Evaluation of Sun and Oven-Dried Broiler Offal Meal as Replacement for Fishmeal in Broiler and Layer Rations

Transcription

1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (7): , 2006 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2006 Evlution of Sun nd Oven-Dried Broiler Offl Mel s Replcement for Fishmel in Broiler nd Lyer Rtions M.A. Isik*, C.A. Eneji nd E.A. Aging Deprtment of Animl Science, Fculty of Agriculture, University of Clr, Clr, Nigeri Astrct: Two feeding trils were conducted to determine the replcement vlue of roiler offl mel for fishmel, if it is processed y oven-drying in ddition to sun-drying. Fishmel ws replced t the rte of 0%, 50%, nd 100% with sun nd oven dried offl mel (SOBOM) in roiler nd lyer diets ech. While the roiler rtions hd 230g/kg crude protein nd 2906 Kcl/kg of metolizle energy, the lyer diets hd 175g/kg crude protein nd 2700 Kcl/kg of metolizle energy in completely rndomized designed experiment. The three tretments were replicted thrice in experiment I using 315 Ank 2000 roiler chicks, while experiment II hd 360, 32-week Lohmnn rown lyers. The irds were rndomly ssigned to three tretments with three replictes in ech group. The roiler results showed tht, the ody weight nd feed conversion rtio were significntly (P<0.05) superior in irds fed with fishmel thn those on SOBOM diets. However, in the lyers; hen-dy production, egg-size, shell thickness, feed intke nd feed conversion rtio were sttisticlly similr in ll groups. The study showed tht roiler offl mel ws inferior to fishmel in roiler performnce, ut ws comprle even t 100% replcement level for lyers performnce. Key words: Broiler offl, processing, fishmel, performnce, roilers, lyers Introduction The nutrient requirement for poultry emodies the use of niml protein sources, such s fishmel which enhnces feed qulity to ensure optimum production nd mximiztion of profit in the poultry enterprise. However, in most third world countries, including Nigeri such fet my not lwys e fesile ecuse of the scrcity nd high cost of imported feed ingredients such s fishmel which is the preferred niml protein source for poultry ecuse of the qulity nd lnce of its mino cid profile. The importtion of fishmel to ensure its vilility constitutes drin on these countries foreign exchnge reserve. Oluyemi nd Roerts (2000) sserted tht out 60-70% of the cost of poultry production is ttriuted to feeds. Further, criticl cost pprisl of poultry feed formule shows protein, especilly protein of niml origin, to e the most expensive per unit cost. Becuse of this precrious sitution, recycling poultry processing y-products nd other livestock processing wstes hve een extensively investigted in previous work (Hegedus et l., 1986; Heinz nd Sichtling, 1990; Fnimo, 1991 nd Isik et l., 2001). Fnimo (1991) nd Isik (1995) using simple low cost technologies, nd sun-drying methods which eliminted the use of expensive dryers nd ovens. The result of the tril indicted tht processed roiler offl mel ws poorer thn using fishmel s ingredient nd tended to worsen with incresing dietry percentge of the processed roiler offl mel. It ws suspected tht the result otined reflected the extent to which the ingredient ws dried nd drined of oils. The ltter might hve dversely ffected the protein-energy lnce of the diets, nd could e tht the ingredient ws not sufficiently dried. The present study ws, therefore, designed to determine whether the nutritionl potentils of the roiler offl mel could e improved y oven-drying in ddition to sundrying, efore using it s replcement for fishmel in two different feeding trils with roilers nd pullets. Mterils nd Methods The roiler offl used consisted of only intestines from tch of out 3,500, 9-week old roiler chickens slughtered in commercil roiler processing plnt. The slughter nd processing method minimized lood nd fether contmintion of the mterils. The offl ws cooked nd the ft frction extrcted y screw press processed roiler offl into mel nd sustituted in ddition to oils tht drined under het (Isik et l., sme for fishmel in pigs nd roiler rtions, 1999). The roiler offl ws initilly sun-dried SBOM, respectively. These uthors mde delierte effort to o (Fnimo, 1991) nd further oven-dried t 105 C for 24 enhnce cost-effectiveness y comintion of frying hours. The oven drying of the mterils ws undertken Corresponding Author: M.A. Isik, Deprtment of Animl Production nd Helth, Fculty of Agriculture, P O Luyengo Cmpus, University of Swzilnd, Swzilnd 646

2 Isik et l.: Sun nd Oven-Dried Broiler Offl Mel Tle 1: Composition nd nlysis of roiler experimentl diets Level of SOBOM in diets (g/kg) Ingredient 0% 50% 100% Mize Fish mel SOBOM Fixed ingredients Determined nutrient composition (g/kg) Crude protein Ether extrct Crude fier Met. Energy (Kcl/kg) Methionine (% of diet) Fixed ingredients in ech diet (%): Cotton seed cke, 3; Full ft Soy en mel, 31.5; Whet offl 12.5; Bone mel, 2; Oyster shell, 1; Minerl/Vitmin premix*, 0.25; Slt *Broiler vitmin minerl premix per kilogrmme of diet (Pfizer recommendtion). According to NRC (1994) Tle 2: Composition nd determined nlysis of lyer experimentl diets Level of SOBOM in diets (g/kg) Ingredient 0% 50% 100% Mize Fishmel SOBOM Fixed ingredients Determined nutrient composition (g/kg) Crude protein Ether extrct Crude fier Met. energy (kcl/kg) Methionine (% of diet) Lysine (% of diet) Fixed ingredients supplied in the Diet (%): Fullft soy en mel, 20; Whet offl 0.25; Cornrn, 13.15; Bone mel 2.5; Oyster shell, 8; Minerl/Vitmin premix*, 0.3; Slt *Lyer minerl-vitmin premix per kilogrmme of diet (Pfizer recommendtion). According to NRC, (1994) in its to chieve n effective drying. The dried offl ws then hmmer milled for mixing with other ingredients in the feed. Experiment 1: Three isonitrogenous diets were prepred with 231.4g/kg crude proteins nd 2915, 2906 nd 2887 Kcl/kg metolizle energy respectively s in Tle 1. The sun oven-dried roiler offl mel (SOBOM) replced 50% of the fishmel (FM) in diet 2, while it completely replced FM in diet 3. Diet 1 with 3% FM remined the control diet. Three hundred nd fifteen (315) one-week old Ank 2000 roiler chickens were rndomly divided into nine similr groups of thirty-five irds ech; three such replicte groups were llotted to ech rtion in completely rndomized experimentl design. The irds were rered on the conventionl deep litter system for eight weeks. The vccintions, ntiiotics nd routine mngement prctices for roiler in the tropics s outlined y Oluyemi nd Roerts (2000) were dopted. Body mss ws otined on weekly sis, nd the feed intke recorded every week s the difference etween the feed given nd the leftover. Experiment II: Three hundred nd sixty (360) 32-week old Lohmnn rown lyers were procured from commercil frm for the lyers study using similr diets s in roiler experiment with the sme replcement levels of SOBOM for fishmel. The crude protein of the diets ws 176g/kg with pproximtely 2700 Kcl/kg of metolizle energy in ech diet. The lyers were rndomly divided into nine groups of forty irds ech. Three groups were ssigned to ech tretment. The irds were housed in 2-ird comprtment cges, fed the experimentl diets, nd given wter d liitum for eight weeks. The Hen-dy production, egg-size, shell thickness, feed intke, feed conversion rtio nd mortlity records were kept. Proximte nlysis of experimentl diets, sun-dried roiler offl mel (SBOM) nd SOBOM were crried out using stndrd methods (AOAC, 1990). The mino cid composition of SOBOM ws determined y high performnce liquid chromtogrphy (Knure, Germny) fter cid digestion (Nestres et l., 1993). All the dt collected were sujected to one-wy nlysis of vrince nd significnt differences mong the tretment mens were seprted using Duncn multiple rnge test (Steel nd Torrie, 1980). Results nd Discussion The proximte composition of SBOM nd SOBOM on dry mtter sis is presented in Tle 3. The crude protein nd ether extrct of the SBOM nd SOBOM were 55.5 nd 57.6g/kg nd 23.4 nd 19.2g/kg, respectively which showed n increse in crude protein, ut decrese in the ft content of the smple on oven drying. Tle 4 shows the mino cids composition of SBOM nd SOBOM. In the experiment 1 the performnce of roiler fed rtions in which sun nd oven-dried roiler offl mel replced fishmel (Tle 5) showed tht the verge finl ody mss of the roilers ws significntly (P<0.05) higher in the control diet, while the 100% replcement of fishmel ws significntly (P<0.05) the worst. The verge weekly mss gin followed the sme trend. However, the verge weekly feed intke ws sttisticlly similr in ll the tretments. The feed conversion rtio ws significntly (P<0.05) superior in the control diet, followed y the 50% FM replced diet, while the 100% FM replced diet ws significntly (P<0.05) the lest converted. Mortlity did not show ny distinct pttern. The result of the lyer experiment is presented in Tle 6, which shows the performnce of irds fed rtions in which SOBOM replced fishmel. The result reveled hen-dy production, egg-size, shell thickness, feed intke nd feed conversion rtio to e sttisticlly 647

3 Isik et l.: Sun nd Oven-Dried Broiler Offl Mel Tle 3: Proximte composition of SBOM nd SOBOM (DM sis) Nutrient (%) SBOMS OBOM ±SEM Moisture content Dry mtter Crude protein Crude fier Extr extrct Ash N.F.E Tle 4: Amino cid composition of sun nd oven dried roiler offl mel Amino cids/g/6n SBOM SOBOM Arginine 2.43± ±0.22 Asprtic cid 3.89± ±1.20 Cystine 2.01± ±0.25 Glutmic cid 6.91± ±1.11 Glycine 2.34± ±0.06 Histidine 1.41± ±0.31 Isoleucine 1.92± ±0.02 Leucine 3.63± ±0.87 Lysine 2.23± ±0.04 Methionine 0.61± ±0.21 Phenyllnine 2.39± ±0.18 Serine 1.75± ±1.03 Threonine 1.63± ±0.04 Tryptophn 1.71± ±0.04 Tyrosine - - Vline 2.34± ±0.10 (P>0.05) similr mongst the tretment groups. The SOBOM proximte result compred with tht of the SBOM indicted n pprent increse in percentge crude protein nd sh, while decrese ws oserved in the percentge crude ft. Wheres further processing in the oven my hve incresed the Kjedhl nitrogen or crude protein content of the ingredient, the method did not show dverse effect on the other nutrients. AOAC (1990) sserted tht there is direct reltionship etween moisture content nd dry mtter, which implies tht s the processed smples in the study ecme more efficiently dried, there ws resultnt increse in dry mtter especilly the crude protein (3.96%) content. Further more the qulity of the dietry protein fed prior to slughtering of the irds my e importnt, so tht, if the offl ws collected under high dietry condition, the qulity of the gut content could proly increse the crude protein nd sh content especilly t further oven drying thn when sun-drying method lone ws used. The etter result otined from SOBOM diets could e ttriuted to the different nd evidently more efficient drying process dopted in the extrction of the ft frctions. The result is comprle to the work of Reddy (1988) who stted tht poultry offl mel contins considerle mount of ft which when thoroughly seprted enhnces the crude protein content. According to Al-Bustny (1988) nd Mohmmed et l. (1990) poultry y-product (PBP) nd poultry offl mel re rich sources of protein nd energy, good enough for poultry feeding nd tht stisfctory mel cn e produced from poultry slughter house yproducts y stndrdizing the processing conditions. Contrry to wht might e expected from the improved chemicl composition of SOBOM nd s in the previous work (Isik, 1995) roilers otining niml protein prtly from fishmel tended to grow fster thn those deriving it totlly from the offl mel. Since the diets were formulted to e isonitrogenous, ny defect in meeting the requirement for essentil nutrients ws to e esily detected, which ws the cse in the study with roilers, ut not lyers. The performnce of the roilers indicted the offl mel not to e perfect sustitute for the fishmel, in contrst to the lyers which were unffected y the sustitution. EL-Sheriny et l. (1998) reported tht poultry slughter house y-products nd poultry offl mels sustitution in roiler rtion yielded growth response tht compred fvorly with the control rtion. This however contrsted the findings in the current study which showed tht poultry offl mel, though rich source of nutrients, could not completely replce fishmel in roiler diets ut greed with some other reports (Anon, 1983 nd Mohmmed et l., 1990). Isik (1995) oserved tht roilers were dversely ffected t 100% roiler offl mel sustitution, presumly due to the method of drying which proly did not remove ll the wter nd oils therey decresing the protein nd mino cids content of the diets. In the present study, the improvement in the performnce of roilers in respect to the sustitution of fishmel with offl might hve risen from more efficient drying of the offl involving the use of the oven in ddition to sundrying. This possily incresed the overll nitrogen nd mino cid concentrtion nd lowered the ft content of the offl mel. The slight decrese in the dietry energy, which could e due to fll in SOBOM crude ft, my not necessrily hve much dverse effect, ut considered with other fctors, the effect my ecome noticele. Since the protein content of poultry met nd eggs is comprle in quntity nd qulity, growth rte nd egg production should e ffected in the sme mgnitude y dietry protein (Fileu et l., 1990). Perhps the mino cids requirement for egg production my e less thn tht for growth. But the requirement for mintennce nd production re greter for the lyers, lthough this is nullified y the greter requirement for movement y roilers mintined on deep litter. The difference in the results otined for oth the roilers nd lyers could e tht roilers eing fst growing, hve more fstidious nutritive requirement thn lyers. The SOBOM diets did not negtively ffect the mortlity rte in the study. The nutrients requirement for egg production ws oserved to e lower (Anonnymous, 1971) thn wht is ville in the SOBOM diets. In this respect, the 648

4 Isik et l.: Sun nd Oven-Dried Broiler Offl Mel Tle 5: Performnce of roilers on SOBOM diets Level of SOBOM in diets Level of SOBOM in diets Prmeter 0% 50% 100% ±SEM Avg. initil ody mss (g) c Avg. finl mss (g) c Avg. weekly mss gin (g) Avg. weekly feed intke (g) c Feed conversion rtio Mortlity (%) Mens ±SEM in the sme row differently superscripted re significntly (P<0.05) different. Tle 6: Performnce of lyers on SOBOM diets Level of SOBOM in diets (%) % 50% 100% ±SEM Hen-dy (%) Egg-size (g) Shell thickness (mm) Feed intke (g/dy/ird) Feed conversion rtio Mens ± SEM in the sme row for ech prmeter were not significntly (P>0.05) different requirements for methionine nd lysine re lower for the lyers. The view on the pttern of mino cid requirements in the study supports the ssertion (EL- Sheriny et l., 1989) tht the vried mino cids in poultry offl mel re sufficiently extensive to e considered in the formultion of poultry rtions. It lso indicted the dvntge of lncing dietry protein sed on ville mino cids. Consequently, the requirement of protein nd mino cids for production trget rther thn the effect of drying or SOBOM replcement for fishmel in poultry rtions should e of utmost concern. Though there ws no significnt difference in the performnce prmeters of the lyers, hen-dy production tended to e pprently higher in the control diet. But provided the SOBOM diets did not significntly depress the mesured production prmeters nd couple with the comprle nutrient content nd iovilility of the offl mel, it is indictive tht the ingredient hs high nutritionl potentil, more so when no mortlity ws recorded. The evidence gin, in this work showed tht the extent of dryness of roiler offl mel is decisive fctor in its nutritionl qulity. If drying equipment should e fricted, it drying effectiveness of the offl would need to e tested (Hen nd Prson, 1990). Conclusion: It is concluded from the study tht further oven- drying of roiler offl mel in ddition to sun-drying improves the nutritionl qulity of the ingredient. However, the performnce of the roiler chickens indicted tht SOBOM ws not perfect sustitute for fishmel, wheres in the cse of lyers, the ingredient proved stisfctory in meeting nutrient requirements nd this is of immense enefit prticulrly, if it use mkes egg production cost effective. References Anonymous, Nutrient requirement of poultry. The nutrient requirement of frm nimls (Ntionl th Reserch N.R.C. 6 edition. (Ntionl Acdemy Press, Wshington D. C.) pp: Anonymous, Wstes hndling offls nd mnure. World Poult. Sci., 11: A.O.A.C., Assocition of officil Anlyticl th Chemists. Officil Methods of Anlysis. 13 Edition. Wshington D.C. Al-Bustny, Z., Effect of the level nd source of dietry protein nd lysine on performnce nd egg qulity of different strin of lying hens. Unpulished Ph.D thesis, Uppsl, Sweden. El-Sheriny, A.E., M.A. Mohmmed, H. M Ali nd A.K Au- Ry, Using poultry slughterhouse yproduct mels to sustitute prt or ll of fishmel in roiler rtions. J. Agri. Sci., 13: El-Sheriny, A.E., M..A Mohmmed, H.M. Ali nd A.K. Au-Ry, True mino cid vilility of poultry slughterhouse y-product mels, fish mel nd soy en. J. Agri. Sci., 13: Fnimo, A.O., Sustitution of soy en nd niml y-products for fishmel in pig rtions. Unpulished Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Idn, Nigeri. Fileu, K., J. Sokrousiki, P. Popousko nd M. Kon, Formultion of feed for lying hens. Poult. Ast., Hen, J.K. nd C.M. Prson, Determintion of ville mino cid nd energy in lflf mel, fishmel nd poultry y-product mel y vrious methods. Poult. Sci., 69: Hegedus, M., J. Bokn nd E. Andrsofszky, The vlue of crude protein content nd in vitro pepsin disgestiility of ttoir y-product mels in the prediction of their ville protein. Act Veterinri, 37: Heinz, T. nd R. Sichtling, Nitrgen lnce nd digestiility teffs with roilers using yest nd yproducts of poultry slughtering. Teirenechr ung und. Filcterung, 16: Isik, M.A., Utiliztion of some roiler processing y-products in poultry feeds. UNpulised Ph.D Thesis. University of Idn, Idn, Nigeri. Isik, M.A., J.A. Oluyemi nd O.O. Mgere, Processing nd determintion of the nutrient compositions of roiler offl mel. Glol J. Pure nd Appl. Sci., 5: Isik, M.A., E.A Aging nd B.I. Okon, Determintion of the metolizle energy of roiler offl ft. J. Appl. Sci. Edu., 4:

5 Isik et l.: Sun nd Oven-Dried Broiler Offl Mel Mohmmed, M.A., A.E. El-Shiny, H.M. Ali nd A.K Aou-Ry, Bioville energy of poultry slughter house y-product mels, fishmel nd soyen mel using dult cockerels. J. Agri. Sci., 13: Nestres, T., M. Lopez-Jurdo, S. An nd M. Lopez- Fris, Nutritionl ssessement of two vegetle protein concentrtes in growing rts. J. Agri. Food Chem., 14: NRC, Nutrient requirements of poultry (Ntionl Acdemy Press, Wshington, DC), 155. Oluyemi, J.A. nd F.A. Roerts, Poultry production in wrm wet climtes. Mcmilln Press Ltd. 2 nd Edition. Spectrum Books Ltd. Idn, Nigeri. Reddy, V.R., Utiliztion of poultry y-products y poultry. Poult. Adv., 21: Steel, R.G.D nd J.H. Torrie, Principles nd Procedures of Sttistics: A iometricl pproch, Student Ed., McGrw-Hill, Int. Book Co. London. 650