Use words from the box to complete Figure 1 by putting the parts of the body in order of size from smallest to largest.

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1 1 The human body is organised to carry out many different functions. (a) Use words from the box to complete Figure 1 by putting the parts of the body in order of size from smallest to largest. The smallest one has been done for you. (b) The stomach is made of different types of tissue. Draw one line from each type of stomach tissue to the correct description. (3) Page 1 of 30

2 (c) Animals can react to their surroundings because they have nervous systems. A student investigated the behaviour of small animals called woodlice. The student set up the investigation as shown in Figure 2. The student covered one half of a Petri dish with black paper to make that side of the Petri dish dark. The other side had no cover. The student put five woodlice into each side of the dish and then put the clear Petri dish lid back on the dish. Figure 2 After 30 minutes, all the woodlice had moved to the dark side of the Petri dish. Page 2 of 30

3 (i) In this investigation, what is the stimulus that the woodlice responded to? (ii) In this investigation, what is the response that the woodlice made? (iii) The student concluded that woodlice prefer dark conditions. Give two ways in which the student could improve the investigation to be sure that his conclusion was correct (Total 9 marks) Page 3 of 30

4 2 The diagram below shows the parts of the body that digest and absorb food. It also shows some details about the structure of the stomach. (a) Complete the table to show whether each structure is an organ, an organ system or a tissue. For each structure, tick ( ) one box. Structure Organ Organ system Tissue Stomach Cells lining the stomach Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestine (b) (i) The blood going to the stomach has a high concentration of oxygen. The cells lining the stomach have a low concentration of oxygen. Complete the following sentence. Oxygen moves from the blood to the cells lining the stomach by the process of.... Page 4 of 30

5 (ii) What other substance must move from the blood to the cells lining the stomach so that respiration can take place? Draw a ring around the correct answer. glucose protein starch (iii) In which part of a cell does aerobic respiration take place? Draw a ring around the correct answer. cell membrane mitochondria nucleus (Total 5 marks) 3 The diagram below shows the human digestive system. (a) (i) What is Organ A? Draw a ring around the correct answer. gall bladder liver stomach Page 5 of 30

6 (ii) What is Organ B? Draw a ring around the correct answer. large intestine pancreas small intestine (b) Digestive enzymes are made by different organs in the digestive system. Complete the table below putting a tick ( ) or cross ( ) in the boxes. The first row has been done for you. Organ producing enzyme salivary glands stomach pancreas small intestine amylase Enzyme lipase protease (c) The stomach also makes hydrochloric acid. How does the acid help digestion? Page 6 of 30

7 (d) Draw one line from each digestive enzyme to the correct breakdown product. Digestive enzyme Breakdown products Amylase breaks down starch into Lipase breaks down fats into Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids. bases. fatty acids and glycerol. sugars. (3) (Total 8 marks) Page 7 of 30

8 4 The villi of the small intestine absorb the products of digestion. The diagram shows two villi. It also shows parts of some of the surface cells of a villus, as seen with an electron microscope. Describe and explain how the villi are adapted to maximise the rate of absorption of the products of digestion. Page 8 of 30

9 (Total 5 marks) 5 The drawings show the structure of three types of blood vessel, A, B and C. They are drawn to the scales indicated. (a) Name the three types of blood vessel. A... B... C... (3) (b) Describe the job of blood vessel B (Total 5 marks) Page 9 of 30

10 6 (a) (i) Name the red pigment found in red blood cells.... (ii) Describe, in detail, the function of this red pigment (b) Describe one other way in which the structure of a red blood cell is different from the structure of a white blood cell (Total 4 marks) 7 The diagram shows part of the human digestive system. Page 10 of 30

11 (a) Name the parts of the digestive system labelled A, B, C and D. A... B... C... D... (4) (b) A student has eaten a steak for dinner. The steak contains protein and fat. (i) Describe how the protein is digested. (3) (ii) Explain two ways in which bile helps the body to digest fat. (4) (c) A group of students investigated the action of salivary amylase. The students: collected a sample of salivary amylase put a different ph solution and 5 cm 3 of a food substance in each of 6 test tubes added 1 cm 3 of salivary amylase to each of the 6 test tubes recorded the amylase activity after 10 minutes. Page 11 of 30

12 The results are shown in the table. ph Amylase activity in arbitrary units (i) Name the food substance that amylase breaks down. (ii) Suggest what happens to the breakdown of this substance when food reaches the stomach. Use information from the table to help you to answer this question. (3) (Total 15 marks) Page 12 of 30

13 8 (a) List A gives four structures in the human body. List B gives the functions of some structures in the body. Draw a straight line from each structure in List A to the correct function in List B. List A Structure List B Function Surround and protect the lungs Alveoli Filter the blood Veins Carry blood towards the heart Villi Absorb digested food Ribs Allow oxygen to enter the blood (4) (b) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. diffusion. In the lungs, oxygen enters the blood from the air by filtration. respiration. (Total 5 marks) Page 13 of 30

14 9 A person did five different activities in turn. These activities needed increasing amounts of energy. For each activity two measurements were made. These were the rate of contraction of the left ventricle and its stroke volume (the volume of blood pumped at each beat). From these measurements the cardiac volume was calculated. Some of these results are shown in the table and the bar chart. Activity Sitting upright Slow walking Moderate walking Fast walking Running Rate of contraction of left ventricle in beats per minute Cardiac output in cm 3 per minute (a) (i) Describe how a person can count the rate of beating of the left ventricle..... Page 14 of 30

15 (ii) Calculate the rate of ventricle contraction in beats per minute when the person was walking slowly. Show clearly how you work out your final answer Rate of ventricle contraction... beats per minute. (iii) The pattern of results for stroke volume shows an anomalous result when the person is running. In what way is it anomalous?.... (iv) There was a change in cardiac output when the person s movement changed from fast walking to running. How did the heart produce this change?.... (b) Over a period of time, regular exercise can strengthen the heart muscle. This change in the heart muscle enables a person to run for longer before lactic acid build up occurs. Explain the reason for this (Total 7 marks) Page 15 of 30

16 10 The image below shows some cells in the lining of the stomach. (a) (i) Use words from the box to name structures A and B. cell membrane chloroplast cytoplasm vacuole A... B... (ii) What is the function of the nucleus? Tick ( ) one box. To control the activities of the cell To control movement of substances into and out of the cell To release energy in respiration Page 16 of 30

17 (b) Draw one line from each part of the human body to its correct scientific name. Part of human body Scientific name Layer of cells lining the stomach Stomach Mouth, stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas An organ An organism An organ system A tissue (3) (Total 6 marks) Page 17 of 30

18 11 Fresh milk is a mixture of compounds including lipid, protein and about 5% lactose sugar. Lactose must be digested by the enzyme lactase, before the products can be absorbed. Lactase can be added to fresh milk to pre-digest the lactose. This makes lactose-free milk, which is suitable for people who do not produce enough lactase of their own. A student investigated the effect of changing ph and temperature on the digestion of lactose in milk. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 Effect of ph Table 2 Effect of temperature ph Time taken to digest lactose in minutes Temperature in C Time taken to digest lactose in minutes No digestion (a) The label on a carton of lactose-free milk states: Lactase is normally produced in the stomach of mammals. The results in Table 1 suggest that this statement is not true. Explain how. Page 18 of 30

19 (b) Explain, as fully as you can, the results shown in Table 2. (3) (c) Bile is produced in the liver and is released into the small intestine. Bile helps the digestion of lipid in the milk. Describe how. (Total 7 marks) 12 Gas exchange takes place in the lungs. The diagram shows an alveolus next to a blood capillary in a lung. The arrows show the movement of two gases, A and B. Page 19 of 30

20 (a) (i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. diffusion. Gases A and B move by osmosis. respiration. (ii) Gas A moves from the blood to the air in the lungs. Gas A is then breathed out. Name Gas A. (iii) Which cells in the blood carry Gas B? Draw a ring around the correct answer. platelets red blood cells white blood cells (b) The average number of alveoli in each human lung is 280 million. The average surface area of 1 million alveoli is 0.25 m 2. Calculate the total surface area of a human lung. Answer... m 2 (c) An athlete trains to run a marathon. The surface area of each of the athlete s lungs has increased to 80 m 2. Give one way in which this increase will help the athlete. (Total 6 marks) Page 20 of 30

21 13 Our lungs help us to breathe. The image below shows the human breathing system. (a) (i) Name part A. (ii) Give one function of the ribs. (b) (i) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence. active transport diffusion osmosis Oxygen moves from the air inside the lungs into the blood by the process of.... (ii) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence. arteries capillaries veins Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood through the walls of the.... Page 21 of 30

22 (iii) Inside the lungs, oxygen is absorbed from the air into the blood. Give two adaptations of the lungs that help the rapid absorption of oxygen into the blood (Total 6 marks) 14 Malignant tumours are called cancers. (a) Describe how a tumour can spread to different parts of the body. Page 22 of 30

23 (b) Survival rates for people with cancer have improved a lot. Some people who are alive 10 years after diagnosis are considered to be cured. The figure below shows data for people diagnosed with cancer in 1961 and Look at the data in the figure above for skin cancer. Calculate the percentage increase in the survival rate of people diagnosed with skin cancer in 1961 compared to Give your answer to three significant figures. Survival rate increase =... % Page 23 of 30

24 (c) Look at the data in the figure above for bowel and prostate cancer. Compare the survival rates for bowel and prostate cancer. Suggest reasons for the comparisons you have made. (4) (Total 8 marks) 15 Figure 1 shows a diagram of the human heart. Figure 1 (a) Name parts A and B. A... B... Page 24 of 30

25 (b) What is the function of blood vessel C? Tick one box. To take blood from the heart around the body To take blood from the body to the heart To take blood from the heart to the lungs To take blood from the lungs to the heart (c) Coronary heart disease (CHD) develops when layers of fatty material build up in the coronary artery. One treatment for CHD is to insert a stent into the coronary artery. Figure 2 shows a stent in a coronary artery. Figure 2 Explain why the stent helps to prevent a heart attack. (4) Page 25 of 30

26 (d) Look at the table below. Country Number of deaths from CHD per population per year Amount of fruit and vegetables eaten in kg per person per year A B C D E Plot the missing bars for countries D and E on Figure 3. Use data from the table above. Figure 3 Page 26 of 30

27 (e) People in country B are more likely to die from CHD than people in country E. How many more times as likely are people to die from CHD in country B than in country E? (f) A student concluded: The factor that causes CHD is not eating enough fruit and vegetables. Evaluate the student s conclusion. Use data from Figure 3, and your own knowledge, in your answer. (6) (Total 16 marks) 16 When an organism grows, new cells are produced by cell division. (a) What type of cell division happens to produce new body cells? Tick one box. Differentiation Meiosis Mitosis Page 27 of 30

28 (b) Why can cancers grow very large? Tick one box. Cancer cells are specialised Cell division is slow Cell division is uncontrolled (c) Give one factor which increases the risk of getting cancer. Page 28 of 30

29 (d) Survival rates for people with cancer have improved a lot. People who are alive 10 years after diagnosis are usually considered to be cured. The figure below shows data for people diagnosed with cancer in 1961 and % of people diagnosed with breast cancer in 2001 were alive 10 years later. Complete the figure above to show this information. (e) Which type of cancer diagnosed in 1961 had the highest survival rate? Tick one box. Breast Prostate Skin Testicular Page 29 of 30

30 (f) Which type of cancer shows the biggest improvement in the percentage of people alive after 10 years? Tick one box. Breast Prostate Skin Testicular (g) Suggest two reasons why the survival rates for all cancers have increased (Total 8 marks) Page 30 of 30

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