (1.7 rating), so, DP 7870 RR warrants further study, as does S78-G6. 7

10 Table 1. Mean yield data for soybean host plant resistance. Beaumont, TX Variety Treatment a (bu/a) (bu/a) (1 5) (lb/bu) Yield T U Seed quality b Test wt. 97M50 T M50 U AG6730 T AG6730 U DP 7870 RR T DP 7870 RR U HBK C5941 T HBK C5941 U HBK R7028 T HBK R7028 U Jake T Jake U S61-Q2 T S61-Q2 U S78-G6 T S78-G6 U a T = treated 3 times (Aug 19, 30 and Sep 23); U = untreated b Seed quality: 1 = excellent; 5 = very poor 8

11 Table 2. Statistical analysis of data in Table 1. Beaumont, TX Yield Seed quality a (bu/a) (1 5) Test weight (lb/bu) Main plot: 97M bc 56.1 AG bc 55.2 DP 7870 RR c 56.1 HBK C a 51.4 HBK R bc 55.4 Jake ab 54.0 S61-Q abc 55.2 S78-G abc 54.5 Sub plot: Treated b 25.5 a 1.7 b 56.7 a Untreated 14.3 b 3.0 a 52.8 b Interactions: Variety x P = treatment a Seed quality: 1 = excellent; 5 = very poor b T = treated 3 times (Aug 19, 30 and Sep 23); U = untreated Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05, ANOVA, LSD) 9

12 Table 3. Mean lepidopterous larvae and stink bug data per 12 sweeps on Aug 26 for soybean host plant resistance. Beaumont, TX Variety Trt. a Lepidopterous larvae Stink bugs SL b GCW b VBC b Total SGSB b RBSB b BSBs b Total 97M50 T M50 U AG6730 T AG6730 U DP 7870 RR T DP 7870 RR U HBK C5941 T HBK C5941 U HBK R7028 T HBK R7028 U Jake T Jake U S61-Q2 T S61-Q2 U S78-G6 T S78-G6 U a T = treated with Orthene 1 lb/a on Aug 19; U = untreated b SL = soybean looper; GCW = green cloverworm; VBC = velvetbean caterpillar; SGSB = southern green stink bug; RBSB = redbanded stink bug; BSBs = brown stink bugs 10

13 Table 4. Statistical analysis of data from Table 3. Beaumont, TX Variety Lepidopterous larvae Stink bugs SL a GCW a VBC a Total SGSB a RBSB a BSBs a Total Main plot: 97M AG DP 7870 RR HBK C HBK R Jake S61-Q S78-G Sub plot: Treated b b 0.2 b b b Untreated a 0.9 a a a Interactions: Variety x P = treatment a SL = soybean looper; GCW = green cloverworm; VBC = velvetbean caterpillar; SGSB = southern green stink bug; RBSB = redbanded stink bug; BSBs = brown stink bugs b Treated = treated with Orthene 1.0 lb ai/a on Aug 19 Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05, ANOVA, LSD) 11

14 Variety Trt. a Table 5. Mean misc. insect data data per 12 sweeps on Aug 26 for soybean host plant resistance. Beaumont, TX alfalfa hopper Big-eyed bug Spiders Threecornered 97M50 T M50 U AG6730 T AG6730 U DP 7870 RR T DP 7870 RR U HBK C5941 T HBK C5941 U HBK R7028 T HBK R7028 U Jake T Jake U S61-Q2 T S61-Q2 U S78-G6 T S78-G6 U a T = treated with Orthene 1 lb/a on Aug 19; U = untreated 12

15 Table 6. Statistical analysis of data from Table 5. Beaumont, TX Threecornered alfalfa Variety hopper Big-eyed bug Spiders Main plot: 97M b 0.5 AG b 0 DP 7870 RR b 1.3 HBK C a 0.8 HBK R b 1.0 Jake b 0.3 S61-Q b 0.2 S78-G b 0.7 Sub plot: Treated a b Untreated a Interactions: Variety x P = treatment a Treated = treated with Orthene 1.0 lb ai/a on Aug 19 Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05, ANOVA, LSD) 13

16 Table 7. Mean lepidopterous larvae and stink bug data per 12 sweeps on Aug 31 for soybean host plant resistance. Beaumont, TX Variety Trt. a Lepidopterous larvae Stink bugs SL b GCW b VBC b Total SGSB b RBSB b BSBs b Total 97M50 T M50 U AG6730 T AG6730 U DP 7870 RR T DP 7870 RR U HBK C5941 T HBK C5941 U HBK R7028 T HBK R7028 U Jake T Jake U S61-Q2 T S61-Q2 U S78-G6 T S78-G6 U a T = treated with Orthene 1 lb/a on Aug 30; U = untreated b SL = soybean looper; GCW = green cloverworm; VBC = velvetbean caterpillar; SGSB = southern green stink bug; RBSB = redbanded stink bug; BSBs = brown stink bugs 14

17 Table 8. Statistical analysis of data from Table 7. Beaumont, TX Variety Lepidopterous larvae Stink bugs SL a GCW a VBC a Total SGSB a RBSB a BSBs a Total Main plot: 97M AG DP 7870 RR HBK C HBK R Jake S61-Q S78-G Sub plot: Treated b b 0 b 0.2 b 0 0 b b Untreated a 0.7 a 1.3 a a a Interactions: Variety x P = treatment a SL = soybean looper; GCW = green cloverworm; VBC = velvetbean caterpillar; SGSB = southern green stink bug; RBSB = redbanded stink bug; BSBs = brown stink bugs b Treated = treated with Orthene 1.0 lb ai/a on Aug 30 Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05, ANOVA, LSD) 15

18 Variety Trt. a Table 9. Mean misc. insect data data per 12 sweeps on Aug 31 for soybean host plant resistance. Beaumont, TX alfalfa hopper Grasshoppers Leafhoppers Spiders Threecornered 97M50 T M50 U AG6730 T AG6730 U DP 7870 RR T DP 7870 RR U HBK C5941 T HBK C5941 U HBK R7028 T HBK R7028 U Jake T Jake U S61-Q2 T S61-Q2 U S78-G6 T S78-G6 U a T = treated with Orthene 1 lb/a on Aug 30; U = untreated 16

19 Table 10. Statistical analysis of data from Table 9. Beaumont, TX Threecornered Variety alfalfa hopper Grasshoppers Leafhoppers Spiders Main plot: 97M AG DP 7870 RR HBK C HBK R Jake S61-Q S78-G Sub plot: Treated a 0.2 b 0.1 b 0.3 b 0.0 b Untreated 3.4 a 0.5 a 0.8 a 1.3 a Interactions: Variety x P = treatment a Treated = treated with Orthene 1.0 lb ai/a on Aug 30 Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05, ANOVA, LSD) 17

20 Table 11. Mean lepidopterous larvae and stink bug data per 12 sweeps on Sep 30 for soybean host plant resistance. Beaumont, TX Variety Trt. a Lepidopterous larvae Stink bugs SL b GCW b VBC b Total GSB b RBSB b BSBs b Total 97M50 T M50 U AG6730 T AG6730 U DP 7870 RR T DP 7870 RR U HBK C5941 T HBK C5941 U HBK R7028 T HBK R7028 U Jake T Jake U S61-Q2 T S61-Q2 U S78-G6 T S78-G6 U a T = treated with Endigo 5 fl oz/a on Sep 23; U = untreated b SL = soybean looper; GCW = green cloverworm; VBC = velvetbean caterpillar; GSB = green stink bug; RBSB = redbanded stink bug; BSBs = brown stink bugs 18

21 Table 12. Statistical analysis of data from Table 11. Beaumont, TX Variety Lepidopterous larvae Stink bugs SL a GCW a VBC a Total GSB a RBSB a BSBs a Total Main plot: 97M AG DP 7870 RR HBK C HBK R Jake S61-Q S78-G Sub plot: Treated b b 0.1 b 0.3 b b b Untreated a 1.1 a 2.6 a a a Interactions: Variety x P = treatment a SL = soybean looper; GCW = green cloverworm; VBC = velvetbean caterpillar; GSB = green stink bug; RBSB = redbanded stink bug; BSBs = brown stink bugs b Treated = treated with Endigo 5 fl oz/a on Sep 23 Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05, ANOVA, LSD) 19

22 Variety Trt. Table 13. Mean misc. insect data data per 12 sweeps on Sep 30 for soybean host plant resistance. Beaumont, TX Banded alfalfa hopper beetle bug Spiders bugs a Threecornered cucumber Big-eyed Assassin 97M50 T M50 U AG6730 T AG6730 U DP 7870 RR T DP 7870 RR U HBK C5941 T HBK C5941 U HBK R7028 T HBK R7028 U Jake T Jake U S61-Q2 T S61-Q2 U S78-G6 T S78-G6 U a T = treated with Endigo 5 fl oz/a on Sep 23; U = untreated 20

23 Table 14. Statistical analysis of data from Table 13. Beaumont, TX Banded Variety Threecornered alfalfa hopper cucumber beetle Big-eyed bug Spiders Main plot: 97M AG DP 7870 RR Assassin bugs HBK C HBK R Jake S61-Q S78-G Sub plot: Treated a 0.5 b 0 b 0 b 0 b 0.0 b Untreated 7.2 a 0.6 a 0.2 a 0.5 a 0.5 a Interactions: Variety x P = treatment a Treated = treated with Endigo 5 fl oz/a on Sep 23 Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05, ANOVA, LSD) 21

24 Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Insect Pests in an MG V Soybean Insect Nursery Beaumont, TX 2011 PLOT PLAN North IV NA III NA NA II NA I NA 52 NA NA NA 58 NA NA 29 NA 36 NA 43 NA 50 NA 57 NA Plot size = 4 rows, 30 inch row spacing, trimmed to 40 ft long, with 1 buffer row between plots Variety = Jake TREATMENTS AND RATES Treatment no. Description (fl oz/a) 1 HGW86 + MSO % v/v 2 HGW86 + MSO % v/v 3 HGW86 + MSO % v/v 4 HGW86 + Steward + MSO % v/v 5 Steward Leverage NIS a % v/v 7 Leverage + COC b % v/v 8 Baythroid XL + Orthene 90S lb/a 9 Baythroid XL Karate Z Endigo ZC 4 12 Untreated --- a NIS = non-ionic surfactant b COC = crop oil concentrate 22

25 Agronomic and Cultural Information Experimental design: Randomized complete block with 12 treatments and 4 replications Planting: Plot size: Herbicide: Planted Jake (MG V) on Jun 12; seed coated with bacterial inoculant to promote nitrogen fixation 4 rows, 30 inch row width, trimmed to 40 ft after emergence 0.75 oz/a First, 1.5 qt Glyfos Xtra and 2.5 pt/a Dual II Magnum were applied pre-emergence on Jun 15 with a tractor-mounted spray tank and boom at 33 gpa (final spray volume). Treatments: Treatments 1-11 were applied with a 2-nozzle hand-held spray boom (no. 2 cone nozzles on 30 inch centers, 20 gpa) on Sep 20. Sampling: R6 and on Sep sweeps/plot on row 1 on Sep 21 (1 day after treatment, R6 15 sweeps/plot on row 2 on Sep 23 (3 R6 15 sweeps/plot on row 3 on Sep 27 (7 R6/7 15 sweeps/plot on row 4 on Oct 4 (14 R7 Data analysis: Insect counts transformed using means separated by LSD. x 0.5 ; all data analyzed by ANOVA and Discussion Populations of pest insects did not begin increasing to treatable numbers until mid- September. Thus, treatments were applied September 20 when soybean plants were R6. At 1 DAT, low/moderate levels of redbanded stink bug (RBSB) were collected from untreated plots (Table 1). None of the HGW86 treatments controlled RBSB. No RBSB were collected from Leverage COC, Baythroid XL + Orthene 90S and Karate Z treatments. All treatments provided control of green cloverworm (GCW) (Table 2). Steward, Leverage NIS and Leverage COC treatments provided 100% control of GCW. HGW86 + MSO treatments did not control threecornered alfalfa hopper (TCAH), but the addition of Steward to this tank-mix appeared to increase control (Table 3). Karate Z and Endigo ZC treatments provided 100% control of TCAH. At 3 DAT, again, low/moderate levels of RBSB were collected from untreated plots (Table 4). Best control was provided by Leverage 360, Baythroid XL alone and with Orthene 90S, Karate Z and Endigo ZC treatments. Also, the tank-mix of HGW86 + Steward + MSO also appeared to provide control. All treatments gave good control of low populations of soybean looper (SL), moderate populations of GCW and low populations of velvetbean caterpillar (VBC) (Table 5). Best control of TCAH was provided by Leverage 360, Baythroid XL alone and with Orthene 90S, Karate Z and Endigo ZC treatments (Table 6). At 7 DAT, best control of moderate populations of RBSB was provided by the same treatments as listed in the above paragraph---leverage 360, Baythroid XL alone and with 23

26 Orthene 90S, Karate Z and Endigo ZC treatments (Table 7). Results were similar to those in the above paragraph for control of Lepidoptera pests (Table 8). Best control of TCAH was provided by Leverage 360, Baythroid XL alone and with Orthene 90S and Endigo ZC treatments (Table 9). At 14 DAT, data were highly variable and/or populations of RBSB and Lepidoptera were low, so significant differences in control among treatments were not detected (Tables 10 and 11). Soybeans at this time were nearing maturity (R7). For TCAH, Leverage 360, Baythroid XL alone and with Orthene 90S, Karate Z and Endigo ZC treatments controlled TCAH. Since this experiment was not irrigated, the severe drought at the Beaumont Center (as well as all of SE Texas) resulted in the decision not to harvest plots. Estimated yields of all plots were less than 5 bu/a. The variety planted in this experiment was Jake which performed well in 2010 at the Beaumont Center. Jake may be very susceptible to drought. In conclusion, the best treatments for RBSB control were Leverage 360 (regardless of the addition of COC or NIS), Baythroid XL alone and with Orthene 90S, Karate Z and Endigo ZC treatments. All of the insecticidal treatments provided good control of Lepidoptera. The addition of Steward to the lowest rate of HGW86 did not appear to increase Lepidoptera efficacy compared to the same rate of HGW86 alone. Differences in levels of Lepidoptera control as a function of HGW86 rate were not detected (lowest rate gave similar control as highest rate). Treatments containing pyrethroids gave best control of TCAH. 24

27 Table 1. Mean stink bug data in 15 sweeps per plot 1 day after treatment for MG V soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Southern Redbanded Brown Treatment (fl oz/a) green A a N a T a A N T Total HGW86 + MSO % v/v ab 3.25 a a HGW86 + MSO % v/v ab 2.75 ab a HGW86 + MSO % v/v a 4.0 a a HGW Steward + MSO 0.25% v/v abc 2.0 abc abc Steward bcd 1.0 bcd bcd Leverage NIS a 0.25% v/v bcd 0.75 cd bcd Leverage COC b % v/v d 0 d d Baythroid XL Orthene 90S 0.33 lb/a d 0 d d Baythroid XL d 0.5 cd bcd Karate Z d 0 d cd Endigo ZC cd 0.5 cd cd Untreated ab 2.25 abc ab NS NS NS NS NS a A = adults; N = nymphs; T = total Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly (NS) different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 25

28 Table 2. Mean lepidopterous larvae data in 15 sweeps per plot 1 day after treatment for MG V soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Treatment (fl oz/a) Soybean looper Green cloverworm Velvetbean caterpillar Total HGW86 + MSO % v/v 0.5 bc 1.25 bc 1.0 abc 2.75 bc HGW86 + MSO % v/v 2.0 a 2.0 b 0.75 bcd 4.75 b HGW86 + MSO % v/v 0.5 bc 1.5 bc 1.75 a 3.75 b HGW Steward + MSO 0.25% v/v 0.5 bc 0.25 bc 0.25 cd 1.0 d Steward c 0 c 0 d 0 d Leverage NIS a % v/v 0 c 0 c 0 d 0 d Leverage COC b % v/v 0.75 bc 0 c 0 d 0.75 d Baythroid XL + Orthene 90S lb/a 0 c 0.5 bc 0 d 0.5 d Baythroid XL c 1.0 bc 0 d 1.0 d Karate Z bc 0.5 bc 0 d 1.0 d Endigo ZC c 0.5 bc 0.5 cd 1.25 cd Untreated ab 8.0 a 1.5 ab 11.0 a Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 26

29 Table 3. Mean misc. insect data in 15 sweeps per plot 1 day after treatment for MG V soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Banded Threecornered alfalfa hopper cucumber Treatment (fl oz/a) Adults Nymphs Total beetle HGW86 + MSO % v/v 2.5 ab abc 1.0 a HGW86 + MSO % v/v 1.0 a-d a-d 0.25 b HGW86 + MSO % v/v 3.25 ab abc 0.5 ab HGW Steward + MSO 0.25% v/v 0.75 bcd bcd 0 b Steward abc ab 0.25 b Leverage NIS a % v/v 0.5 cd a-d 0 b Leverage COC b % v/v 0.5 cd bcd 0 b Baythroid XL + Orthene 90S lb/a 0 d cd 0 b Baythroid XL d d 0 b Karate Z d 0 0 d 0 b Endigo ZC 4 0 d 0 0 d 0 b Untreated a a 1.0 a NS Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly (NS) different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 27

30 Table 4. Mean stink bug data in 15 sweeps per plot 3 days after treatment for MG V soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Southern Redbanded Brown Treatment (fl oz/a) green A a N a T a A N T Total HGW86 + MSO 0.25% v/v abc 2.0 abc 2.75 ab abc HGW86 + MSO 0.25% v/v a 0.75 cde 2.5 bc abc HGW86 + MSO 0.25% v/v ab 4.0 a 5.25 a a HGW Steward + MSO 0.25% v/v 0 0 c 0.75 cde 0.75 de de Steward c 1.5 bcd 1.5 bcd bcd Leverage NIS a 0.25% v/v bc 0 e 0.25 de e Leverage COC b 1% v/v 0 0 c 0 e 0 e e Baythroid XL Orthene 90S 0.33 lb/a 0 0 c 0 e 0 e e Baythroid XL c 0.25 de 0.25 de e Karate Z bc 0.5 de 1.0 cde cde Endigo ZC c 0 e 0 e e Untreated bc 3.25 ab 3.5 ab ab NS NS NS NS a A = adults; N = nymphs; T = total Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly (NS) different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 28

31 Table 5. Mean lepidopterous larvae data in 15 sweeps per plot 3 days after treatment for MG V soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Treatment (fl oz/a) Soybean looper Green cloverworm Velvetbean caterpillar Total HGW86 + MSO % v/v 0 b 0 b 0 b 0 c HGW86 + MSO % v/v 0 b 0.25 b 0 b 0.25 bc HGW86 + MSO % v/v 0 b 0 b 0 b 0 c HGW Steward + MSO 0.25% v/v 0 b 0 b 0 b 0 c Steward b 0 b 0 b 0.25 bc Leverage NIS a % v/v 0 b 0 b 0 b 0 c Leverage COC b % v/v 0.25 b 0 b 0 b 0.25 bc Baythroid XL + Orthene 90S lb/a 0 b 0 b 0 b 0 c Baythroid XL b 0 b 0 b 0 c Karate Z b 0.25 b 0 b 0.75 b Endigo ZC 4 0 b 0.5 b 0 b 0.5 bc Untreated a a 3.5 a a Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 29

32 Table 6. Mean threecornered alfalfa hopper data in 15 sweeps per plot 3 days after treatment for MG V soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Threecornered alfalfa hopper Treatment (fl oz/a) Adults Nymphs Total HGW86 + MSO % v/v 4.5 a a HGW86 + MSO % v/v 3.5 ab abc HGW86 + MSO % v/v 4.5 a a HGW86 + Steward + MSO % v/v 1.0 bc bcd Steward a ab Leverage NIS a % v/v 0.25 c de Leverage COC b % v/v 0 c de Baythroid XL + Orthene 90S lb/a 0 c 0 0 e Baythroid XL c cde Karate Z c cde Endigo ZC c cde Untreated ab abc NS Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly (NS) different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 30

33 Table 7. Mean stink bug data in 15 sweeps per plot 7 days after treatment for MG V soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Redbanded Brown Treatment (fl oz/a) A a N a T a A N T Total HGW MSO 0.25% v/v b 1.5 bcd bcd HGW MSO 0.25% v/v b 1.5 abc abc HGW MSO 0.25% v/v ab 2.25 ab ab HGW Steward % v/v MSO b 1.25 bcd bcd Steward b 1.25 bcd bcd Leverage NIS a 0.25% v/v 0 0 b 0 d d Leverage COC b 1% v/v b 0.5 bcd bcd Baythroid XL Orthene 90S 0.33 lb/a b 0.25 cd cd Baythroid XL b 0 d d Karate Z b 0.75 bcd bcd Endigo ZC b 0.25 cd cd Untreated a 4.25 a a NS NS NS NS a A = adults; N = nymphs; T = total Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly (NS) different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 31

34 Table 8. Mean lepidopterous larvae data in 15 sweeps per plot 7 days after treatment for MG V soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Treatment (fl oz/a) Soybean looper Green cloverworm Velvetbean caterpillar Total HGW86 + MSO % v/v b 0 b 0.25 bc HGW86 + MSO % v/v 0 0 b 0 b 0 c HGW86 + MSO % v/v 0 0 b 0 b 0 c HGW Steward + MSO 0.25% v/v 0 0 b 0 b 0 c Steward b 0 b 0 c Leverage NIS a % v/v b 0 b 0.25 bc Leverage COC b % v/v b 0 b 1.25 b Baythroid XL + Orthene 90S lb/a 0 0 b 0 b 0 c Baythroid XL b 0 b 0.5 bc Karate Z b 0 b 1.0 bc Endigo ZC b 0.25 b 0.5 bc Untreated a 3.75 a 10.0 a NS Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly (NS) different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 32

35 Table 9. Mean misc. insect data in 15 sweeps per plot 7 days after treatment for MG V soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Threecornered alfalfa hopper Treatment (fl oz/a) Adults Nymphs Total Grasshoppers HGW86 + MSO % v/v 4.25 ab a 0 b HGW86 + MSO % v/v 3.75 ab ab 0 b HGW86 + MSO % v/v 6.25 a a 0 b HGW Steward + MSO 0.25% v/v 1.5 b-e bcd 0 b Steward ab ab 0 b Leverage NIS a % v/v 0 e 0 0 d 0 b Leverage COC b % v/v 0.75 cde cd 0 b Baythroid XL + Orthene 90S lb/a 0.25 de cd 0.25 b Baythroid XL de d 0 b Karate Z bcd abc 0 b Endigo ZC de d 0.5 ab Untreated abc abc 0.75 a NS Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly (NS) different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 33

36 Table 10. Mean stink bug data in 15 sweeps per plot 14 days after treatment for MG V soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Redbanded Brown Treatment (fl oz/a) A a N a T a A N T Total HGW MSO 0.25% v/v b HGW MSO 0.25% v/v b HGW MSO 0.25% v/v b HGW Steward % v/v MSO b Steward b Leverage NIS a 0.25% v/v b Leverage COC b 1% v/v b Baythroid XL Orthene 90S 0.33 lb/a b Baythroid XL b Karate Z b Endigo ZC b Untreated a NS NS NS NS NS NS a A = adults; N = nymphs; T = total Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly (NS) different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 34

37 Table 11. Mean lepidopterous larvae data in 15 sweeps per plot 14 days after treatment for MG V soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Treatment (fl oz/a) Soybean looper Green cloverworm Velvetbean caterpillar Total HGW86 + MSO % v/v HGW86 + MSO % v/v HGW86 + MSO % v/v HGW Steward + MSO 0.25% v/v Steward Leverage NIS a % v/v Leverage COC b % v/v Baythroid XL + Orthene 90S lb/a Baythroid XL Karate Z Endigo ZC Untreated Means in a column are not significantly different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 35

38 Table 12. Mean threecornered alfalfa hopper data in 15 sweeps per plot 14 days after treatment for MG V soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Threecornered alfalfa hopper Treatment (fl oz/a) Adults Nymphs Total HGW86 + MSO % v/v a a HGW86 + MSO % v/v 9.75 a a HGW86 + MSO % v/v 8.25 abc abc HGW Steward + MSO 0.25% v/v a a Steward ab ab Leverage NIS a % v/v 3.0 cd cd Leverage COC b % v/v 1.0 d d Baythroid XL + Orthene 90S lb/a 1.75 d d Baythroid XL bcd bcd Karate Z bcd cd Endigo ZC d d Untreated a a NS Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly (NS) different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 36

39 North MG VI Soybean Insecticide Screening Block 9N Beaumont, TX 2011 PLOT PLAN I II III IV Plot size: 4 rows, 30 inch row spacing, 20 ft long Variety: AG6730 Note: smaller numbers in italics are plot numbers TREATMENTS AND RATES Treatment no. Description (fl oz/a) 1 Belt SC 2 2 Belt SC 3 3 Cobalt Advanced 25 4 Untreated --- Agronomic and Cultural Information Planting: Planted AG6730 (4 treatments with 4 replications = 16 plots) on May 27 (8 viable seeds/ft) Emergence on Jun 3 Plot size: Herbicide: Irrigation: Fertilizer: Plot size = 4 rows, 30 inch row spacing, 20 ft long 0.75 oz/a and Dual II 2.5 pt/a were applied preemergence on May 27 with a tractor-mounted spray tank and boom at 33 gpa. Plots were flush irrigated as needed None 37

40 Treatments: Treatments 1 3 applied with a 2-nozzle hand-held spray boom (no. 2 cone nozzles on 30 inch centers, 20 gpa) on Sep 15 when insect populations began to increase. Sampling: V5 on Jun sweeps/plot on Sep 16 (1 DAT), Sep 20 (5 DAT), Sep 23 (8 DAT), Sep 30 (@ R6, 15 DAT) and Oct 11 (@ R7, 26 DAT) Discussion At 1 day after treatment (DAT), Belt SC and Cobalt Advanced treatments provided good control of green cloverworm (GCW) and velvetbean caterpillar (VBC) (Table 3). Populations of stink bugs were too low for meaningful evaluation 2, 5, 8 and 15 DAT (Tables 2, 5, 8 and 11). At 5 and 8 DAT, all treatments provided good control of all 3 Lepidoptera species (Tables 6 and 9). At 5 and 8 DAT, Cobalt Advanced significantly reduced threecornered alfalfa hopper (TCAH) populations (84 and 77% fewer TCAH, respectively, compared to the untreated) (Tables 7 and 10). Cobalt Advanced also gave excellent control of banded cucumber beetle (Table 10). At 15 DAT all treatments provided good control of low populations of GCW and VBC (Table 12). At 26 DAT populations of Lepidoptera had decreased to very low levels due to the late maturity (R7) of the soybeans. However, moderate populations of redbanded and brown stink bugs were found in untreated plots at this late date (Table 14). Data show all insecticide treatments reduced these stink bug populations. Data were highly variable because one untreated plot had very high populations of brown stink bug nymphs which had recently hatched from an egg mass. Yields were high and seed quality was good across all treatments (Table 1). The high yields were in large part due to irrigations. The average yield of the 3 insecticide treatments was 9.9 bu/a more than the untreated which is a significant difference statistically and economically. In conclusion, the higher rate of Belt SC appeared to provide slightly better control of soybean looper than the lower rate, but both rates were satisfactory. The Cobalt Advanced treatment provided the best control of all pest insects encountered in the experiment. Table 1. Mean yield data for MG VI soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Treatment (fl oz/a) Seed quality a (1 5) Yield b (bu/a) Belt SC a Belt SC a Cobalt Advanced a Untreated b NS a Seed quality: 1 = excellent, 5 = poor b Yield adjusted to 13% moisture Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly (NS) different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 38

41 Table 2. Mean stink bug data in 10 sweeps per plot 1 day after treatment for MG VI soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Redbanded Brown Treatment (fl oz/a) adults Adults Nymphs Total Total Belt SC Belt SC Cobalt Advanced Untreated Means in a column are not significantly different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) Table 3. Mean lepidopterous larvae data in 10 sweeps per plot 1 day after treatment for MG VI soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Treatment (fl oz/a) Soybean looper Green cloverworm Velvetbean caterpillar Total Belt SC b 0.5 b 9.75 b Belt SC b 1.5 b 6.5 c Cobalt Advanced c 0 b 2.25 d Untreated a 4.5 a 44.0 a NS Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly (NS) different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) Table 4. Mean misc. insect data in 10 sweeps per plot 1 day after treatment for MG VI soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Banded Threecornered alfalfa hopper cucumber Treatment (fl oz/a) Adults Nymphs Total beetle Belt SC ab Belt SC bc Cobalt Advanced c Untreated a NS NS NS Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly (NS) different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 39

42 Table 5. Mean stink bug data in 10 sweeps per plot 5 days after treatment for MG VI soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Southern green Redbanded Brown Treatment (fl oz/a) nymphs adults Adults Nymphs Total Total Belt SC Belt SC Cobalt Advanced Untreated Means in a column are not significantly different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) Table 6. Mean lepidopterous larvae data in 10 sweeps per plot 5 days after treatment for MG VI soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Treatment (fl oz/a) Soybean looper Green cloverworm Velvetbean caterpillar Total Belt SC b 0 b 0 b 2.0 b Belt SC 3 0 b 0 b 0 b 0 b Cobalt Advanced b 0 b 0.25 b 1.75 b Untreated a 23.0 a a a Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) Table 7. Mean misc. insect data in 10 sweeps per plot 5 days after treatment for MG VI soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Threecornered alfalfa hopper Treatment (fl oz/a) Adults Nymphs Total Assassin bug Belt SC a a 0.25 ab Belt SC a a 0 b Cobalt Advanced b b 0 b Untreated a a 0.75 a NS Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly (NS) different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 40

43 Table 8. Mean stink bug data in 10 sweeps per plot 8 days after treatment for MG VI soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Redbanded Brown Treatment (fl oz/a) A a N a T a A N T Total Belt SC Belt SC Cobalt Advanced Untreated a A = adults; N = nymphs; T = total Means in a column are not significantly different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) Table 9. Mean lepidopterous larvae data in 10 sweeps per plot 8 days after treatment for MG VI soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Treatment (fl oz/a) Soybean looper Green cloverworm Velvetbean caterpillar Total Belt SC b 0 b 0.5 b 1.75 b Belt SC b 0 b 0 b 0.5 b Cobalt Advanced b 0.25 b 0 b 2.0 b Untreated a a 9.0 a a Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) Table 10. Mean misc. insect data in 10 sweeps per plot 8 days after treatment for MG VI soybean insecticide screening experiment. Beaumont, TX Banded Threecornered alfalfa hopper cucumber Treatment (fl oz/a) Adults Nymphs Total beetle Belt SC a a 2.5 a Belt SC a a 3.25 a Cobalt Advanced b b 0 b Untreated a a 4.5 a NS Means in a column followed by the same or no letter are not significantly (NS) different (P = 0.05, ANOVA and LSD) 41

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