ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION TO CORN AND SOYBEAN MEAL DIETS FOR BROILERS 1,2

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1 2001 Poultry Science Association, Inc. ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION TO CORN AND SOYBEAN MEAL DIETS FOR BROILERS 1,2 M. T. KIDD 3, G. W. MORGAN, JR., and C. J. PRICE 4 Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS Phone: (662) FAX: (662) mkidd@poultry.msstate.edu P. A. WELCH and E. A. FONTANA Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Feed Manufacturers SUMMARY Energy and protein nutrient specifications in broiler rations in the United States are primarily met with corn and soybean meal, respectively. Little has been done to improve the nutrient availability of corn or soybean meal because they are considered to be highly digestible. However, the energy availability of the carbohydrate portion of soybean meal in poultry is low. Research has indicated that dietary α-galactosidase improves the energy availability of soybean meal. We conducted this research to determine whether a dietary enzyme preparation containing α- galactosidase would improve growth performance or carcass attributes of broilers fed corn and soybean meal diets. Three thousand six hundred straight-run commercial broilers were fed diets with or without an enzyme preparation primarily containing α-galactosidase during periods of hot temperature conditions. Broilers in the enzyme-supplemented treatment had significantly reduced 1- to 49-d feed conversion and mortality. A subsequent battery chick trial showed no beneficial effects of the enzyme on growth performance of male chicks. Commercial broilers reared in hot temperature conditions that received corn- and soybean meal-based diets supplemented with α-galactosidase might have improved performance. Key words: Broiler, enzyme, α-galactosidase, energy DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM In many parts of the world, broiler diets contain enzymes to improve nutrient digestibility of grains with high levels of soluble fiber. Feed 2001 J. Appl. Poultry Res. 10:65 70 enzymes are not typically used in the United States to improve dietary energy or protein utilization because corn and soybean meal are highly digestible and provide the majority of these nutrients, respectively. However, soybeans contain 1 This is Journal Article Number J9677 from the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station supported by MIS Use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station of the products, nor similar ones not mentioned 3 To whom correspondence should be addressed 4 Current address: Sanderson Farms, Inc., Laurel, MS 39441

2 66 JAPR: Research Report oligosaccharides that have been shown to increase intestinal feed passage rate and decrease fiber digestion and TME n (nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy) of soybean meal in chickens [1]. The oligosaccharides in soybean meal consist of two α-galactosides (i.e., stachyose and raffinose) that cannot be metabolized in monogastric animals because they lack α-1,6 galactosidase enzyme activity in the intestinal mucosa [2]. Broilers fed corn- and soybean meal-based diets containing α-galactosidase enzymes might have improved energy utilization. Evaluating the efficacy of enzymes that may improve the energy availability of soybean meal warrants attention. Leske et al. [3] evaluated TME n of adult Leghorn roosters fed soy protein concentrate and found that adding stachyose and raffinose to the level of 80% of normal soybean meal resulted in a linear decrease of TME n. Knap et al. [4] evaluated the effect of α-galactosidase in diets containing soybean meal in adult Leghorn roosters and Arbor Acres broilers. Dietary addition of α-galactosidase improved TME n of Leghorns and feed conversion of broilers [4]. However, Irish et al. [5] evaluated the effect of α-galactosides of sucrose from soybean meal in white Leghorn roosters and broiler chicks fed corn and soybean meal diets and found that removal of up to 90% of the α-galactosides of sucrose did not improve the nutrient composition of soybean meal. Thus, research results on α-galactosidase in broilers vary. The objective of the research reported herein was to evaluate performance and carcass composition of commercial broilers fed TABLE 1. Experimental diets (%) fed to straight-run broilers from 1 to 49 d of age (Experiment 1) INGREDIENTS DAYS 1 TO 18 DAYS 19 TO 30 DAYS 31 TO 46 DAYS 47 TO 49 Corn Soybean meal Poultry fat Defluorinated P Limestone NaCl Alimet Choline chloride Monteban A Mineral premix B L-lysine HCl Vitamin premix C BMD-50 D Nitro-20 E CALCULATED COMPOSITION (% unless otherwise noted) ME, kcal/kg 3,128 3,164 3,233 3,242 CP TSAA F Lysine Threonine Available P Ca Na Cl A Narasin; Elanco, a Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN B Mineral premix provides (per kg of diet): Mn, 66 mg; Zn, 83 mg; Fe, 40 mg; Cu, 8.0 mg; I, 2.0 mg, and Se, 0.3 mg. C Vitamin premix provides (per kg of diet): Vitamin A (source unspecified) 8,820 IU; cholecalciferol, 2,756 IU; Vitamin E (source unspecified), 11 IU; menadione, 1.65 mg; B 12, 0.01 mg; riboflavin, 6.1 mg; niacin, 39 mg; D-biotin, 0.06 mg; pyridoxine, 1.7 mg; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 2.0 mg; d-pantothenic acid, 9.9 mg; calcium d-pantothenic acid, 10.8 mg; folic acid, 0.6 mg; thiamine, 1.7 mg; thiamine mononitrate, 1.8 mg; and ethoxyquin, 55 mg. D Bacitracin methylene disalicylate; ALPHARMA, Fort Lee, NJ E 3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid; ALPHARMA. F TSAA = total sulfur amino acids.

3 KIDD ET AL.: ENZYMES FOR BROILERS 67 TABLE 2. Experimental diet A fed to male chicks from 1 to 18 d of age (Experiment 2) INGREDIENT % Yellow corn Soybean meal (48% CP) Poultry fat 3.91 Limestone 1.69 Dicalcium phosphate 1.56 NaCl 0.46 DL-methionine 0.35 L-lysine HCl 0.10 Premix B 0.25 CALCULATED COMPOSITION (% unless otherwise noted) ME, kcal/kg 3,100 CP TSAA C 1.05 Lysine 1.28 Threonine 0.83 Available P 0.45 Ca 1.00 Na 0.20 Cl 0.34 A The liquid enzyme blend was sprayed on the experimental diet in mash form. B Premix provided the following (per kg of diet): vitamin A (vitamin A acetate), 7,718 IU; cholecalciferol 2,200 IU; vitamin E (source unspecified), 10 IU; menadione, 0.9 mg; B 12,11µg; choline, 379 mg; riboflavin, 5.0 mg; niacin, 33 mg; D-biotin, 0.06 mg; pyridoxine, 0.9 mg; ethoxyquin, 28 mg; manganese, 55 mg; zinc, 50 mg; iron, 28 mg; copper, 7 mg; iodine, 1 mg; and selenium, 0.2 mg. C TSAA = total sulfur amino acids. corn- and soybean meal-based diets with and without α-galactosidase. MATERIALS AND METHODS EXPERIMENT 1 Three thousand six hundred 1-d-old Peterson Arbor Acres broilers (straight-run) were obtained from a commercial hatchery. The hatchery vaccination program included Marek s virus, Newcastle, and infectious bronchitis. All chicks were wing-banded and randomly distributed into 72 floor pens (50 chicks per pen). Each floor pen provided 0.85 ft 2 per bird and contained one-bell shaped waterer, one hanging tube feeder, one brooding light, and built-up softwood shavings. The litter was top-dressed with 0.5 in new pine shavings prior to chick placement. Broilers received incandescent light: Day 0 to 3, 24 hr; Day 4 to 20, 12 hr; Day 21 to 25, 14 hr; Day 26 to 32, 16 hr; and Day 33 to 49, 19 hr. All broilers received four nutritionally complete diets [6] from placement until 49 d of age (Table 1). The starter diet was provided in crumble form, and subsequent diets were pelleted. Two treatments were administered from 1 to 49 d of age and consisted of the experimental diets (36 replications per treatment) or post-pellet enzyme application to the experimental diets (36 replications per treatment). The liquid enzyme treatment contained 112 g/ton KEM- ZYME C/S for broilers [7] diluted with 888 g potable water and sprayed directly on postpelleted feed as it passed through a vertical mixer. The enzyme treatment consisted of a liquid blend primarily containing α-galactosidase activity. However, other enzyme activities present in the enzyme treatment were α-amylase, β-glucanase, protease, xylanase, and cellulase. Enzyme additives to the experimental diets were verified by analysis. Pen weights and feed consumption data were obtained at 1, 28, 42, and 49 d of age. Mortality data and the weight of dead birds were recorded throughout the experiment. Feed was removed from pens after final pen weights were obtained for 12 hr prior to processing. Seven male broilers per pen were selected at random for processing. Male broilers were transported to the pilot processing plant and held in coops up to 2 hr. Broilers were bled for 1.5 min by severing the jugular vein, scalded in hot water for 1.5 min, and defeathered in a rotary picker for 0.5 min. Broilers were eviscerated manually and placed in an ice bath for 24 hr. Cold carcasses of 5 males per pen were weighed and cone deboned to obtain Pectoralis major and minor weights. EXPERIMENT 2 Day-old male Ross Ross 308 chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and randomly assigned to compartments (3.51 ft 2 )ina Petersime battery brooder. Eight chicks were placed in each of 16 pens providing 0.44 ft 2 per bird. Treatments consisted of chicks receiving a mash starter diet (Table 2) that met or exceeded NRC [6] nutrient specifications or the mash starter diet treated with enzymes (112 g/ton KEMZYME C/S for broilers. Pen weights were obtained at Days 1 and 18. Feed consumption

4 68 JAPR: Research Report TABLE 3. Live performance and carcass characteristics broilers fed diets with or without post-pellet enzyme application (Experiment 1) TREATMENT A PARAMETER B CONTROL ENZYME SEM P Day 28 BW, kg Day 49 BW, kg to 28 d FCR to 49 d FCR to 49 d AFCR Mortality, % Carcass yield, C % Breast yield, D % A Treatments represent the experimental diets with or without application of a post-pellet enzyme preparation primarily containing α-galactosidase activity. B FCR = feed conversion ratio; AFCR = feed conversion ratio adjusted for BW of birds that died. C Carcass yield represents chilled carcass weight expressed as a percentage of live BW at processing. D Breast yield represents Pectoralis major and minor weight expressed as a percentage of live BW. data and mortality were recorded throughout the experiment. Dead bird weight was used to adjust feed consumption data. All data from Experiments 1 and 2 were analyzed using the General Linear Models procedure of SAS [8]. Mortality data were transformed by square root prior to analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of enzyme supplementation to corn- and soybean meal-based diets on broiler performance. In Experiment 1, we used straightrun Peterson Arbor Acres broilers, and, in Experiment 2, we used male Ross Ross 308 chicks. Average 49-d BW of broilers in Experiment 1 was kg (Table 3) compared with the NRC [6] projected 49-d BW of kg. The NRC-projected 21-d chick weight for males is 686 g vs. average 18-d chick weights in Experiment 2 of 515 g (Table 4). Body weights of TABLE 4. Chick performance as affected by dietary enzymes (Experiment 2) broilers in Experiment 1 were below expectations because broilers experienced continuous periods of hot temperature conditions (Table 5). Although amino acids, vitamins, and minerals met or exceeded NRC [6] guidelines in Experiment 2 (Table 2), dietary CP (22%) and ME (3,100 kcal/kg) concentrations in Experiment 2 were lower than NRC [6] levels, which might have marginally reduced chick growth. Chicks receiving enzyme supplementation from placement until 28 d of age had no improvements in BW or feed conversion (Table 3). Similarly in Experiment 2, chicks fed diets containing enzyme supplementation up to 18 d of age had no improvement in daily BW gain or feed conversion (Table 4). Our results are not in agreement with Knap et al. [4], who supplemented α-galactosidase to corn (58%) and soybean meal (36%) diets fed to Arbor Acres broilers from 1 to 21 d of age and noted improvements in BW gain and feed conversion. In addition, α-galactosidase additions to diets containing al- TREATMENT A PARAMETER CONTROL ENZYME SEM P Feed intake, g bird d BW gain, g bird d Feed gain, g/g Mortality, % A Treatments represent the experimental diet with or without an enzyme preparation primarily containing α-galactosidase activity.

5 KIDD ET AL.: ENZYMES FOR BROILERS 69 TABLE 5. Average weekly temperatures of the experimental facility in Experiment 1 A WEEK HIGH LOW ( C) A Temperatures were recorded at three locations in the experimental facility secured approximately 2 ft above bird level. ternate vegetable protein sources (lupins) has resulted in improved chick performance [9]. However, Irish et al. [5] noted no beneficial effects of α-galactosidase on the nutrient composition of soybean meal in Hubbard Hubbard broiler chicks. The contrasting results of chick research with α-galactosidase may be due to the level of α-galactosidase activity and the chicks ability to hydrolyze α-galactosidase. Moreover, the growth potential of the broilers in Experiment 1 might have been maximized by the nutrient content of the diet. Feed conversion, but not BW, was significantly improved in broilers fed enzyme supplementation from placement until 49 d of age (Table 3). Treatment differences in carcass composition did not occur. Research with α- galactosidase in growing and finishing broilers fed corn and soybean meal diets is sparse. Body weight gain and feed conversion in broilers from 1 to 42 d of age were improved in broilers fed corn and soybean meal diets containing α-galactosidase over birds fed identical diets without α-galactosidase [4]. Improvements in feed conversion in Experiment 1 may be attributable to improved energy availability in soybean meal caused by α-galactosidase supplementation. However, minor activities of other enzymes (αamylase, β-glucanase, protease, xylanase, and cellulose) were present in the enzyme preparation, which might have further improved nutrient availability (e.g., energy and amino acids). Broilers receiving the enzyme-supplemented diet had significantly less (13.12 vs. 7.01%) mortality (Table 3). Although mortality was not autopsied, 42.7% of all mortality occurred during a 3-d period when average house temperature was 38 C. Thus, most mortality observed in Experiment 1 was due to hot temperature conditions. The reduction in mortality through enzyme supplementation might have been related to improved nutrient availability. Hence, the α- galactosidase activity might have provided more energy, thus satisfying the birds increased energy need for maintenance caused by panting during periods of hot temperature. However, the enzyme preparation s ability to liberate amino acids cannot be ruled out, as amino acid balance becomes most important in birds reared in hot temperature conditions [10]. CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. Broiler chicks receiving corn and soybean meal diets supplemented with an enzyme preparation primarily containing α-galactosidase did not have improved live performance. 2. Finishing commercial broilers receiving enzyme-supplemented corn and soybean meal diets may have reduced feed conversion and mortality, especially during periods of hot temperature conditions. REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. Coon, C.N., K.L. Leske, O. Akavanichan, and T.K. Cheng, Effect of oligosaccharide-free soybean meal on true metabolizable energy and fiber digestion in adult roosters. Poult. Sci. 69: Gitzlemann, R., and S. Auricchio, The handling of soy alpha-galactosidase by a normal and galactosemic child. Pediatrics 36: Leske, K.L., C.J. Jevene, and C.N. Coon, Effect of oligosaccharide additions on nitrogen corrected true metabolizable energy of soy protein concentrate. Poult. Sci. 72: Knap, I.H., A. Ohmann, and N. Dale, Improved bioavailability of energy and growth performance from adding alphagalactosidase (from Aspergillus sp.) to soybean meal-based diets. Pages In: Proc. Aust. Poult. Sci. Symp., Sydney, Australia.

6 70 JAPR: Research Report 5. Irish, G.G., G.W. Barboud, H.L. Classen, R.T. Tyler, and M.R. Bedford, Removal of the α-galactosides of sucrose from soybean meal using either ethanol extraction or exogenous α- galactosidase and broiler performance. Poult. Sci. 74: National Research Council, Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC. 7. Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA. 8. SAS Institute, SAS User s Guide: Statistics. Version 7.0. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. 9. Brenes, A., R.R. Marquardt, W. Guenter, and B.A. Rotter, Effect of enzyme supplementation on the nutritional value of raw, autoclaved, and dehulled lupins (Lupinus albus) in chicken diets. Poult. Sci. 72: Waldroup, P.W., R.J. Mitchell, Jr., R. Payne, and K.R. Hazen, Performance of chicks fed diets formulated to minimize excess levels of amino acids. Poult. Sci. 55: Assistance by J.B. Yeatman, C.D. Zumwalt, and C.D. Schultz is greatly appreciated. Technical assistance by F.L. Brinkhaus is acknowledged.