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1 Supplementary Figures a b c d PDI activity in % ERp72 activity in % ERp activity in % e ΔRFU min ERp7 activity in % 1 1 Supplementary Figure 1. Selectivity of the bepristat-mediated augmentation of dieosin-gssg reductase activity. (a) The effect of 3 µm bepristats on di-eosin-gssg cleavage was evaluated for full-length PDI (n=3) and augmentation was quantified. In contrast, bepristats did not augment activity of (b) ERp (n=3), (c) ERp7 (n=3), (d) ERp72 (n=3) in the same assay. (e) When no enzyme was added, bepristats failed to augment the cleavage of di-eosin-gssg by DTT (n=4). Lack of activity of the bepristats when used with other thiol isomerases demonstrates the selectively of their augmenting effect on PDI catalytic activity. Data are mean + SEM from three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett s post test: p < ; p < 1;, non significant.

2 Veh NEM Q3R Bp1a Bp2a PAC Bacitr Veh NEM Q3R Bp1a Bp2a PAC Bacitr Veh NEM Q3R Bp1a Bp2a PAC Bacitr Veh NEM Q3R Bp1a Bp2a PAC Bacitr Veh NEM Q3R Bp1a Bp2a PAC Bacitr Supplementary Figure 2. Original images of representative immunoblot of MPB-binding (n=3-6) of PDI (a), ERp (b), ERp7 (c), TRX (d) and BSA (e) as shown in figure 2C. Results using vehicle (Veh), N-ethylamine (NEM), quercetin-3-rutinoside (Q3R), bepristat 1a (Bp1a), bepristat 2a (Bp2a), PACMA-31 (PAC), and bacitracin (Bacitr) are shown. 2

3 a b c d Fold difference PDI NEM Q-3-R PACMA-31 Bacitracin 1. e Fold difference ERp NEM Q-3-R PACMA-31 Bacitracin 1. Fold difference ERp NEM Q-3-R PACMA-31 Bacitracin Fold difference TRX 1.. Fold difference BSA 1.. NEM Q-3-R PACMA-31 Bacitracin NEM Q-3-R PACMA-31 Bacitracin Supplementary Figure 3. Bacitracin and PACMA-31 non-selectively bind to free sulfhydryls on thiol isomerases. (a) PDI, (b) ERp, (c) ERp7, (d) thioredoxin, or (e) BSA were incubated with vehicle, 3 µm NEM, 1 µm quercetin-3-rutinoside, 1 µm bepristat 1a, 1 µm bepristat 2a, 1 µm PACMA-31 or 1 µm bacitracin prior to exposure to MPB. Samples were then analyzed by SDS-PAGE and MPB was detected by Cy-labeled streptavidin. Fluorescence corresponding to MPB binding was quantified using ImageQuant 4 analysis software. Values represent mean fluorescence + SEM (n = 3-6). One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni s post test: p < 1, NEM vs bepristat 1a, NEM vs bepristat 2a; p <, PACMA-31 vs bepristat 1a, PACMA-31 vs bepristat 2a; p <, bacitracin vs bepristat 1a, bacitracin vs bepristat 2a;,non significant. 3

4 MFI Bep1b Bep2a Supplementary Figure 4. Bepristats do not affect P-selectin expression. P-selectin expression in response to 2 µm of the PAR-1 activating peptide, SFLLRN, was monitored by flow cytometry following exposure of platelets to vehicle control (black) or 4 µm bepristat 1b (red) or bepristat 2a (blue). Values represent mean + SEM from three independent experients. One-way ANOVA was performed, showing no significant difference between the three conditions (p =.84). 4

5 a" b" c" OD 6 nm.1 OD 6 nm.1 OD 6 nm Time (sec) Time (sec) Time (sec) 3 µm 3 µm Diluted to 3 µm DTT 6 µm 6 µm Diluted to 6 µm DTT 3 µm 3 µm Diluted to 3 µm DTT Supplementary Figure. Reversibility of bepristats. Reversibility of inhibition of reductase activity of recombinant PDI by either (a) bepristat 1a, (b) bepristat 2a, or (c) PACMA-31 was evaluated by 1-fold dilution of a mixture of 3 µm bepristat 1a, 6 µm bepristat 2a or 3 µm PACMA-31 and monitoring in the insulin turbidimetric assay. Values represent mean data + SEM.

6 kda$ 7# # 3# # Supplementary Figure 6. PDI fragments. SDS-PAGE analysis of PDI and PDI fragments used in these studies..3 OD 6 nm OD 6 nm.2.1 Time (min) 1 T 6

7 8 6 b'x b'x I272A RFU Wavelength in nm Supplementary Figure 7. ANS fluorescence is blocked in the I272A mutant. ANS was incubated with either vehicle alone, wild-type b'x domain, or a b'x domain mutant in which isoleucine 272 was mutated to alanine. The I272A mutation inhibited ANS fluorescence. 7

8 b" Proteinase)K) ProteinaseK 3m 2m 3)min) 2)min) a Bepristat1a Bepristat2a 1m 1)min) m )min) 1m 2m 1)min) 2)min) ) Bepristat) Bepristat2a 38 2A) b xa abb d" Bepristat 1b Bepristat) Bepristat1a 1A) PDI kda 3 Bepristat1a 1. Bepristat2a C397-C4.6.4 PDI c" Fluorescence 1-3 b xa A) d" PDI 1-4 b xa d" [GSH] /[GSSG], M 1-1 [GSH] /[GSSG], M a a' m )min) 1m 2m 1)min) 2)min) kda 4 38 Bepristat 4 2b a C397-C4 1-4 f" 1 a' C397-C Supplementary Figure 8. Original images of f" representative silver stained gels of abb x.4 Bepristat following proteinase K digestion (n=3 for2b all conditions) in the presence of vehicle (a), Bepristat 1a bepristat 1a (b) or bepristat 2a (c). C397-C4 C397-C4.8 Wavelength(nm) Wavelength(nm) e" 1 kda Bepristat 1b 1 1 Fluorescence 2A).4 1 Bepristat) Bepristat2a.2 7 ) 1A) 1m 2m 1)min) 2)min) Proteinase)K) ProteinaseK 1m 2)min) 3m 2m 3)min) 1)min) Bepristat) Bepristat1a.6 abb C397-C4.8 m )min).6 C397-C4.8 cb" Bepristat1a 1. Bepristat2a Bepristat 1b f" Bepristat ) Bepristat2a.6.6 Proteinase)K) ProteinaseK 3m 2m 3)min) 2)min) a" e" C397-C4 1A).8 Wavelength(nm) Wavelength(nm) c" 1 Bepristat) Bepristat1a abb m 1)min) ) C397-C bb" a" Wavelength(nm) Wavelength(nm) a a' 8

9 a b Supplementary Figure 9. Differential cysteine alkylation and mass spectrometry of PDI. (a) Reduced disulfide bond cysteines in PDI were alkylated with 12 C-IPA and the oxidized cysteine thiols with 13 C-IPA following reduction with DTT. One or both of the reduced disulfide bond cysteines can be labeled with either alkylator. The ratio of 12 C- IPA to 13 C-IPA alkylation represents the proportion of the disulfide bonds in the population that are in the reduced state. (b) Tandem mass spectrum of the WT PDI CGHCKALAPEY peptide containing the Cys3 and Cys6 catalytic dithiol/disulfide. The top panel is an example of the 12 C-IPA-alkylated peptide and the bottom panel the 13 C- IPA-alkylated peptide. Both Cys3 and Cys6 are alkylated in these examples. The accurate mass spectrum of the peptide is shown in the inset (observed [M+2H]2+ = m/z and expected [M+2H]2+ = m/z; observed [M+2H]3+ = m/z and expected [M+2H]2+ = m/z). 9

10 PDI Active-site disulfide E o', mv No Addition a (Cys3-Cys6) -26 ± 37 a' (Cys397-Cys4) -26 ± 36 + bepristat 1a a (Cys3-Cys6) -29 ± 6 a' (Cys397-Cys4) -21 ± 72 + bepristat 2b a (Cys3-Cys6) -21 ± 48 a' (Cys397-Cys4) -2 ± 8 SupplementaryTable 1. Redox potential of PDI in the presence of bepristats.the calculated equilibrium constants based on results shown in Fig. were used to determine the standard redox potentials from equation 2 in Methods. 1

11 Supplementary Methods P-Selectin expression P-selectin expression, a marker of platelet activation, was monitored by flow cytometry. Washed human platelets (2. x 1 8 platelets / ml), prepared as described above, were incubated with 4 µm of bepristat 1b, 4 µm of bepristat 2a, or vehicle control. After exposure to 2 µm of SFLLRN, µl of PE-conjugated CD62P (BD Biosciences) was added to µl of the platelet sample. Fluorescence and forward scatter measurements were performed using a Gallios Flow Cytometer (Beckman Coulter). The data was analyzed using Kaluza software and Graphpad Prism.. 12

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